A Laboratory Manual for

IoT and Applications

(3160716)

B.E. Semester 6(Computer Engineering)

Directorate of Technical Education, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat

1
 Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar
Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. _

Enrollment No. of B.E. Semester from

Computer Engineering Department of this Institute (GTU Code: 013) has

satisfactorily completed the Practical / Tutorial work for the subject IoT and

Applications (3160716) for the academic year .

Place:

Date:

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

2
 Preface

Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant competencies
in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused outcome-
based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage is given to
practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and
faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency focused
outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop
and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content
delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed to focus on the
industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove
concept and theory.

By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each experiment
in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as
practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary precautions
to be taken while performing practical.

This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab activities
through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.

This manual is designed to accompany your practical exploration of the exciting and rapidly
evolving field of Internet of Things (IoT) and its practical applications. IoT is revolutionizing the
way we interact with and utilize technology, and this manual will guide you through hands-on
exercises to deepen your understanding of the subject.

Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal of
errors if any.
DTE’s Vision

▪ To provide globally competitive technical education

▪ Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies
▪ Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education and support to
Weaker sections
▪ Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical professionals

Institute’s Vision

▪ To create an ecosystem for proliferation of socially responsible and technically sound

engineers, innovators and entrepreneurs.

Institute’s Mission

▪ To develop state-of-the-art laboratories and well-equipped academic infrastructure.

▪ To motivate faculty and staff for qualification up-gradation, and enhancement of subject
knowledge.
▪ To promote research, innovation and real-life problem-solving skills.
▪ To strengthen linkages with industries, academic and research organizations.
▪ To reinforce concern for sustainability, natural resource conservation and social
responsibility.

Department’s Vision

▪ To create an environment for providing value-based education in Computer Engineering

through innovation, team work and ethical practices.

Department’s Mission

▪ To produce computer engineering graduates according to the needs of industry,

government, society and scientific community.
▪ To develop state of the art computing facilities and academic infrastructure.
▪ To develop partnership with industries, government agencies and R & D organizations for
knowledge sharing and overall development of faculties and students.
▪ To solve industrial, governance and societal issues by applying computing techniques.
▪ To create environment for research and entrepreneurship.
 Programme Outcomes (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

• Sound knowledge of fundamentals of computer science and engineering including software

and hardware.
• Develop the software using sound software engineering principles having web based/mobile
based interface.
• Use various tools and technology supporting modern software frameworks for solving
problems having large volume of data in the domain of data science and machine learning.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

• Possess technical competence in solving real life problems related to Computing.

• Acquire good analysis, design, development, implementation and testing skills to formulate
simple computing solutions to the business and societal needs.
• Provide requisite skills to pursue entrepreneurship, higher studies, research, and
development and imbibe high degree of professionalism in the fields of computing.
• Embrace life-long learning and remain continuously employable.
• Work and excel in a highly competence supportive, multicultural and professional
environment which abiding to the legal and ethical responsibilities.
 Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

CO_3160716.1 Demonstrate the architecture and functioning of IoT systems including the sensors
and microcontrollers with their interfacing and software need considering
application areas.
CO_3160716.2 Diagnose the various IoT protocols with detailing of their elements and overall
functioning within IoT systems for efficient communication.
CO_3160716.3 Design an IoT system to take the benefit of the Clouds for computing and storage
considering security issues.
CO_3160716.4 Leverage the benefits of IoT technologies for automating the various real-life
challenges in various application areas.
CO_3160716.5 Develop the software components of IoT system using Arduino/Raspberry Pi
Programming.
Sr. CO CO CO CO CO
Objective(s) of Experiment
No. 1 2 3 4 5
Understanding Arduino UNO, NodeMCU and Raspberry
1. Pi and Arduino IDE. √
Controlling LED ON/OFF using Arduino UNO.
2. √
Measuring Temperature and Humidity using Sensor
3. DHT-11 and Arduino UNO. √
Measuring object presence using IR Sensor and when
4. present, use buzzer for notification. √
Measuring object distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and
5. Arduino Uno. √
Measuring moving object using PIR Sensor and Arduino
6. Uno. √
Measure temperature using DHT-11 sensor and send it to
7. cloud ThingSpeak using NodeMCU. √
Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving command from
8. mobile phone. (Use cloud ThingSpeak) √
Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving commands using
9. Google Assistant from a mobile phone. (Use cloud √
Adafruit)
Installing Raspbian OS in Raspberry Pi and performing
10. basic practical like LED on/off. √
Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant competency is expected to be developed in the student by

undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Sensor and Actuator Integration: Teach students how to interface various
sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, motion sensors, humidity sensors) and actuators
(e.g., LED, motors) with microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi) to collect
data and control physical devices.
2. Programming and Coding: Provide hands-on experience with programming
microcontrollers using languages like C++, Python, or Arduino IDE. Emphasize
the importance of clean and efficient code for IoT applications.
3. IoT Protocols: Introduce students to common communication protocols used in
IoT, such as MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, and Web Socket. Show how to send and
receive data over the internet and within IoT networks.
4. Real-Time Systems: Introduce the concept of real-time systems and demonstrate
how to design and program IoT applications that respond quickly to sensor data.
5. Project Management: Encourage students to work on IoT projects with a focus
on planning, design, execution, and documentation. This mimics real-world project
management skills required in industry.
6. Industry-Specific Applications: Tailor lab exercises to specific industries where
IoT is heavily utilized, such as smart agriculture, healthcare, smart cities,
manufacturing, and logistics. This provides students with practical knowledge for
targeted job roles.

Guidelines for Faculty members

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with
all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students
before starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students
and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the students after
the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task assigned
to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the guidelines
for implementation.
Instructions for Students
1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty
members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination
scheme, skill set to be developed etc.
2. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the
schedule and s/he should be well prepared for the same.

Common Safety Instructions

Students are expected to
1) switch on the PC carefully (not to use wet hands)
2) shutdown the PC properly at the end of your Lab
3) carefully Handle the peripherals (Mouse, Keyboard, Network cable etc)
4) Use Laptop in lab after getting permission from Instructor
5) Handle equipment and components with care to prevent damage or malfunction.
6) Do not open devices or components unless instructed to do so by the Instructor.
7) Keep the lab clean and organized. Dispose of waste and materials properly.
 Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sign. of
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment
No.
Objective(s) of Experiment No. performance submission Marks
Teacher Remarks
with date

Understanding Arduino UNO, NodeMCU

1.
and Raspberry Pi and Arduino IDE.

Controlling LED ON/OFF using Arduino

2.
UNO.

Measuring Temperature and Humidity using

3.
Sensor DHT-11 and Arduino UNO.

Measuring object presence using IR Sensor

4. and when present, use buzzer for
notification.

Measuring object distance using Ultrasonic

5.
Sensor and Arduino Uno.

Measuring moving object using PIR Sensor

6.
and Arduino Uno.

Measure temperature using DHT-11 sensor

7. and send it to cloud ThingSpeak using
NodeMCU.

Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving

8. command from mobile phone. (Use cloud
ThingSpeak)

Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving

9. commands using Google Assistant from a
mobile phone. (Use cloud Adafruit)

Installing Raspbian OS in Raspberry Pi and

10.
performing basic practical like LED on/off.

Total
 IOT and Application 3160716

Experiment No: 1

Aim: Understanding Arduino UNO, Node MCU and Raspberry Pi and Arduino IDE.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

1. Identifying Hardware Components: Students should be able to identify the key

components on each of the hardware platforms (Arduino UNO, Node MCU,
Raspberry Pi). This includes recognizing input/output pins, power connectors,
microcontrollers, and other components specific to each board.
2. Handling Microcontrollers: Students should learn how to handle
microcontrollers with care. This includes proper insertion into breadboards or
connectors and understanding the importance of static electricity precautions.
3. Software Installation: Proficiency in installing and configuring software is
essential. This includes installing the Arduino IDE on a computer, setting up
drivers if needed, and ensuring that the development environment is functional.
4. Basic Programming: Students should acquire basic programming skills,
especially in the context of Arduino. This includes writing and uploading simple
code to control LEDs, read sensors, and performs basic tasks.

Relevant CO: CO1

Objectives:
1. Differentiate between Arduino UNO, Node MCU, and Raspberry Pi in terms of hardware
and applications.
2. Identify and handle the key components of each platform.
3. Install and configure the Arduino IDE for microcontroller programming.
4. Write and upload a basic "Hello, World!" program to Arduino UNO.
5. Understand the basic structure of Arduino code, including setup () and loop () functions.
6. Describe the significance of GPIO pins in microcontroller programming.
7. Explore the Node MCU board and its compatibility with IoT applications.
8. Gain familiarity with the Raspberry Pi as a versatile single-board computer.
9. Describe the role of Raspberry Pi in IoT projects and applications.
10. Recognize the significance of choosing the appropriate hardware platform for specific IoT
projects.

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Equipment/Instruments:

1. Arduino UNO microcontroller board.

2. Node MCU development board.
3. Raspberry Pi single-board computer.
4. Laptop or desktop computer with the Arduino IDE installed.
5. USB cables for connecting the microcontroller boards to the computer.
6. Basic electronic components such as LEDs and resistors (if needed for practical
demonstrations).
7. Internet connectivity for software and IDE installation (if required).

