COMPRE GUIDES

Theory of Education

1. Behaviorism -is a view in which behavior can be explained by

external factors and behavioral conditioning can be used as a
universal learning process.

the ideas of positive and negative reinforcement are effective

tools of learning and behavior modification, as well as a
punishment and reward system.

2. Cognitivism is a learning theory developed by Jean Piaget in

which a child develops cognitive pathways in understanding
and physical response to experiences. In this theory, students
learn most effectively through reading text and lecture
instruction.

3. Constructivism is the idea that people are responsible in

creating their own understanding of the world and using what
they know based on previous experiences in the process of
linking new information to these experiences. People use these
experiences and new information to construct their own
meaning.

4. Humanism focuses on the individual as the subject and

asserts that learning is a natural process that helps a person
reach self-actualization. Scenarios and role modeling are
important factors in humanistic learning, as are experiences,
exploring and observing others.

5. Connectivism is a relatively new learning theory, developed

and based upon the idea that people process information by
forming connections. This theory has developed with the digital
and technology age, adapting to advances in these arenas.
This new theory suggests that people no longer stop learning
after formal education and continue to gain knowledge from
 other avenues such as job skills, networking, experience and
access to information with new tools in technology.

21st Century Learning By Elizabeth Rich — October 11,

2010
The term “21st-century skills” is generally used to refer to certain
core competencies such as collaboration, digital literacy, critical
thinking, and problem-solving that advocates believe schools
need to teach to help students thrive in today’s world. In a
broader sense, however, the idea of what learning in the 21st
century should look like is open to interpretation—and
controversy.

Question:

1. Mrs. Collantes, the Principal of Tatlong Batis National High School (TBNHS) decided to
organize her faculty into 10 learning action cells (LACs). She deliberately made each LAC
focus on an area of improvement in their school-based management (SBM) report in the
previous evaluation cycle. She envisions these teams to generate practical and sustainable
solutions that are evidence-based and learner-centered while at the same time encourage
teachers to build a culture of agency, trust, and cooperation. Based on the available
information, what contemporary learning theory is informing the decisions and actions of Mrs.
Collantes? If you were one of her teachers, what three important value orientations would
you need to focus on in order for you to contribute well to achieving the objectives of your
LAC?

2. The recent global pandemic has challenged many existing practices and policies concerning
the continuous professional development of teachers. Identify one of these that has changed
you in so many ways as a person and as a professional. As an emerging scholar in teacher
education, what three specific issues related to the practice or policy you have chosen would
you wish to pursue after obtaining your master’s degree? After articulating the significance of
researching each issue, discuss briefly how you intend to carry out your investigation in
terms of the theory/ies you will likely refer to and the overall research methodology you will
employ.

3. It is highly likely that in the post-COVID19 context, blended learning will become the
norm. Visualize how one week of learning will take place under this “new normal”
condition. How many days will you devote to on-campus face-to-face learning? How
many days will you engage learners in remote self-paced learning? How will
provisions for co-curricular and extra-curricular engagement look like? On the basis
of your visualization, describe how the roles and relationships of teachers, learners,
 parents, and administrators would likely change but remain rooted in the principles of
constructivism.

Answer:

