Flow Control

Agenda :

1. Introduction
2. Selection statements
i. if-else
ii. Switch
Case Summary
fall-through inside a switch
default case
3. Iterative Statements
i. While loop
Unreachable statement in while
 ii. Do-while
Unreachable statement in do while
iii. For Loop
Initilizationsection
Conditional check
Increment and decrement section
Unreachable statement in for loop
iv. For each
Iterator Vs Iterable(1.5v)
Difference between Iterable and Iterator
4. Transfer statements
Break statement
Continue statement
Labeled break and continue statements
Do-while vs continue (The most dangerous combination)

Introduction :
Flow control describes the order in which all the statements will be executed at run time.

Diagram:
Selection statements:

if-else:

syntax:
The argument to the if statement should be Boolean by mistake if we are providing any
other type we will get "compile time error".

Example 1:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=0;
if(x)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}else{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error:
D:\Java>javac ExampleIf.java
ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
if(x)

Example 2:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
if(x=20)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
else{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
D:\Java>javac ExampleIf.java
ExampleIf.java:4: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
if(x=20)

Example 3:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
if(x==20)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}else{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hi

Example 4:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
boolean b=false;
if(b=true)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}else{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hello

Example 5:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
boolean b=false;
if(b==true)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}else{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Hi

Both else part and curly braces are optional.

Without curly braces we can take only one statement under if, but it should not be
declarative statement.

Example 6:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
if(true)
System.out.println("hello");
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello

Example 7:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
if(true);
}}
OUTPUT:
No output

Example 8:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
if(true)
int x=10;
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
D:\Java>javac ExampleIf.java
ExampleIf.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleIf.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;

Example 9:
public class ExampleIf{
public static void main(String args[]){
if(true){
int x=10;
}}}
OUTPUT:
D:\Java>javac ExampleIf.java
D:\Java>java ExampleIf
Example 10:

OUTPUT:
Hello
Hi

Semicolon(;) is a valid java statement which is call empty statement and it won't produce
any output.

Switch:

If several options are available then it is not recommended to use if-else we should go for
switch statement.Because it improves readability of the code.
Syntax:
switch(x)
{
case 1:
action1
case 2:
action2
.
.
.
default:
default action
}

Until 1.4 version the allow types for the switch argument are byte, short, char, int but from
1.5 version on wards the corresponding wrapper classes (Byte, Short, Character, Integer)
and "enum" types also allowed.

Diagram:
 Curly braces are mandatory.(except switch case in all remaining cases curly braces are
optional )
Both case and default are optional.
Every statement inside switch must be under some case (or) default. Independent
statements are not allowed.

Example 1:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
switch(x)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleSwitch.java
ExampleSwitch.java:5: case, default, or '}' expected
System.out.println("hello");

Every case label should be "compile time constant" otherwise we will get compile time
error.

Example 2:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
int y=20;
switch(x)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
case y:
System.out.println("20");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
D:\Java>javac ExampleSwitch.java
ExampleSwitch.java:9: constant expression required
case y:

If we declare y as final we won't get any compile time error.

Example 3:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
final int y=20;
switch(x)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
case y:
System.out.println("20");
}}}
OUTPUT:
10
20

But switch argument and case label can be expressions , but case label should be constant
expression.
Example 4:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
switch(x+1)
{
case 10:
case 10+20:
case 10+20+30:
}}}
OUTPUT:
No output.

Every case label should be within the range of switch argument type.

Example 5:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
byte b=10;
switch(b)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
case 100:
System.out.println("100");
case 1000:
System.out.println("1000");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error
D:\Java>javac ExampleSwitch.java
ExampleSwitch.java:10: possible loss of precision
found : int
required: byte
case 1000:

Example :
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
byte b=10;
switch(b+1)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
case 100:
System.out.println("100");
case 1000:
System.out.println("1000");
}}}
OUTPUT:

Duplicate case labels are not allowed.

Example 6:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
switch(x)
{
case 97:
System.out.println("97");
case 99:
System.out.println("99");
case 'a':
System.out.println("100");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleSwitch.java
ExampleSwitch.java:10: duplicate case label
case 'a':

CASE SUMMARY:

Diagram:
FALL-THROUGH INSIDE THE SWITCH:

With in the switch statement if any case is matched from that case onwards all statements
will be executed until end of the switch (or) break. This is call "fall-through" inside the
switch .

The main advantage of fall-through inside a switch is we can define common action for
multiple cases
Example 7:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=0;
switch(x)
{
case 0:
System.out.println("0");
case 1:
System.out.println("1");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("2");
default:
System.out.println("default");
}}}
OUTPUT:
x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
0 1 2 default
1 default

DEFAULT CASE:

With in the switch we can take the default only once

If no other case matched then only default case will be executed
With in the switch we can take the default any where, but it is convension to take
 default as last case.