Explanation:

Arduino UNO:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a
wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular
needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

Fig.1: Arduino Board

Why Arduino is used?

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Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software
is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows,
and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry
and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects
build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with
new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the
Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists,
artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or
sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handy board, and many
others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested
amateurs over other systems:
➢ Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms.
➢ Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
➢ Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
The key features are −
➢ Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and
turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud
and many other actions.
➢ You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
➢ Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece
of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can
simply use a USB cable.
➢ Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn
to program.
➢ Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

NodeMCU :

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NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially targeted for
IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif
Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.

Fig 2: Node MCU ESP8266

Raspberry Pi:

Arduino is a microcontroller, while Raspberry Pi is a full computer. Microcontrollers don’t

usually run a mainstream operating system, but they’re extremely power-efficient, so they can be
great for projects that can’t stay plugged into the mains. You need to use a separate computer to
set up your Arduino, but you can do everything on a Raspberry Pi itself… including setting up an
Arduino. As we said, the two work really well together in some projects: for example, you might
build a robot where the Raspberry Pi handles intensive processing tasks and provides you with a
friendly environment for developing your code, while the Arduino handles precise real-time
control of the motors.

Fig 3: Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the Raspberry Pi

Foundation, a UK charity that aims to educate people in computing and create easier access to
computing education.

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The Raspberry Pi launched in 2012, and there have been several iterations and variations released
since then. All over the world, people use the Raspberry Pi to learn programming skills, build
hardware projects, do home automation, implement Kubernetes clusters and Edge computing,
and even use them in industrial applications.
The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux, but it also provides a set of GPIO
(general purpose input/output) pins, allowing you to control electronic components for physical
computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).

Arduino IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other
vendor development boards.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The
Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into
an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution.The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into
a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in
the board's firmware. By default, avrdude is used as the uploading tool to flash the user code onto
official Arduino boards.
Arduino IDE is a derivative of the Processing IDE, however as of version 2.0, the Processing IDE
will be replaced with the Visual Studio Code-based Eclipse Theia IDE framework.
With the rising popularity of Arduino as a software platform, other vendors started to implement
custom open source compilers and tools (cores) that can build and upload sketches to
other microcontrollers that are not supported by Arduino's official line of microcontrollers.

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Observation:

The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller board known for its simplicity and versatility in electronic
projects. It's often used for prototyping and DIY electronics due to its ease of use and large community support.

NodeMCU is a development board based on the ESP8266 WiFi module. It's widely used for Internet of Things
(IoT) projects due to its built-in WiFi capabilities, making it suitable for applications requiring wireless
communication.

Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer that runs on Linux. It's capable of performing tasks
similar to a desktop computer, such as web browsing and playing videos, making it suitable for a wide range
of projects from home automation to media centers.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the question reveals a curiosity about the exciting world of electronics and programming,
particularly in the realm of building projects. It specifically inquires aboutpopular development platforms like
Arduino UNO, NodeMCU, Raspberry Pi, and the Arduino IDE software used to program them. This suggests
you're on the lookout for a beginner-friendly platform to embark on a learning journey that equips you with the
skills to bring your creative ideas to life. Whether you envision tinkering with sensor-based projects using an
Arduino UNO, exploring the world of IoT with a NodeMCU, or delving into projects demanding the processing
power of a Raspberry Pi, these platforms offer a springboard for your maker pursuits

Quiz:

1. Which hardware platform is known for its versatility and use as a single-board computer in IoT
applications?
 Raspberry PI

2. What is the primary function of the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?
 Writing code: The IDE offers a text editor with syntax highlighting and code completion features specifically
suited for writing Arduino programs (often called sketches).
 Compiling code: The IDE compiles the code you write into a machine-readable format that the Arduino board
can understand.
 Uploading code: The IDE facilitates transferring the compiled code from your computer to the Arduino board's
memory.

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3. In the context of Arduino programming, what is the purpose of the setup () function?
 Initializing variables: You can assign initial values to variables used throughout your program. This ensures
they start in a known state.
 Setting pin modes: You specify whether each pin on the Arduino board will function as an input (receiving
signals from sensors) or an output (sending signals to control lights, motors, etc.) using functions like
pinMode().
 Configuring hardware components: If your project involves external components like sensors, actuators, or
communication modules (like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi), you'll typically use the setup() function to initialize them
and establish communication protocols.

4. Which hardware platform is typically used to create web servers and Wi-Fi-enabled IoT applications?
 The NodeMCU is typically used to create web servers and Wi-Fi-enabled IoT applications. It's based on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, which makes it well-suited for projects that require wireless connectivity, such as
IoT devices that need to communicate over a network or serve web pages. With its built-in Wi-Fi capabilities
and relatively low cost, the NodeMCU is a popular choice for developing internet-connected projects and
applications.

5. Which of the following IoT hardware platforms is primarily based on the use of GPIO pins for interfacing
with sensors and devices?
 Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi

References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Identification Practical Skills Documentation

Quiz Performance Ethics
of Hardware and Application and Collaboration
Goo Averag Good Average Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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Experiment No: 2

Aim: Controlling LED ON/OFF using Arduino UNO.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in interfacing hardware components with an Arduino UNO.

• Develop practical skills in writing Arduino code to control digital pins.
• Understand the fundamentals of using input/output pins for controlling external
devices.

Relevant CO: CO1

Objectives:
1. Identify the key components of an Arduino UNO microcontroller board.
2. Establish a connection between an Arduino UNO and an LED.
3. Write and upload an Arduino sketch (program) to control the LED's state (ON or OFF).
4. Understand the concept of digital output and how to use it for controlling external devices.
5. Experiment with modifying the code to change the LED's behaviour (e.g., blinking
patterns).
6. Troubleshoot common issues related to hardware connections and code errors.
7. Recognize the relevance of this fundamental skill in various IoT and embedded systems
applications.

Components:

1. Arduino UNO Microcontroller: This is the central component of the lab session. The
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board that will be used to control the LED.
2. LED (Light-Emitting Diode): An LED is used as the output device. LEDs come in
various colours and types, but a basic one will suffice for this exercise.
3. Resistor (220-330 ohms): A current-limiting resistor is necessary to prevent excessive
current from flowing through the LED and potentially damaging it.
4. Breadboard: A breadboard is used for easy prototyping and making temporary
connections. It simplifies the setup and makes it easier to modify the circuit.
5. Jumper Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the components on
the breadboard, ensuring electrical continuity.
6. USB Cable: A USB cable is required to connect the Arduino UNO to a computer for
programming.

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7. Computer with Arduino IDE: You'll need a computer with the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) installed. The Arduino IDE is used to write, compile,
and upload code to the Arduino UNO.
8. Power Source (optional): In some cases, an external power source may be required if
you are working with multiple LEDs or components that draw more current than the
Arduino can provide.

Configuration:

Fig 4: Schematic Diagram

Fig 5: Arduino with Breadboard

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Procedure:

Step 1: Build the Circuit:

1. Connect one end of the LED (the anode, the longer pin) to a 220-ohm resistor.
2. Connect the other end of the resistor to digital Pin 9 on the Arduino Uno.
3. Connect the cathode of the LED (the shorter pin) directly to the GND (ground) on the
Arduino.
This setup ensures that when Pin 9 on the Arduino outputs a high-level signal, the LED will light
up due to the current flowing through the current-limiting resistor.
Step 2: Write Code in Arduino IDE:
void setup() {
// Set LED_BUILTIN (usually Pin 13 on Arduino Uno) as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// Turn on the LED by setting Pin 13 (or LED_BUILTIN) to HIGH.
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second (1000 milliseconds).

// Turn off the LED by setting Pin 13 (or LED_BUILTIN) to LOW.

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
delay(2000); // Wait for 2 seconds (2000 milliseconds).
}
In the code, you set Pin 13 (or LED_BUILTIN) as an output in the setup() function. In the loop()
function, you turn the LED on (high) for 1 second, then turn it off (low) for 2 seconds, creating a
blinking pattern.
Step 3: Upload the Sketch to the Arduino Uno Board:
1. Connect the Arduino Uno to your computer using a USB cable.
2. Open the Arduino IDE and make sure it is set to the correct board (Arduino Uno) and port
(the port your Arduino is connected to).
3. Click the "Upload" icon in the Arduino IDE to compile and upload the code to the Arduino
Uno.
4. If the code is successfully uploaded, you will see "Done uploading" at the bottom of the
IDE window.
After completing these steps, your Arduino Uno will control the LED connected to Pin 13, making
it blink with a 1-second ON and 2-second OFF pattern. You should observe the LED blinking as
described in the code.

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Observation:

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Tinkercad offers a valuable platform to explore controlling LEDs with Arduino UNO in
a simulated environment. It eliminates the need for physical components, allowing you to learn the
fundamentals of circuit building and Arduino programming virtually.

Quiz:

1. In the circuit setup to control an LED with an Arduino Uno, which pin is connected to the anode (long
pin) of the LED?
 Digital pin (pin no:8)

2. What is the function of a current-limiting resistor in an LED circuit?

 The function of a current-limiting resistor in an LED circuit is to regulate the amount of current flowing
through the LED. LEDs are sensitive to changes in current, and without a currentlimiting resistor, they
can draw excessive current from the power source, leading to overheating and potential damage to the
LED.

