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EE2017 Lecture1

The document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of power engineering, covering key components of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution. It discusses concepts of power, including instantaneous, average, reactive, and complex power, along with their calculations and relationships. Additionally, it includes examples of phasor representation and power calculations in electrical systems.

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tao.ngodang
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10 views26 pages

EE2017 Lecture1

The document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of power engineering, covering key components of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution. It discusses concepts of power, including instantaneous, average, reactive, and complex power, along with their calculations and relationships. Additionally, it includes examples of phasor representation and power calculations in electrical systems.

Uploaded by

tao.ngodang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE2017

Fundamentals of Power Engineering

Lecture 1 1
Introduction

Lecture 1 2
Introduction

Lecture 1 3
Introduction

Lecture 1 4
Introduction

Lecture 1 5
Power System

Power System

Measurement &
Monitoring Protection System
System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load


Power System Components
(Generation)
Generators convert mechanical
energy from a prime mover to
electrical energy through the
action of the magnetic field
Thermal Power Plant
Power System Components
(Transmission)
Power System
Components
(Transmission)
Power Transformer
Transformers convert AC electrical
energy at one voltage level to AC
electrical energy at (an)other
voltage level(s)
Power System Components
(Distribution)
Power System Components
(Load)

Loads are all types of electricity


consuming devises: motors,
electric lighting, computers, TVs,
phones…
Electromechanical system
• Linear systems:
relay, contactor,..
• Rotational systems:
electrical machines
Review of power

Lecture 1 15
Review of power

 Assuming sinusoidal voltage and current, i.e.

vt   Vm cost   v  it   I m cost   i 


 Instantaneous power (i = Im when t = 0)

pt   vt it   Vm I m cost   v   i  cost 


 Average (also real or active) power over one period T = 2p/

cos v   i   Vrms I rms cos v   i 


Vm I m
P
2
where Vrms and Irms are root mean square (rms) voltage and current,
respectively.  = v  i is called power factor angle, and cos() is called
power factor (PF).
Lecture 1 16
Review of power

 The instantaneous power can be expressed

p(t )  VI cos  1  cos 2t  VI sin  sin 2t

The average value of the first term is the


average or real power

The second term represents an reactive


power: power that is transmitted to the
load and then reflected back to the
power source either through electric
energy stored in a capacitor or through
magnetic energy stored in an inductor

Lecture 1 17
Review of phasor

 Sinusoidal quantities can be represented as phasors, for example

V  Vrms  v I  I rms  i
Magnitude Phase angle

Lagging power factor Leading power factor


V I
+ +
I V
v i
i v

An inductive load exhibits a lagging PF, and a capacitive load has a


leading PF.
Lecture 1 18
Class examples

 Ex. 2.1: Write phasor forms of v(t) & i(t), and find the average power P

 
vt   210 cos t  30 0  V  1030 0
 
it   2 5 cos t  20 0  I  5  20 0
   v   i  30   20  50 (lagging PF)
0

 
P  105 cos 50  32.14 W
0

Lecture 1 19
Class examples

 Ex. 2.2: Recalculate the average power P with new i(t)

 
i t   2 5 cos t  900  I  5  900
 
P  105 cos 1200  25 W (generating power!)

Lecture 1 20
Review of complex power

 Define reactive power as


Vm I m
Q sin  v   i   Vrms I rms sin  v   i 
2
 The instantaneous power can be expressed

pt   P  P cos2t   Q sin 2t   P1  cos2t   Q sin 2t 


j v j
 As V  Vrms e and I  I rms e ,i it can be seen that
 
P  Re V  I *  Vrms I rms cos v   i 
Q  ImV  I   V
*
I
rms rms sin  v   i 

 Complex power is defined as


 
S  V  I *  P  jQ
Lecture 1 21
Review of complex power (cont.)

 In power calculations, rms values are always used. Hence, the


subscript rms will be omitted hereafter

P  VI cos v   i  Q  VI sin  v   i 
 And magnitude of complex power is S  VI

 To distinguish S, P, and Q, their units are voltamperes (VA), watts (W),


and voltampere reactive (VAR), respectively

 Alternative forms of complex power


Z  R  jX V  ZI S  ZII *  I 2 Z  I 2 R  jX   P  jQ
Hence
P  I 2R Q  I2X
Lecture 1 22
Class examples

 Ex. 2.4: Find complex power for given v(t) and i(t)


vt   210 cos t  10 0  V  1010 0 

it   2 20 sin t  700  I  20  200 
    
S  V I *  10100 20200  200300  173.2  j100 VA

P  173.2 W Q  100 VAR

 Ex. 2.5 and 2.6: see text book

Lecture 1 23
Conservation of complex power

 Series circuit

S  V  I *  V1  V2  ...  Vn I *  S1  S 2  ...  S n


 Parallel circuit

S  V  I  V I1  I 2  ... I n   S1  S2  ... Sn


* *

 Total complex power is the sum of complex powers in individual


elements. Most loads are connected in parallel. Conservation of complex
power
P  P1  P2  ...  Pn Q  Q1  Q2  ...  Qn
 Power triangle: see example 2.7

Lecture 1 24
Class examples

 Ex. 2.7: Find complex power in the form of a power triangle

  
S  VI *  100100 10  26.80  100036.80  800  j 600 VA

Hence
P  800 W Q  600 VAR
VI  1000 VA

Since  > 0, current lags voltage,


Q = 600
and the load is an inductive one. VAR
36.80

P = 800 W
 Ex. 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10: see text book

Lecture 1 25
Specifying power in a load
 Power absorbed by the load can be specified by a combination of
three of the following six quantities: V, I, PF (lag or lead), S, P, Q.

 If V and I are specified it is equivalent to specifying V, I, and PF


 Another way is to specify V, PF, and P
P
I Q  VI sin  S  P  jQ
V cos
 The third way is to specify V, PF, and S: I is calculated from V and S,
then Q can be calculated from S and PF

 The final way is to specify V, P, and Q: S is calculated from P and Q,


then PF is calculated from P and S

Lecture 1 26

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