Example 8:
public class ExampleSwitch{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=0;
switch(x)
{
default:
System.out.println("default");
case 0:
System.out.println("0");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("1");
case 2:
System.out.println("2");
}}}
OUTPUT:
X=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
0 1 2 default
2 0

ITERATIVE STATEMENTS:

While loop:
if we don't know the no of iterations in advance then best loop is while loop:

Example 1:
while(rs.next())
{
}

Example 2:
while(e.hasMoreElements())
{
----------
----------
----------
}

Example 3:
while(itr.hasNext())
{
----------
----------
----------
}

The argument to the while statement should be Boolean type. If we are using any other type
we will get compile time error.
Example 1:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(1)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:3: incompatible types
found : int
required: boolean
while(1)

Curly braces are optional and without curly braces we can take only one statement which
should not be declarative statement.

Example 2:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true)
System.out.println("hello");
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello (infinite times).
Example 3:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true);
}}
OUTPUT:
No output.

Example 4:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true)
int x=10;
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleWhile.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;

Example 5:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true)
{
int x=10;
}}}
OUTPUT:
No output.

Unreachable statement in while:

Example 6:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:7: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 7:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(false)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:4: unreachable statement
{

Example 8:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10,b=20;
while(a<b)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello (infinite times).

Example 9:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
final int a=10,b=20;
while(a<b)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:8: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 10:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
final int a=10;
while(a<20)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
D:\Java>javac ExampleWhile.java
ExampleWhile.java:8: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Note:
 Every final variable will be replaced with the corresponding value by compiler.
If any operation involves only constants then compiler is responsible to perform that
operation.
If any operation involves at least one variable compiler won't perform that operation. At
runtime jvm is responsible to perform that operation.

Example 11:
public class ExampleWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10;
while(a<20)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
OUTPUT:
Hello (infinite times).

Do-while:
If we want to execute loop body at least once then we should go for do-while.

Syntax:
Curly braces are optional.
Without curly braces we can take only one statement between do and while and it should
not be declarative statement.

Example 1:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
System.out.println("hello");
while(true);
}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).

Example 2:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do;
while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile successful.

Example 3:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
int x=10;
while(true);
}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: '.class' expected
int x=10;
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: not a statement
int x=10;
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: ')' expected
int x=10;

Example 4:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
{
int x=10;
}while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile successful.

Example 5:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do while(true)
System.out.println("hello");
while(true);
}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).

Rearrange the above Example:

public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
while(true)
System.out.println("hello");
while(true);
}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).
Example 6:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
while(true);
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
ExampleDoWhile.java:4: while expected
while(true);
ExampleDoWhile.java:5: illegal start of expression
}

Unreachable statement in do while:

Example 7:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(true);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
ExampleDoWhile.java:8: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 8:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(false);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Hello
Hi

Example 9:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10,b=20;
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(a<b);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).

Example 10:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10,b=20;
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(a>b);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Hello
Hi

Example 11:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
final int a=10,b=20;
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(a<b);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
ExampleDoWhile.java:9: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 12:
public class ExampleDoWhile{
public static void main(String args[]){
final int a=10,b=20;
do
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
while(a>b);
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleDoWhile.java
D:\Java>java ExampleDoWhile
Hello
Hi

For Loop:
This is the most commonly used loop and best suitable if we know the no of iterations in
advance.

Syntax:

Curly braces are optional and without curly braces we can take only one statement which
should not be declarative statement.

Initilizationsection:
This section will be executed only once.
Here usually we can declare loop variables and we will perform initialization.
We can declare multiple variables but should be of the same type and we can't declare
different type of variables.
Example:
Int i=0,j=0; valid
Int i=0,Boolean b=true; invalid
Int i=0,int j=0; invalid

In initialization section we can take any valid java statement including "s.o.p" also. Example
1:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
int i=0;
for(System.out.println("hello u r sleeping");i<3;i++){
System.out.println("no boss, u only sleeping");
}}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor
Hello u r sleeping
No boss, u only sleeping
No boss, u only sleeping
No boss, u only sleeping

Conditional check:
We can take any java expression but should be of the type Boolean.
Conditional expression is optional and if we are not taking any expression compiler will
place true.

Increment and decrement section:

Here we can take any java statement including s.o.p also.

Example:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
int i=0;
for(System.out.println("hello");i<3;System.out.println("hi")){
i++;
}}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor
Hello
Hi
Hi
Hi

All 3 parts of for loop are independent of each other and all optional.