3. In the provided Arduino code, what is the purpose of the pin Mode (LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); line in
the setup () function?
 pinMode Function: This built-in Arduino function allows you to define how a particular pin on the
Arduino board will be used.

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 LED_BUILTIN: This is a constant variable pre-defined in the Arduino environment that typically refers
to pin 13 on the Arduino UNO. It provides a convenient way to access the builtin LED without needing
to remember the exact pin number. (You can also use the actual pin number, 13, in this case.)
 OUTPUT: This argument specifies that the LED_BUILTIN pin will be configured as an output pin. This
means the Arduino can send a digital signal (HIGH or LOW) through this pin to control external devices
like an LED.

4. How long does the LED stay on in the provided Arduino code before turning off in the loop () function?
 The LED stays on for 1 second in the provided Arduino code before turning off in the loop function.

References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Identification Circuit Setup Code

Quiz Performance Ethics
of Hardware and Connections Understanding
Goo Averag Good Average Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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 IOT and Application 3160716

Experiment No: 3

Aim: Measuring Temperature and Humidity using Sensor DHT-11 and Arduino UNO.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in interfacing sensors with an Arduino UNO.
• Develop practical skills in reading sensor data and displaying it.
• Understand the fundamentals of sensor calibration and data interpretation.

Relevant CO: CO1

Objectives:

1. Identify the components of the DHT-11 sensor, including the temperature and humidity
sensing elements.
2. Build a circuit to connect the DHT-11 sensor to an Arduino UNO.
3. Write Arduino code to read temperature and humidity data from the sensor.
4. Display the sensor data on a connected display (e.g., a serial monitor or an LCD).
5. Understand the calibration and limitations of the DHT-11 sensor.
6. Recognize the importance of temperature and humidity measurements in IoT applications.

Components:

1. Arduino UNO Microcontroller: This is the central component for interfacing with the
DHT-11 sensor and processing data.
2. DHT-11 Sensor: A sensor module that can measure temperature and humidity.
3. Breadboard: Used for easy prototyping and making temporary connections.
4. Jumper Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the components on the
breadboard.
5. Display (e.g., Serial Monitor on a computer or an LCD): Used to display the temperature
and humidity data.
6. Power Source: The Arduino UNO may require a power source to operate the circuit.

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Configuration:

Fig 6: Schematic Diagram

Fig 7: Arduino UNO with Breadboard

Procedure:

Step 1: Place the Sensor

• Position the DHT-11 sensor on the breadboard with the blue part of the sensor facing
you. Ensure it is securely placed.
Step 2: Connect Everything 2.1. Identify the pins on the DHT-11 sensor: S (signal), middle
pin (voltage), and the minus sign (ground). 2.2. Connect the sensor to the Arduino UNO as
follows:
• Connect the S (signal) pin of the sensor to header A0 on the Arduino.
• Connect the middle pin (voltage) of the sensor to 5V on the Arduino.
• Connect the minus sign (ground) of the sensor to GND on the Arduino. 2.3. Use
coloured cables (e.g., yellow for signal, red for power, black for ground) for the

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connections.
Step 3: Adding the DHT Library
• In the Arduino IDE, go to "Sketch" > "Include Library" > "Add ZIP file."

• Locate and select the "DHT_Library.zip" file and add it to the IDE.

Code:

#include <dht.h>

#define dht_11_PIN 7

dht DHT;

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void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(500); // Delay to let the system boot
Serial.println("DHT11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor\n\n");
delay(1000); // Wait before accessing the sensor
}

void loop(){
DHT.read11(dht_11_PIN);
Serial.print("Current humidity = ");
Serial.print(DHT.humidity);
Serial.print("% ");
Serial.print("temperature = ");
Serial.print(DHT.temperature);
Serial.println("C ");
delay(5000);
}
Step 4: Uploading and Monitoring Data
• Upload the provided code to the Arduino UNO.
• After uploading, open the Arduino IDE's serial monitor by clicking the magnifying
glass button in the top right corner.
• The sensor data (humidity and temperature) should be displayed and updated every 5
seconds in the serial monitor.

Output:

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Conclusion:

The provided Arduino sketch is designed to interface with a DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor
connected to pin 7 of the Arduino board. It initializes serial communication, reads data from the sensor
in a continuous loop, and prints the humidity and temperature readings to the serial monitor every 5
seconds. This sketch serves as a basic example of how to use the DHT11 sensor with an Arduino Uno
to monitor environmental conditions.

Quiz:

1. When placing the DHT-11 sensor on the breadboard, which part of the sensor should be facing you?
 When placing the DHT-11 sensor on the breadboard, the side with the sensor component should be facing
you. This is the part of the sensor that contains the humidity and temperature sensing elements. Ensure
that the sensor's pins align with the breadboard's rows and are properly inserted to make electrical
connections for proper functionality.

2. Which of the following correctly identifies the pins on the DHT-11 sensor?
3. How do you add the DHT library to the Arduino IDE?  Open the Arduino IDE on
your computer.
 Go to the "Sketch" menu at the top of the IDE.
 Navigate to the "Include Library" submenu.
 Select "Manage Libraries..." from the dropdown menu. This will open the Library Manager.
 In the Library Manager, you can search for libraries by typing into the search bar. Type "DHT" into the
search bar.
 The search results will display libraries related to the DHT sensor family. Look for the "DHT sensor
library by Adafruit" or similar. It's one of the popular libraries for interfacing with DHT sensors.
 Click on the library you want to install, and an "Install" button will appear. Click on the "Install" button
to install the library.
 Once the installation is complete, close the Library Manager.
 Now, the DHT library is added to your Arduino IDE, and you can include it in your sketches by going
to the "Sketch" menu, then selecting "Include Library", and finally selecting the "DHT sensor library by
Adafruit" (or similar) from the list.

4. What is the purpose of the DHT.read11(dht_11_PIN); line in the provided code?

 The line DHT.read11(dht_11_PIN); in the provided code is responsible for instructing the DHT library
to read data from the DHT11 sensor connected to the specified pin (dht_11_PIN).

5. In the serial monitor, how often (In seconds) does the sensor data update in the provided code?
 5 seconds (5000 milliseconds).

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References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/dashboard

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Code
Sensor Connection Understanding
Quiz Performance Ethics
Placement Setup &
Data Display
Goo Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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 IOT and Application 3160716

Experiment No: 4

Aim: Measuring object presence using IR Sensor and when present, use buzzer for
notification.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in working with IR sensors and buzzer components.
• Develop practical skills in setting up sensor-based object detection systems.
• Understand the application of sensors and notification devices in real-world
scenarios.

Relevant CO: CO4

Objectives:

1. Identify the key components of an IR sensor, buzzer, and the necessary connections.
2. Build a circuit to connect an IR sensor and a buzzer to an Arduino or microcontroller.
3. Write Arduino code to detect the presence of an object using the IR sensor.
4. Implement logic in the code to activate the buzzer when an object is detected.
5. Understand the practical applications of object detection and notification systems in IoT
and automation.

Components:

1. IR Sensor: A sensor module designed to detect the presence of objects by emitting and
receiving infrared signals.
2. Buzzer: An audible notification device that produces sound when activated.
3. Arduino or Microcontroller: The central control unit used to process sensor data and
control the buzzer.
4. Breadboard: Used for easy prototyping and making temporary connections.
5. Jumper Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the components on the
breadboard.
6. Power Source (if required): Depending on the components used, an external power source
may be needed to operate the circuit.

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Configuration:

Fig 8:Circuit Diagram

Procedure:

Step 1: Build the Circuit

• Follow the circuit diagram provided to set up the components. Ensure you
connect the IR sensor and buzzer to the appropriate pins on the Arduino or
microcontroller. Double-check your connections to avoid errors.
Step 2: Write and Upload the Arduino Code
• Open the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) on your
computer.
• Write the following code:
Code:
int irSensor = 12;
int buzzer = 7;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(irSensor, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
int value = digitalRead(irSensor);
Serial.println("");
Serial.print("Sensor Value = ");
Serial.print(value);
if (value == 0) {
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

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} else {
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
delay(50);
}
Code Explanation:

• The code initializes two variables irSensor (connected to pin 12) and buzzer
(connected to pin 7) to represent the IR sensor and buzzer pins, respectively.
• In the setup () function, it sets up the serial communication for debugging,
configures the IR sensor pin as an input, and the buzzer pin as an output.
• The loop () function reads the value of the IR sensor using digitalRead(irSensor)
and stores it in the value variable.
• It then prints the sensor value to the serial monitor for monitoring.
• If the sensor value is 0 (indicating the presence of an object), it sets the buzzer pin
to HIGH to activate the buzzer. If there is no object detected, it sets the buzzer pin
to LOW to turn off the buzzer.
• There's a delay (50) to introduce a small delay between readings.
Step 3: Test the Circuit
• Upload the code to your Arduino or microcontroller.
• Open the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE.
• Observe the sensor value being printed and listen for the buzzer activation
when an object is detected (sensor value is 0).

Observation:

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Conclusion:

In this Arduino sketch, an IR sensor connected to pin 12 is utilized to detect the presence of an object.
When the sensor detects an object (indicated by a LOW value), a buzzer connected to pin 7 is activated
to provide a notification. Conversely, when no object is detected (indicated by a HIGH value), the buzzer
is deactivated.