Coronavirus disease outbreak or most commonly known as covid-19 pandemic that was first
reported from Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019, caused not only thousands of death in the
Philippines but also turned Filipino lives up-side- down. No one is considered safe outside one's
home - young or old, rich or poor; so in order to ensure the safety of the students , Department of
education secretary, Leonor Magtulis Briones and the rest of the governing body with the approval of
the president , his excellency , Rodrigo Roa Duterte, implemented DepEd order no. 12, series of
2020 in adoption of the Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan for School Year 2020-2021.
Blended learning with the employment of multiple learning modalities became the new norm in
education. In the new norm, teachers were tasked to guide students in achieving their most essential
learning competencies (MELC's). Despite the struggles that the country is facing, as stated in the
1987 Philippine Constitution article 14, section 2 " the state shall establish, maintain and support a
complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and
society. With this, classes were held in different online platforms (Zoom, Google meet, Cisco
WebEx, Discord, Facebook and messenger). Teachers were trained to equipped themselves in
facilitating learning with the use of multiple learning modalities that will suit the needs of the learners.
In a week, classes will be held synchronously ( were teacher and students will meet at the same
time in an online platform) and asynchronously (students will do self- paced learning). Printed
modules were distributed to all students and they were also given access to the pdf copy of the
modules to serve as their guide during asynchronous learning. Since I am a Senior High School
teacher in University of Makati and I am handling a core subject with an equivalent contact hours of
3 hours per week; I should devote 1 hour and 30 minutes per week to synchronously meet each
section assigned to me and the remaining 1 hour and 30 minutes will be for students' self-paced
learning. This means that for a subject with twice a week meeting (1 hour and 30 minutes every
meeting ),students and teacher will meet online synchronously once a week or four times a month.
Prior to the implementation of online synchronous classes, we were instructed to survey about the
availability of the students' resources like the gadgets they will be using to attend online classes and
whether or not they could afford a stable internet connectivity. We also need to gather the consent of
the parents and ask for their unending guidance and support most specially during asynchronous
learning. For those who cannot afford to attend online classes, they were given options to do the
activities in the modules provided to support asynchronous learning. The Teachers will extend help
to the students in all possible ways. This way, no students will be left behind. Since it is in a new
normal education system, to ensure that the state shall promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all; as
stated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution , Article 14, section 1; department of education
implemented a DepEd order no. 31, series of 2020 or "the interim guidelines for assessment and
grading in the light of the basic education learning continuity plan. In the said guidelines, there were
suggested appropriate tasks to adhere to the most essential learning competencies ( MELC's) of
each grade level . Periodical exams were removed and the guidelines focused on the performance
tasks of the students. A learning portfolio will serve as documentation of their learning activities .This
is to figure the amount of knowledge students' have gained and also to help students decide on
which career path they will be taking in the future. Provisions for co-curricular activities were still
observed and were included in the performance task of the students. In my class, since the subject I
am handling is English, I included essay writing contest since an essay is a type of academic text
that is discussed in English for Academic and Professional Purposes . Essay writing will hone
students skills when it comes to outlining, summarizing, questioning, evaluating and analyzing a
variety of academic texts. I also included debate as part of developing the students' critical thinking
skills. Critical thinking is a must in reading and writing a variety of academic texts. It is one of the
most essential learning skills that students need to master. Reading and writing involves critical
thinking , as Francis Bacon said “Read not to Contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for
granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but weigh and consider.” Prior to writing an academic texts,
one should critically read and explore all information that would support his ideas to come up with an
academic text acceptable in a high level professionals. In this new normal, the roles and relationship
of parents, teachers, learners and other stake holders of the educational institution slightly change to
address the challenges but remain rooted in the guiding principle of John Dewey's constructivism. As
stipulated in the principles of constructivism, learner construct knowledge rather than just passively
take information. With the implementation of distance learning modalities, parents play a crucial role
in guiding the learners and help them adapt and cope up with the challenges of the distance learning
processes. Learners are expected to dedicate time and effort to self- study and update their teachers
of their situation and the challenges they encountered to let teachers know that despite distance ,
there is a progress in learning. In line with the principle of constructivism, learners experiences
should be the bases for their reflection and learning. Students were tasks to reflect on their
experiences and a self- monitoring tool ( portfolio ) is recommended to keep track of learners
academic progress. Teachers should construct or design a learning assessment aligned with the
most essential learning competencies suited to the flexibility of the learners to give them different
ways they could demonstrate their learning capabilities. He/she should monitor the progress of the
student, give feedbacks to the activities they submitted and offer remediation for students who needs
further guidance. Aside from the roles of school administrators to implement rules and regulations for
the conduct of the school's mission and vision, they were also expected to help promote availability
of opportunities for both students and teachers in both personal and professional growth. School
administrators serve as the back support of the teachers as what they always do. They made
learning resources available both printed and online, even the documents needed by students like
form 138, good moral certificates and others were made available in pdf forms and were sent to the
requester via email for whatever purpose it may serve him/her. Thus, in new normal, the purpose of
education which is to enable a person to become efficient and to achieve his/her goals in life will still
be achieved without compromising one's safety if all stakeholders of the institution will do their tasks
wholeheartedly.