Example:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(;;){
System.out.println("hello");
}}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).

Curly braces are optional and without curly braces we can take exactly one statement and it
should not be declarative statement.

Unreachable statement in for loop:

Example 1:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;true;i++){
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
ExampleFor.java:6: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 2:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;false;i++){
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
ExampleFor.java:3: unreachable statement
for(int i=0;false;i++){

Example 3:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;;i++){
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
ExampleFor.java:6: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 4:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10,b=20;
for(int i=0;a<b;i++){
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
Hello (infinite times).

Example 5:
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
final int a=10,b=20;
for(int i=0;a<b;i++){
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
ExampleFor.java:7: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

For each:(Enhanced for loop)

For each Introduced in 1.5version.
 Best suitable to retrieve the elements of arrays and collections.

Example 1:

Write code to print the elements of single dimensional array by normal for loop and
enhanced for loop.

Example:
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor
10
20
30
40
50
Example 2:

Write code to print the elements of 2 dimensional arrays by using normal for loop and
enhanced for loop.

Example 3:
Write equivalent code by For Each loop for the following for loop.
public class ExampleFor{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac ExampleFor1.java
D:\Java>java ExampleFor1
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello

We can't write equivalent for each loop.

For each loop is the more convenient loop to retrieve the elements of arrays and
collections, but its main limitation is it is not a general purpose loop.
By using normal for loop we can print elements either from left to right or from right to
left. But using for-each loop we can always print array elements only from left to right.
Iterator Vs Iterable(1.5v)

The target element in for-each loop should be Iterable object.

An object is set to be iterable iff corresponding class implements java.lang.Iterable
interface.
Iterable interface introduced in 1.5 version and it's contains only one method iterator().

Syntax : public Iterator iterator();

Every array class and Collection interface already implements Iterable interface.

Difference between Iterable and Iterator:

 Iterable Iterator
It is related to forEach loop It is related to Collection
The target element in forEach loop should be We can use Iterator to get objects one by
Iterable one from the collection
Iterator present in java.lang package Iterator present in java.util package
contains 3 methods hasNext(), next(),
contains only one method iterator()
remove()
Introduced in 1.5 version Introduced in 1.2 version

Transfer statements:

Break statement:

We can use break statement in the following cases.

Inside switch to stop fall-through.

Inside loops to break the loop based on some condition.
Inside label blocks to break block execution based on some condition.

Inside switch :
We can use break statement inside switch to stop fall-through
Example 1:
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=0;
switch(x)
{
case 0:
System.out.println("hello");
break ;
case 1:
System.out.println("hi");
}

Output:
D:\Java>javac Test.java
D:\Java>java Test
Hello

Inside loops :

We can use break statement inside loops to break the loop based on some condition.
Example 2:
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
if(i==5)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}
}}
Output:
D:\Java>javac Test.java
D:\Java>java Test
0
1
2
3
4

Inside Labeled block :

We can use break statement inside label blocks to break block execution based on some
condition.

Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
l1 : {
System.out.println("begin");
 if(x==10)
break l1;
System.out.println("end");
}
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
Output:
D:\Java>javac Test.java
D:\Java>java Test
begin
hello

These are the only places where we can use break statement. If we are using anywhere else
we will get compile time error.

Example:
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
if(x==10)
break;
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Java>javac Test.java
Test.java:5: break outside switch or loop
break;

Continue statement:
We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and continue for the next iteration.

Example:
Output:
D:\Java>javac Test.java
D:\Java>java Test
1
3
5
7
9

We can use continue only inside loops if we are using anywhere else we will get compile
time error saying "continue outside of loop".

Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x=10;
if(x==10);
continue;
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Enum>javac Test.java
Test.java:6: continue outside of loop
continue;
Labeled break and continue statements:

In the nested loops to break (or) continue a particular loop we should go for labeled break
and continue statements.

Syntax:
Example:
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[]){
l1:
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
if(i==j)
break;
System.out.println(i+"........."+j);
}
}
}
}

Break:
1.........0
2.........0
2.........1

Break l1:
No output.

Continue:
0.........1
0.........2
1.........0
1.........2
2.........0
2.........1
Continue l1:
1.........0
2.........0
2.........1

Do-while vs continue (The most dangerous combination):

Output:
1
4
6
8
10

Compiler won't check unreachability in the case of if-else it will check only in loops.

Example 1:
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[]){
while(true)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
System.out.println("hi");
}
}
Output:
Compile time error.
D:\Enum>javac Test.java
Test.java:8: unreachable statement
System.out.println("hi");

Example 2:
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[]){
if(true)
{
System.out.println("hello");
}
else
{
System.out.println("hi");
}}}
Output:
Hello

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