Quiz:

1. In the provided procedure, which pin is connected to the IR sensor for reading its output value?
 Pin No: 12

2. In the provided code, what is the purpose of the digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); line?
 In the provided code, the line digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); is responsible for activating the buzzer.
When executed, this line sets the digital pin connected to the buzzer (as specified by the variable buzzer)
to a HIGH state, which supplies voltage to the buzzer and causes it to produce sound. This line of code
is triggered when the IR sensor detects an object, indicating that the buzzer should be activated to provide
a notification.

3. What is the purpose of the delay(50); line in the provided code?

 The purpose of the delay(50); line in the provided code is to introduce a short delay between consecutive
readings of the IR sensor.
 In the loop() function, after reading the state of the IR sensor and activating or deactivating the buzzer
accordingly, a delay of 50 milliseconds is added using delay(50);. This delay ensures that there is a brief
pause before the next iteration of the loop begins.
 Adding a delay helps stabilize the readings and prevent rapid fluctuations in sensor values. It also helps
in conserving processing resources by slowing down the loop execution, allowing other tasks to be
performed in between iterations.

4. In the provided code, what does an IR sensor value of 0 indicate?

 In the provided code, an IR sensor value of 0 indicates that the sensor has detected an object.
 When the digitalRead(irSensor) function returns a value of 0, it means that the voltage level at the pin
connected to the IR sensor (pin 12 in this case) is LOW. This typically happens when the IR sensor
detects an object within its detection range, causing it to output a signal indicating object presence.

5. In the procedure, what is the purpose of opening the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE?
 In the provided procedure, opening the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE serves the purpose of monitoring
the output of the Arduino board.

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 When the serial monitor is opened, it displays the data sent by the Arduino board through the Serial.println()
statements in the code. This allows you to observe the sensor readings and any other debug information
printed by the Arduino sketch in real-time.

References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/lDashboard
 https://wokwi.com/projects/new/arduino-uno

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Circuit Setup
Code Sensor and Buzzer
and Quiz Performance Ethics
Understanding Activation
Connections
Goo Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

CE-6th-A3-210130107049 30 Rudra Joshi

 IOT and Application 3160716

Experiment No: 5

Aim: Measuring object distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino Uno.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in working with Ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement.
• Develop practical skills in setting up sensor-based distance measurement systems.
• Understand the application of distance measurement in real-world scenarios.

Relevant CO: CO4

Objectives:

1. Identify the key components of an Ultrasonic sensor and the necessary connections.
2. Build a circuit to connect an Ultrasonic sensor to an Arduino Uno.
3. Write Arduino code to measure object distance using the Ultrasonic sensor.
4. Interpret the distance data and display it on a connected output device (e.g., LCD or serial
monitor).
5. Understand the practical applications of distance measurement in IoT, robotics, and
automation.

Components:

1. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): A sensor module designed to measure distances by sending

and receiving ultrasonic sound waves.
2. Arduino Uno: The central control unit used to process sensor data and display distance
information.
3. Breadboard: Used for easy prototyping and making temporary connections.
4. Jumper Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the components on the
breadboard.
5. Display (optional): An output device (e.g., LCD or serial monitor) for displaying the
measured distance.
6. Power Source (if required): Depending on the components used, an external power source
may be needed to operate the circuit.

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Configuration:

Fig 9: Circuit Diagram

Fig 10: Arduino Uno With Ultrasonic Sensor

Procedure:
Step 1: Setup the Circuit
1. Place the Ultrasonic sensor on one end of the breadboard so that none of the pins
are connected to each other.

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2. Connect the "trigger" pin on the Ultrasonic sensor to pin 10 on the Arduino.
3. Connect the "echo" pin on the Ultrasonic sensor to pin 9 on the Arduino.
4. Connect the Ultrasonic Sensor's 5V pin to the 5V pin on the Arduino.
5. Complete the circuit by connecting the Ultrasonic Sensor's ground pin to the
Arduino's ground pin.
Step 2: Understanding the Ultrasonic Sensor
• The Ultrasonic sensor is capable of non-contact distance measurements in the
range of 2cm to 400cm, with a ranging accuracy of up to 3mm.
• It operates by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and measuring the time it takes for
the waves to bounce back after hitting an object, similar to how bats use
echolocation.
Step 3: Write and Upload the Arduino Code
• Open the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) on your computer.
• Write the following code:
Code:
const int trigger = 9;
const int echo = 10;
long duration;
int distance;

void setup() {
pinMode(trigger, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
Code Explanation:
• The code initializes two constants, trigger (connected to pin 9) and echo

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 IOT and Application 3160716

(connected to pin 10) to represent the trigger and echo pins of the Ultrasonic
sensor.
• In the setup () function, it sets the trigger pin as an OUTPUT and the echo pin as
an INPUT. It also initializes serial communication for monitoring.
• The loop() function sends a trigger signal, measures the echo response, calculates
the distance based on the time it takes for the signal to bounce back, and then prints
the distance to the serial monitor.
Step 4: Testing the Circuit
• Upload the code to your Arduino Uno.
• Open the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE to observe the measured distance
values.

Observation:

Conclusion:

In this Arduino sketch, an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) is used to measure the distance of an object from
the sensor. The trigger pin of the sensor is connected to digital pin 9, and the echo pin is connected to
digital pin 10 of the Arduino Uno.

During the setup phase, the pins are configured appropriately, and serial communication is initialized at
a baud rate of 9600 baud.

In the loop function, the trigger pin is set LOW initially. Then, a short trigger pulse is sent by briefly

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 IOT and Application 3160716

setting the trigger pin HIGH and then LOW again. The duration of the pulse received by the echo pin is
measured using the pulseIn function.

Quiz:

1. In the provided procedure, which pins on the Arduino are connected to the "trigger" and "echo" pins of
the Ultrasonic sensor?
 For trigger, pin no: 9
 For echo, pin no: 10

2. How does the Ultrasonic sensor measure object distance?

 The ultrasonic sensor measures object distance using sound waves. Here's how it works:
 Triggering a Pulse: The ultrasonic sensor emits a high-frequency sound pulse (inaudible to human ears)
by sending a short burst of ultrasonic sound waves.
 Echo Reception: After emitting the pulse, the sensor waits for the sound waves to hit an object in its path
and reflect back.
 Time Measurement: When the reflected sound waves (echo) return to the sensor, it measures the time it
takes for the echo to arrive. This time measurement is typically done using the pulseIn function in
Arduino, which measures the duration for which a pin is HIGH.
 Distance Calculation: Knowing the speed of sound in air (which is approximately 0.034 centimeters per
microsecond or 343 meters per second at room temperature), the sensor calculates the distance traveled
by the sound waves. Since the sound wave travels to the object and back, the total distance is twice the
distance to the object.
 Output: The calculated distance is then provided as an output, which can be read by the Arduino or other
microcontroller.

3. What is the purpose of the "trigger" pin on the Ultrasonic sensor in the code?
 In the provided code, the Arduino sends a short pulse to the trigger pin, which prompts the ultrasonic
sensor to transmit an ultrasonic sound wave. This sound wave then travels to the object in front of the
sensor and reflects back. The sensor uses the echo pin to detect the reflected sound wave, and the time it
takes for the echo to return is measured.

4. In the code, what value is used to calculate the distance based on the time it takes for the echo signal to
return?
 In the provided code, the distance is calculated based on the time it takes for the echo signal to return
using the formula:
~ Distance = duration × 0.034/2

5. What is the purpose of opening the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE when using the Ultrasonic sensor?

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 IOT and Application 3160716

 Real-time Distance Monitoring: The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to an object, and the
Arduino board communicates this distance information to the serial monitor. Opening the serial monitor
allows you to view the distance readings in real-time as they are received from the sensor.
 Debugging and Troubleshooting: If there are any issues with the sensor or the code, viewing the output
in the serial monitor can help with debugging and troubleshooting. You can observe the sensor readings
and identify any anomalies or unexpected behavior.
 Calibration and Adjustment: By observing the distance readings in the serial monitor, you can calibrate
and adjust the sensor placement or code parameters as needed to achieve accurate distance
measurements. This iterative process can help fine-tune the sensor's performance for specific
applications.

References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/lDashboard
 https://wokwi.com/projects/new/arduino-uno

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Circuit Setup
Code Distance
and Quiz Performance Ethics
Understanding Measurement
Connections
Goo Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

CE-6th-A3-210130107049 36 Rudra Joshi

 IOT and Application 3160716

Experiment No: 6

Aim: Measuring moving object using PIR Sensor and Arduino Uno.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in working with PIR sensors for motion detection.
• Develop practical skills in setting up sensor-based motion detection systems.
• Understand the application of motion detection in real-world scenarios.

Relevant CO: CO4

Objectives:

1. Identify the key components of a PIR sensor and the necessary connections.
2. Build a circuit to connect a PIR sensor to an Arduino Uno.
3. Write Arduino code to detect and respond to moving objects using the PIR sensor.
4. Interpret the motion data and trigger appropriate actions (e.g., turning on an LED or
sending a notification).
5. Understand the practical applications of motion detection in security systems and
automation.

Components:

1. PIR Sensor (HC-SR501 or similar): A sensor designed to detect motion by measuring

changes in infrared radiation.
2. Arduino Uno: The central control unit used to process sensor data and trigger actions.
3. Breadboard: Used for easy prototyping and making temporary connections.
4. Jumper Wires: These wires are used to make connections between the components on the
breadboard.
5. Output Device (e.g., LED or buzzer): An optional component for demonstrating motion
detection.
6. Power Source (if required): Depending on the components used, an external power source
may be needed to operate the circuit.

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Configuration:

Fig 11: Circuit Diagram

The design of the PIR Motion Sensor using Arduino is very simple. The PIR Sensor Module has
three pins: VCC, Digital Out and GND. Connect VCC and GND to +5V and GND respectively.
Then connect the Digital Out Pin of the PIR sensor to the digital I/O pin 8 of Arduino.
As we need to indicate the detection of motion by the sensor, connect a buzzer to Pin 11 of the
Arduino.

Fig 10: Arduino Uno with PIR Sensor

Procedure:

1. When the system is powered on, the Arduino enters a calibration phase for the PIR sensor.
During this 10-second calibration period, the PIR sensor should not detect any motion.
2. After the calibration period, the PIR sensor is ready to detect any movement in front of it.
3. If the PIR sensor detects motion, its digital output pin (connected to Arduino Pin 8)
becomes HIGH.
4. Arduino detects the HIGH signal from the PIR sensor and activates the buzzer.
5. The buzzer remains active for 3 seconds (3000 milliseconds).
6. After the buzzer has been activated, it turns off when motion is no longer detected by the
PIR sensor.

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Code:
int buzzer = 11;
int sensor = 8;
int led = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
digitalWrite(sensor,LOW);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
while(millis()<13000)
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(50);
}
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(sensor)==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
while(digitalRead(sensor)==HIGH);
}
}
Code Explanation:

• The code initializes three variables: buzzer (connected to pin 11), sensor (connected
to pin 8), and led (connected to pin 13).
• In the setup() function, the code sets the pinMode for the buzzer as OUTPUT, the
sensor as INPUT, and the LED as OUTPUT. It also initializes these components with
LOW states.
• During the calibration period, the LED blinks every 100 milliseconds for 13 seconds.
• In the loop() function, the code continuously checks the state of the PIR sensor. If the

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PIR sensor detects motion (HIGH signal), it activates the buzzer for 3 seconds and
then turns it off when motion is no longer detected.

Observation:

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the provided Arduino code aims to utilize a PIR sensor to detect motion and trigger a
buzzer along with an LED indicator. While the code structure appears functional for its intended purpose,
several areas could be improved for enhanced performance and clarity. Firstly, the timing mechanism
implemented with while(millis()<13000) to flash the LED for 13 seconds may cause unintended delays
in the execution of subsequent code. Replacing it with a more straightforward delay() function could
streamline the code and ensure consistent timing.

Secondly, the duration of the buzzer activation (3 seconds) might not be optimal for all applications.
Adjusting this duration to better suit specific requirements could improve the usability of the system.

Additionally, the code could benefit from comments to provide clarity on the purpose and functionality
of each section. Clear and concise comments can aid in understanding, debugging, and modifying the
code in the future.

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Quiz:

1. In the provided project, how long is the calibration period for the PIR sensor?
 In the provided project, the calibration period for the PIR sensor lasts for approximately 13 seconds. This
is achieved using a `while` loop combined with the `millis()` function to wait until 13 seconds have
elapsed before proceeding with the main operation of the system. During this calibration period, an LED
connected to pin 13 is flashed on and off as an indication that the system is initializing.

2. What happens when the PIR sensor detects motion in front of it in the provided project?
 The PIR sensor's digital output pin, which is connected to pin 8 on the Arduino, goes HIGH, indicating
that motion has been detected.
 As a result, the Arduino's code detects the HIGH signal from the PIR sensor in the loop() function.
 The code then activates the buzzer connected to pin 11 by setting its output to HIGH, causing the buzzer
to emit a sound.
 The buzzer remains active for a duration of 3 seconds, as specified in the code using the delay(3000)
function.
 After the 3-second duration elapses, the buzzer's output is set LOW, turning off the buzzer.
 The code enters a while loop to wait until the PIR sensor's output returns to LOW, indicating that motion
has ceased. During this time, the Arduino continuously checks the state of the PIR sensor.
 Once the PIR sensor's output goes LOW, signifying the end of the motion event, the while loop is exited,
and the code returns to continuously monitor for further motion events.

3. Which pin on the Arduino is used to connect the PIR sensor's digital output pin in the project?
 In the provided project, the PIR sensor's digital output pin is connected to pin 8 on the Arduino Uno. This
pin is configured as an input in the setup() function using the pinMode() function.

4. During the calibration period, how often does the LED connected to Pin 13 blink in the code?
 The loop runs until 13 seconds have elapsed (millis() < 13000), toggling the LED state every 50
milliseconds. Therefore, within the 13-second calibration period, the LED connected to pin 13 will blink
approximately 13000/50 times, which is around 260 times.

5. In the project's code, for how many milliseconds is the buzzer activated when motion is detected by the
PIR sensor?
 In the project's code, the buzzer is activated for a duration of 3000 milliseconds (3 seconds) when motion is
detected by the PIR sensor. This duration is specified in the delay(3000) function call within the if statement
that checks for motion detection.

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References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/lDashboard
 https://wokwi.com/projects/new/arduino-uno

Rubric wise marks obtained:

PIR Sensor
Circuit Setup Activation
Code
and & Quiz Performance Ethics
Understanding
Connections Buzzer Activation
Duration
Goo Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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Experiment No: 7

Aim: Measure temperature using DHT-11 sensor and send it to cloud ThingSpeak
using NodeMCU.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Gain competency in working with DHT-11 sensors for temperature and humidity
measurements.
• Develop practical skills in interfacing a NodeMCU with sensors and cloud
platforms for IoT applications.
• Understand the application of IoT in real-world scenarios, including
environmental monitoring and data sharing in the cloud.

Relevant CO: CO3

Objectives:

1. Identify the key components of a DHT-11 sensor and NodeMCU.

2. Build a circuit to connect a DHT-11 sensor to a NodeMCU and configure the NodeMCU
for data transmission.
3. Write Arduino code to read temperature data from the DHT-11 sensor.
4. Set up ThingSpeak, a cloud platform for IoT, and create a channel to receive temperature
data.
5. Send temperature data from the NodeMCU to ThingSpeak for cloud-based storage and
visualization.

Components:

1. DHT-11 Sensor: A sensor module for measuring temperature and humidity.

2. NodeMCU (ESP8266): A low-cost open-source IoT platform for WiFi connectivity.
3. Breadboard and Jumper Wires: Used for easy prototyping and making connections.
4. Power Source (if required): Depending on the components used, an external power source
may be needed for the NodeMCU.
5. ThingSpeak Account: An online platform for collecting, visualizing, and analyzing IoT
data.

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Configuration:

Fig 12: Circuit Diagram

Fig 13: Node Node MCU with DHT-11

Procedure:

Step 1: Place the Sensor

• Place the DHT11 sensor on a breadboard with the blue part of the sensor facing you.
Ensure the sensor is properly connected to the breadboard.
Step 2: Getting API Key
1. Go to https://thingspeak.com/ and create an account or log in if you already have one.
2. Create a new channel by clicking the button, providing basic channel details, and
saving the channel.
3. Go to API keys and copy the Write API key to a separate notepad file. You will need
this key in the programming section.
Programming:
1. Write the provided program in the Arduino IDE.
2. Download the DHT11/DHT22 library from GitHub and add it to your library manager.
3. Select the NodeMCU ESP-12E board from the board manager.
4. Paste the API Key from ThingSpeak (which you obtained earlier) in the program.
5. Edit the program to replace the Wi-Fi SSID and password with your own.
6. Compile the code and upload it to the NodeMCU board.

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Code:
#include <DHT.h> // Including library for dht
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
String apiKey = "H38TEGNC0XKW43BB"; // Enter your Write API key from
ThingSpeak
const char *ssid = "how2electronics"; // replace with your wifi ssid and wpa2 key
const char *pass = "alhabibi";
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";
#define DHTPIN 0 //pin where the dht11 is connected
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHT11);
WiFiClient client;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
dht.begin();
Serial.println("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
}
void loop()
{
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t))
{
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}
if (client.connect(server,80)) // "184.106.153.149" or api.thingspeak.com
{
String postStr = apiKey;
postStr +="&field1=";

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postStr += String(t);
postStr +="&field2=";
postStr += String(h);
postStr += "\r\n\r\n";
client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");
client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");
client.print("Connection: close\n");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");
client.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.print(postStr.length());
client.print("\n\n");
client.print(postStr);
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.print(" degrees Celcius, Humidity: ");
Serial.print(h);
Serial.println("%. Send to Thingspeak.");
}
client.stop();
Serial.println("Waiting...");
// thingspeak needs minimum 15 sec delay between updates
delay(1000);
}
Code Explanation:

• The code includes libraries for the DHT sensor and ESP8266 WiFi.
• It defines the API key, WiFi credentials, and the ThingSpeak server.
• The DHT sensor is set up to read from pin D0 (NodeMCU's pin 0).
• The program establishes a connection to the Wi-Fi network using the provided credentials.
• In the loop, it reads temperature and humidity data from the DHT sensor.
• If the data is valid (not NaN), it connects to ThingSpeak and sends the data using an HTTP
POST request.
• The program prints the temperature and humidity data to the serial monitor.
• A delay of 15 seconds (or more) is added between updates, as ThingSpeak requires a
minimum delay.

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Observation:

Conclusion:

The code continuously measures temperature and humidity using the DHT11 sensor and sends the data
to the ThingSpeak platform over Wi-Fi. It ensures that the data is sent in the correct format and respects
the minimum update interval required by ThingSpeak.

Quiz:

1. In the provided project, which pin is used to connect the DHT-11 sensor to the NodeMCU?
 n the provided project, the DHT-11 sensor is connected to pin D3 (GPIO 0) of the NodeMCU, which is
defined as DHTPIN in the code.

2. What is the purpose of the ThingSpeak API key in this project?

 The ThingSpeak API key serves as an authentication mechanism in this project. It allows the NodeMCU
to securely communicate with the ThingSpeak server and upload data to a specific channel.
 This API key is included in the HTTP request headers when sending data to ThingSpeak. ThingSpeak
uses this key to verify that the data is being sent by an authorized source (in this case, your NodeMCU)
and to determine which channel the data should be stored in.

3. According to the provided code, what is the minimum delay required between data updates when sending

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data to ThingSpeak?
 According to the provided code, the minimum delay required between data updates when sending data to
ThingSpeak is set to 15 seconds. This delay is enforced to comply with ThingSpeak's minimum update
interval requirement.

4. What should be edited in the code to specify your Wi-Fi network credentials?
 Replace "your_wifi_ssid" with the SSID (name) of your Wi-Fi network, and "your_wifi_password"
with the password of your Wi-Fi network. This will allow the NodeMCU to connect to your Wi-Fi
network using the provided credentials.

5. In the code, what method is used to send data to ThingSpeak for cloud storage?
 In the provided code, data is sent to ThingSpeak for cloud storage using an HTTP POST request. Here's the
relevant portion of the code

References:

 https://www.tinkercad.com/lDashboard
 https://wokwi.com/projects/new/arduino-uno

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Circuit Setup
Code ThingSpeak
and Quiz Performance Ethics
Understanding Integration
Connections
Goo Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
d (2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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Experiment No: 8

Aim: Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving command from mobile phone. (Use cloud
ThingSpeak)

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Develop competency in IoT applications and cloud-based control systems.

• Build practical skills in interfacing microcontrollers with cloud platforms for
remote control.
• Understand the practical applications of IoT in real-world scenarios, such as home
automation and remote control.

Relevant CO: CO2

Objectives:

1. Identify the key components required for cloud-based IoT control using ThingSpeak.
2. Build a circuit that connects an LED to a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino) and configure
the microcontroller for cloud-based control.
3. Set up a ThingSpeak channel to receive control commands from a mobile phone.
4. Write code to receive commands from the ThingSpeak channel and control the LED based
on the commands sent from a mobile phone.
5. Use a mobile phone to send commands to ThingSpeak and observe the real-time control
of the LED.

Components:

1. Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino): Used to control the LED.

2. LED and Resistor: Components for the LED circuit.
3. Breadboard and Jumper Wires: Used for circuit prototyping.
4. ThingSpeak Account: An online platform for IoT data control.
5. Mobile Phone: Used to send control commands to ThingSpeak.
6. Power Source (if required): Depending on the components used, an external power source
may be needed for the microcontroller and LED.

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Configuration:

Fig 14: Circuit Diagram

Fig 15: Node MCU with LED

Procedure:

Step 1: Setting Up ThingSpeak

1. Log in to the ThingSpeak server (https://thingspeak.com/login).
2. If you are a new user, create a new account.
3. After logging in, create a new channel.

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4. Enter the channel name, description, and select Field 1. Click the checkbox and save
the channel.

5. Make a note of the Channel ID for later use in the Arduino code.

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Step 2: Firmware
1. Write code in the Arduino IDE, selecting the NodeMCU 12E board.

2. Use the provided code to configure the NodeMCU for connecting to ThingSpeak.
3. Replace the SSID and password with your Wi-Fi network credentials.
4. Enter the ThingSpeak Channel ID in the code.
Channel ID: 1070593, it’s written in code.
5. Upload the code to the NodeMCU.
Code :

#include<ThingSpeak.h>
#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include<ESP8266WebServer.h>
unsigned long channel_num=1070593;

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const char* ssid="shravan";

const char* password="8905552134";
int led;
unsigned int value;
WiFiClient client; // make the client of the WiFi which connect to the ThingSpeak webServer
ESP8266WebServer server(80); // make the naother server
void setup()
{
pinMode(D1,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(D1,0);
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin(ssid,password); // connect to the wifi STA connection
while(WiFi.status()!=WL_CONNECTED)
{
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP()); // print the wifi local ip
server.on("/",handleonconnect); // in urt type the "/" then call the handle on connect function

ThingSpeak.begin(client); // connect the client to the thingSpeak server

server.begin(); // start the server
}
void loop()
{
server.handleClient(); // it realy handle the Client
led=ThingSpeak.readFloatField(channel_num,1); // rad the last data of the field 1
if(led==1)
{
digitalWrite(D1,1);
}
else if(led==0)
{
digitalWrite(D1,0);
}
}
void handleonconnect()
{
server.send(200,"text/html",SendHTML());

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Step 3: HTML for Mobile Control

1. Create an HTML file to control the LED via a web interface.
2. Provide buttons for turning the LED ON and OFF.
3. Use ThingSpeak update URLs to control the LED via HTTP requests. Update the API
key accordingly.

HTML :

String SendHTML(void){
String ptr = "<!DOCTYPE html> <html>\n";
ptr +="<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0, user-scalable=no\">\n";
ptr +="<title>LED Control</title>\n";
ptr +="<style>html { font-family: Helvetica; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto;
text-align: center;}\n";
ptr +="body{margin-top: 50px;} h1 {color: #444444;margin: 50px auto 30px;} h3
{color: #444444;margin-bottom: 50px;}\n";
ptr +=".button {display: block;width: 80px;background-color: #1abc9c;border:
none;color: white;padding: 13px 30px;text-decoration: none;font-size: 25px;margin: 0px
auto 35px;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 4px;}\n";
ptr +=".button-on {background-color: #1abc9c;}\n";
ptr +=".button-on:active {background-color: #16a085;}\n";
ptr +=".button-off {background-color: #34495e;}\n";
ptr +=".button-off:active {background-color: #2c3e50;}\n";
ptr +="p {font-size: 14px;color: #888;margin-bottom: 10px;}\n";
ptr +="</style>\n";
ptr +="</head>\n";
ptr +="<body>\n";
ptr +="<h1>ESP8266 with ThingSpeak Server</h1>\n";
ptr +="<h3>Using Station(STA) Mode</h3>\n";
ptr +="<h4>Control status For D1</h4>\n";
ptr +="<a class=\"button button-on\"
href=\"https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=MOHD33LYGVXTG5UF&field1=1\
">ON</a>\n";
ptr +="<a class=\"button button-off\"
href=\"https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=MOHD33LYGVXTG5UF&field1=0\
">OFF</a>\n";
ptr +="</body>\n";

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ptr +="</html>\n";
return ptr;

➢ That is my HTML code if you are an embedded engineer then do not learn the HTML
and CSS, but knowledge abut the how it work we press the any url.
➢ https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=MOHD33LYGVXTG5UF&field1=
0 this url is copy from the thingserver here api_key is different in your case last one
&field1=0 mean we we press this url then send the 0 on your thingspeak server to the
field1 and &field1=1 mean when we press this url then send the 1 on your thingspeak
server to the field1. but we don't press the url using HTML code we only clink on the
ON button to turn on the led and OFF button for turn off the led.
➢ Now go to the thingspeak server click on the API KEYS and copy the Write API
KEY and paste the HTML code code which highlighted on the upper HTML code pic.

Step 4: Share the Channel

1. Share the ThingSpeak channel with everyone to obtain a public link.

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2. Copy the Write API KEY from ThingSpeak.

Step 5: Testing
1. Upload the code to the NodeMCU.

2. Verify that the NodeMCU connects to Wi-Fi, and note the local IP address.
3. Access the local IP address in a web browser.
4. Use the web interface to control the LED by clicking the ON and OFF buttons.

➢ Now click on the ON button LED is ON .

➢ Now click on the OFF button LED is OFF.

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➢ Now show the status of the thingSpeak server.

Observation:

Strengths:
 It establishes a connection to Wi-Fi and ThingSpeak.
 It reads data from ThingSpeak and controls the LED based on the received value.
 It includes basic functionalities like pin setup and serial communication.

Areas for Improvement:

 Security: Hardcoded Wi-Fi credentials pose a security risk.

 Error handling: The code doesn't handle potential connection issues.
 Unused functionality: The local server functionality seems irrelevant for the current LED control
purpose.
 Mobile App Integration: A separate mobile app is needed to send control commands.
 Missing definition: The SendHTML function is not defined.
 Variable naming: Consider using more descriptive variable names.

Overall:
The code is a good starting point for controlling an LED with ThingSpeak. By addressing the mentioned
points and customizing it based on your chosen mobile app approach, you can achieve a functional
remote LED control system.

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Conclusion:

The provided code lays a solid foundation for controlling an LED via ThingSpeak and a mobile app. It
connects to WiFi, reads data from ThingSpeak, and controls the LED accordingly. However, there's
room for improvement:

Security: Don't store Wi-Fi credentials directly in the code.

Error handling: Implement checks for connection failures.
Focus: The local server functionality might not be necessary here.
Mobile App: Develop a separate app to send control commands to ThingSpeak.
Missing function: Define the SendHTML function if needed. Clarity: Use more
descriptive variable names.

Quiz:

1. What is the primary purpose of using ThingSpeak in this project?

 Data storage (maintains the LED state)
 Data communication (reads control commands from the app and sends LED state updates)

2. How do you set up a new channel on ThingSpeak?  Set up a

ThingSpeak channel:
o Create a ThingSpeak account ([ThingSpeak thingspeak.com]).
o Navigate to "Channels" and create a new channel with a descriptive name. o (Optional)
Activate and rename Field 1 (e.g., "LED_State"). o Save the channel.
 Tips: o Free tier with limitations.
o Get the "Write API Key" for code.
o Visualize your data.

3. In the HTML code for mobile control, what is the purpose of the "ON" and "OFF" buttons?
 "ON" button sends a command (e.g., 1) to ThingSpeak (via mobile app).
 ThingSpeak updates its field (e.g., "LED_State") with the new value (1).
 Microcontroller code reads the update and turns on the LED.
 Similarly, the "OFF" button sends a different command (e.g., 0) to turn the LED off.

4. Which component is responsible for handling HTTP requests and controlling the LED based on those
requests?
 In the provided code, the component responsible for handling HTTP requests (not directly used in this
case) and controlling the LED is the microcontroller.
 Mobile App: Sends control commands (not via HTTP in this code).

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 Microcontroller: o Connects to Wi-Fi and ThingSpeak.

o Reads LED state from ThingSpeak (which might have received the command from the app).
o Controls LED based on the state.

References:

 https://thingspeak.com/
 https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Circuit Setup
Code
and HTML Interface Quiz Performance Ethics
Understanding
Connections
Good Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
(2) e (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)
(1)

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Experiment No: 9

Aim: Controlling Led ON/OFF by giving commands using Google Assistant from a
mobile phone. (Use cloud Adafruit)

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Understanding of IoT communication protocols.

• Proficiency in cloud-based IoT platforms.
• Knowledge of Arduino programming.
• Mobile app integration with IoT devices.

Relevant CO: CO4

Objectives:

1. To set up an IoT system for controlling an LED using Google Assistant.

2. To integrate a cloud-based platform (Adafruit) into the IoT system for communication.
3. To create an Arduino-based program for controlling the LED.
4. To enable voice commands through Google Assistant for controlling the LED.
5. To provide a seamless user experience by demonstrating the control of the LED via mobile
phone and voice commands.

Components:

1. LED and resistor

2. Arduino or NodeMCU board
3. Google Assistant-enabled mobile phone
4. Adafruit cloud platform
5. Wi-Fi connection
6. Breadboard and connecting wires

Configurations:

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Fig: Circuit Diagram – Connections

Procedure:
Step 1: Setting up Adafruit IO Account for IOT controlled LED
1. Visit https://io.adafruit.com and create an account.

2. After creating an account, you'll be taken to your home screen. Click on "Feeds" from the
menu.

3. Create a new feed by clicking on "New Feed." Name your feed (e.g., "LED_Control"),
provide a description if desired, select "Field 1," and save the channel.

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4. Create a new dashboard by going to "Dashboards" from the menu. Give it a name (e.g.,
"LEDSwitch") and create the dashboard.

5. Open your new dashboard by clicking on it. Click the blue "+" button to add new UI
components to the dashboard.

6. Add a button to the dashboard by selecting the first option. Choose the feed you created

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earlier and keep the default settings.

7. During programming, you will require your unique AIO key. Click on the key button at
the right-hand corner of your window to generate your active key for this project.

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Step 2: Connecting to Google Assistant through IFTTT

1. Go to www.ifttt.com and create an account if you haven't already.
2. Click on your username in the top right corner and select "New Applet."
3. You'll see an "If This Then That" window. Click on the blue "+" button and search for
"Google Assistant." Select "Say a simple phrase" as the trigger.

4. Define a phrase and create the trigger.

5. Create an action by clicking the "+" button under "That." Search for "Adafruit" and choose
"Send data to Adafruit IO."
6. Select the feed you created earlier and set "Data to save" to "ON" for this applet. Create
the action.

7. Create another applet for turning the LED "OFF" by following the same steps.

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8. Both applets will appear under "My Applets" in your account.

Step 3: Programming ESP32 for Google Assistant Controlled LED

1. Program your ESP32 using the Arduino IDE. You'll need to include the "Adafruit MQTT"
client library, which can be found by going to "Sketch" > "Include Library" > "Manage
Libraries" and searching for "adafruit mqtt." Install the library.

2. The code provided in the project can be used to connect the ESP32 to Adafruit IO. Modify
the WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS, AIO_USERNAME, and AIO_KEY in the code with
your credentials.
3. After modifying the code, upload it to the ESP32.

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Code:
#include <WiFi.h>
#include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"
#include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"
#define WLAN_SSID "Ashish"
#define WLAN_PASS "12345678"
#define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com"
#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883
#define AIO_USERNAME "DURGESH_SINGH"
#define AIO_KEY "aio_OQrD206pQvpMfzJhKcPPXBnw79DL"
int output=2;
WiFiClient client; // Create an ESP8266 WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT
server.
Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT,
AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY); // Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the
WiFi
client and MQTT server and login details.
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe LED_Control = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt,
AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/LED_Control");
void MQTT_connect();
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
// Connect to WiFi access point.
Serial.println(); Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);
WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println();
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
mqtt.subscribe(&LED_Control);
}
uint32_t x=0;

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void loop() {
MQTT_connect();
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe *subscription;
while ((subscription = mqtt.readSubscription(5000))) {
if (subscription == &LED_Control) {
Serial.print(F("Got: "));
Serial.println((char *)LED_Control.lastread);
if (!strcmp((char*) LED_Control.lastread, "ON"))
{
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
}
}
}
}
void MQTT_connect() {
int8_t ret;
// Stop if already connected.
if (mqtt.connected()) {
return;
}
Serial.print("Connecting to MQTT... ");
uint8_t retries = 3;
while ((ret = mqtt.connect()) != 0) { // connect will return 0 for connected
Serial.println(mqtt.connectErrorString(ret));
Serial.println("Retrying MQTT connection in 5 seconds...");
mqtt.disconnect();
delay(5000); // wait 5 seconds
retries--;
if (retries == 0) {
// basically die and wait for WDT to reset me
while (1);
}
}
Serial.println("MQTT Connected!");
}

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4. The ESP32 will connect to Adafruit IO, and you'll be able to control the LED using Google
Assistant via the applets created in IFTTT.
5. After uploading of code open your serial monitor and your serial monitor should look like
this:

6. Now open Google assistant in your Android and give voice command like “Turn LED on”
or “Turn LED off” and it will respond you like you defined earlier and you will observe
change of LED state also.

Observation:

Pin Numbering: The code uses GPIO.BOARD mode for pin numbering, which means the pin numbers
refer to the physical pin numbers on the Raspberry Pi board.

LED Connection: The LED is connected to pin 8 of the Raspberry Pi. Make sure to connect it to the
correct pin physically.

Infinite Loop: The code utilizes an infinite loop (while True:) to continuously blink the LED on and off.

GPIO Output: The GPIO pin is set to high (GPIO.HIGH) to turn on the LED and low (GPIO.LOW) to
turn it off.

Timing: Each state (on/off) of the LED lasts for 1 second, as controlled by the sleep(1) function calls.

GPIO Cleanup: The code does not include GPIO cleanup. It's generally a good practice to clean up GPIO
resources using GPIO.cleanup() at the end of the script, especially if you plan to run multiple scripts or
interact with GPIO pins in other ways.

Overall, the code is concise and effectively accomplishes the task of blinking an LED using Raspberry
Pi GPIO pins.

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Conclusion:

Based on your code and questions, it's clear that you're working on a project to control an LED using
Google Assistant commands via Adafruit IO and an ESP8266 device. Your code demonstrates the setup
for connecting to Wi-Fi, subscribing to an MQTT feed, and toggling the LED based on messages
received from Adafruit IO.

Overall, your code shows a good understanding of the necessary steps involved in setting up the
hardware and software components for this project. However, there are areas where you could further
improve the code, such as adding more comments for clarity, enhancing error handling, and
implementing a feedback mechanism to confirm LED state changes.

Quiz:

1. What is the primary purpose of using Adafruit IO in this project?

 The primary purpose of using Adafruit IO in this project is to provide a cloud-based platform for Internet
of Things (IoT) applications. Adafruit IO serves as an intermediary between your hardware (such as the
ESP8266 device) and external services (such as Google Assistant). It allows you to send and receive data
(in this case, MQTT messages) between your IoT device and other devices or applications over the
internet.

2. What is IFTTT, and how is it used in this project?

 IFTTT stands for "If This, Then That." It's a web-based service that allows users to create conditional
statements, called applets, that trigger an action based on a specified event. In this project, IFTTT is used
to connect Google Assistant to Adafruit IO, enabling voice commands to control the LED via the
internet.
 Here's how IFTTT is used in this project:

1. Trigger: The "If This" part of the applet is triggered by a specific event, which in this case, is a voice
command issued to Google Assistant. For example, you might set up a trigger that activates when you
say "Turn on the LED" to Google Assistant.
2. Action: The "Then That" part of the applet defines the action to be taken when the trigger event occurs.
In this project, the action is to send a request to Adafruit IO to update the LED control feed with the
corresponding command (e.g., "ON" to turn the LED on or "OFF" to turn it off).
3. Integration: Through IFTTT's platform, you can create an applet that links Google Assistant as the trigger
service and Adafruit IO as the action service. You'll need to provide authentication credentials for both
services to enable communication between them.

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4. Execution: When you issue the voice command to Google Assistant, the applet is triggered, and IFTTT
sends a request to Adafruit IO with the appropriate command. Adafruit IO then forwards the command
to your ESP8266 device, which interprets it and controls the LED accordingly.

3. Which service is used to set up voice commands for Google Assistant in this project?
 In this project, the service used to set up voice commands for Google Assistant is IFTTT (If This Then
That). IFTTT provides a platform where users can create conditional statements, called applets, that
trigger actions based on specific events. In this case, the trigger event is a voice command issued to
Google Assistant, such as "Turn on the LED."
 By creating an applet on IFTTT, users can define the trigger event as a specific phrase or command
spoken to Google Assistant. When Google Assistant recognizes this trigger, it activates the
corresponding applet, which then executes the defined action. In this project, the action is sending a
request to Adafruit IO to update the LED control feed based on the voice command received.

4. What is the role of the unique AIO key generated in the Adafruit IO setup?
 The unique AIO key generated in Adafruit IO setup serves as a secure authentication mechanism for allowing
authorized access to Adafruit IO services from your IoT device. It ensures secure communication, authorizes
specific actions, and enables tracking and management of usage and access rights.

References:

 https://www.adafruit.com/category/17
 https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Setup of Integration Programming

Quiz
Adafruit IO with Google and ESP32 Ethics
Performance
Account Assistant Configuration
Good Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
(2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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Experiment No: 10

Aim: Installing Raspbian OS in Raspberry Pi and performing basic practical like

LED on/off.

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

• Operating System Installation
• Basic Raspberry Pi Setup
• GPIO Pin Control
• Basic Programming Skills

Relevant CO: CO5

Objectives:

1. Install the Raspbian operating system on a Raspberry Pi.

2. Set up the Raspberry Pi with the necessary configurations, including connecting to the
internet.
3. Understand the basics of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins on the Raspberry Pi.
4. Write a simple Python script to control an LED connected to one of the GPIO pins.
5. Execute the script to turn the LED on and off using Raspberry Pi.

Components:
• Raspberry Pi (any model with GPIO pins)
• MicroSD card (for Raspbian OS)
• Power supply for Raspberry Pi
• LED
• Resistor (appropriate value to limit LED current)
• Jumper wires
• Breadboard (optional, for easier circuit connections)

Configuration:

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Fig: Circuit Diagram

Fig: Raspberry Pi with LED

Procedure:

Circuit Setup:
1. Create a simple LED circuit, consisting of an LED and a current-limiting resistor.
2. Calculate the resistor value to limit current based on LED specifications (forward
voltage and forward current) and Raspberry Pi output voltage.
3. Round up the resistor value (e.g., 100 ohms) and use a resistor with the appropriate
color code.
4. Connect the LED and resistor in series with GPIO pin 8 on the Raspberry Pi.
5. Pay attention to the LED's polarity – the long lead (anode) connects to the resistor, and
the short lead (cathode) connects to ground (pin 6 on the Raspberry Pi).

Python Script for LED Control:

1. Install the Raspberry Pi GPIO Python library using the following terminal command:

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$ sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio python3-rpi.gpio

2. Open a Python IDE (e.g., Thonny Python IDE) for writing the Python script.
3. In your Python script, perform the following tasks:
• Import the necessary libraries, including RPi.GPIO and time.
• Initialize GPIO ports, set pin 8 as an output pin, and set the initial value to low
(off).
• Create an infinite loop.
• Within the loop, turn the LED on and off in 1-second intervals.

Python Code:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
from time import sleep

GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.OUT, initial=GPIO.LOW)

while True:
GPIO.output(8, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn on
sleep(1)
GPIO.output(8, GPIO.LOW) # Turn off
sleep(1)

1. Save the Python script as "blinking_led.py."

2. Run the script either in your Python IDE or in the console using the following
command:
$ python blinking_led.py

Observation:

Pin Numbering: The code uses GPIO.BOARD mode for pin numbering, which means the pin numbers
refer to the physical pin numbers on the Raspberry Pi board.

LED Connection: The LED is connected to pin 8 of the Raspberry Pi. Make sure to connect it to the
correct pin physically.

Infinite Loop: The code utilizes an infinite loop (while True:) to continuously blink the LED on and off.

GPIO Output: The GPIO pin is set to high (GPIO.HIGH) to turn on the LED and low (GPIO.LOW) to

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turn it off.

Timing: Each state (on/off) of the LED lasts for 1 second, as controlled by the sleep(1) function calls.

GPIO Cleanup: The code does not include GPIO cleanup. It's generally a good practice to clean up GPIO
resources using GPIO.cleanup() at the end of the script, especially if you plan to run multiple scripts or
interact with GPIO pins in other ways.

Overall, the code is concise and effectively accomplishes the task of blinking an LED using Raspberry
Pi GPIO pins.

Conclusion:

Based on the provided code and its execution, the experiment demonstrates a simple yet effective way
to control an LED using a Raspberry Pi and its GPIO pins. The observations indicate that the code
successfully achieves the desired functionality of blinking the LED on and off at regular intervals.

However, to draw a comprehensive conclusion, it's important to consider a few additional points:

1. Verification of Physical Setup: While the code provides instructions on how to connect the LED to the
Raspberry Pi, it's crucial to physically verify that the connections are made correctly to avoid any issues
or potential damage.

2. Error Handling and Robustness: The provided code lacks error handling mechanisms, such as handling
unexpected exceptions or GPIO errors. Incorporating error handling would enhance the robustness of
the code, making it more reliable in diverse operating conditions.

3. GPIO Resource Management: Although not explicitly mentioned in the provided code, it's imperative to
manage GPIO resources properly, especially when running multiple scripts or interacting with GPIO
pins in various applications. This includes cleaning up GPIO resources using `GPIO.cleanup()` to release
resources after the script execution.

4. Documentation and Comments: While the code is relatively straightforward, including detailed
comments and documentation would improve its readability and facilitate understanding, especially for
beginners or individuals unfamiliar with Raspberry Pi GPIO programming.

In conclusion, the experiment effectively demonstrates the basic concept of interfacing hardware with
the Raspberry Pi using GPIO pins and provides a foundation for more advanced projects and
explorations in physical computing and embedded systems.

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Quiz:

1. What is the purpose of a current-limiting resistor in an LED circuit?

 The purpose of a current-limiting resistor in an LED circuit is to regulate the amount of current flowing
through the LED. LEDs are current-driven devices, meaning that they require a specific amount of
current to operate within their rated specifications and produce the desired brightness without being
damaged.
 Without a current-limiting resistor, the LED would draw excessive current from the power source,
potentially leading to overheating and permanent damage to the LED. Additionally, variations in the
power supply voltage or fluctuations in the circuit could result in inconsistent LED performance or
failure.

2. What is the forward voltage (VF) and forward current (IF) of a typical red LED?
 Forward Voltage (Vf): The forward voltage of a red LED typically ranges from around 1.8 to 2.2 volts.
This is the voltage required for the LED to turn on and begin conducting current.
 Forward Current (If): The forward current of a red LED is typically in the range of 10 to 20 milliamps
(mA). This is the current that flows through the LED when it is forward-biased and emitting light at its
specified brightness level.

3. In the Raspberry Pi GPIO setup code, what does GPIO.BOARD refer to?
 In the Raspberry Pi GPIO setup code, GPIO.BOARD refers to one of the numbering schemes used to
identify the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi.
 When you set the mode to GPIO.BOARD, it means you're using physical pin numbers to reference the
GPIO pins. Each GPIO pin on the Raspberry Pi has a corresponding physical pin number on the GPIO
header. This numbering scheme provides a straightforward way to identify and reference the GPIO pins
based on their physical location on the Raspberry Pi board.
 In contrast, the other numbering scheme is GPIO.BCM, which stands for Broadcom SOC channel. When
using GPIO.BCM, you reference the GPIO pins by their Broadcom SOC channel numbers, which are
assigned by the Broadcom processor manufacturer. This numbering scheme is often preferred for its
consistency across different Raspberry Pi models.

4. What is the purpose of the GPIO.setwarnings(False) line in the Python script?

 The line GPIO.setwarnings(False) in the Python script serves the purpose of suppressing GPIOrelated
warning messages that may be generated during the execution of the script.
 By calling GPIO.setwarnings(False), you're instructing the RPi.GPIO library to disable the output of
warning messages to the console or terminal. These warning messages could include notifications about
 GPIO pins already being in use, GPIO channels being set up multiple times, or other potential issues.

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References:

 https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/
 https://www.magpi.com/
 https://www.adafruit.com/category/17

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Understanding Command
Python Script Quiz Performance Ethics
of LED Circuit Execution
Good Averag Good Averag Good Average Good Average Good Averag
(2) e (1) (2) e (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) e (1)

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