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Chap4 Notes 10th Comp

The document explains control statements in programming, specifically focusing on conditional statements such as if, if-else, and if-else-if structures. It provides definitions, purposes, and examples of how these statements control the flow of execution based on conditions. Additionally, it discusses the switch statement and its advantages and limitations in comparison to other conditional statements.

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18 views23 pages

Chap4 Notes 10th Comp

The document explains control statements in programming, specifically focusing on conditional statements such as if, if-else, and if-else-if structures. It provides definitions, purposes, and examples of how these statements control the flow of execution based on conditions. Additionally, it discusses the switch statement and its advantages and limitations in comparison to other conditional statements.

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sanaveed816
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TINS w CONDITIONAL CONTROL TRUCTURE Qi. Define a control statement. Ans: Control Statement: A control statement is an instruction which determines the sequence of ‘execution of other statements. in other words. it controls the flow of execution of program statements Q2. Define a conditional statement. Ans: Conditional Statement: A conditional statement is an instruction in a programming language that contains a condition When a conditional statement is executed. first the condition is evaluated and then based on the result (true or false), a particular statement or a set of statements is executed. Conditional statements of C language are if, if- else,else-if and switch statements Q3. What is the purpose and structure of if statement? Explain with the help of examples. Ans: Structure of If Statement: The if statement has the following general form / Syntax. if (condition) Block of statements When this statement is executed, the condition is evaluated If the condition is true then the block of statements within the braces will be executed. If the Condition is false then the block of statements within the braces will be skipped and the control will be transferred to the next statement if any exists If there is only one statement to be executed if the condition is true then braces are not required. Use of If Statement (Examples): Program 1: The program in Fig., demonstrates the use of if statement manc | lf include # include void main (void) K int marks: printf(*\nEnter your marks: scanf ("4d", gmarks); 4f (marks>32) “f printf ("\nCongratulations®, printf(*\nYou have passed"); } geteh (7 Program to demonstrate the use of if statement o When if statement of this program is executed. the condition inside the brackets is evaluated @ if the condition 1s true, that is, the marks entered are greater than 32, then the two statements following the keyword if are executed @ Ifthe condition is false, that is the marks entered are less than 33, then the following two statements will be skipped and the program wil terminate and there will be no output ° The output of the program is shown in Fig.. if the marks.entered are more than 32 1 errr erenrimrinrrenee-oncerapempnene reer ape E) CADev-Cpp\Projectl.exe tol © RY Te cet S| Congratulations _ PCa eet a Output of the program t Program. | The program in Fig prints square ofa number, as | Ee] Dev-co~ 4992 - | Project }- Project dey Jo = Fite_Edit_ Search View Project Execute Debug Tools CVS Window Help (@UiO0EGTS8l<-[Ga5 Gags, (¢ include # include |void main (void) { ‘ ant nz printf ("\nEnter a number:"); scant ("d", in): \ Af (n>0) peintf(*\nThe square of td 13 $",n,n‘n)? getcn ():] [TeTs fines [13 Lines in er hi Program to print square of a number # When the above program is executed. it will prompt the user to enter a number # if the user enters a number greater than zero, it will print the square of the Vo OU ee Le CO Output of the program 2 Q4. What is the purpose and structure of if-else statement? Explain with the help of examples, Structure of If-Else Statement: -else statement is used in situation where some code is to be executed if a condition is true and some other code is to be executed if the condition is false. The if-else statement has the following general form / Syntax. if (condition) Block of statements oe o else { } When if-else statement is executed, the condition is evaluated If the condition is true then the block of statements following if will be executed and the block of statements following else will be skipped If the condition is false then the block of statements following if will be skipped and the block of statements following else will be executed If a single statement is to be executed after if or else then braces are not required. Block of statements Use of If-Else Statement (Examples): ¢ * Program 1: The program in Fig., reads marks and prints the message whether the student passed or failed. naine | [t include |# include J void main (void) ) j= ant marks; printf ("\nEnver your marks: scant (*%d", émarks); af (marks>32) € printf ("\nCongratulations*) printf ("\nYou have passed"); , else printf ("\nYou have failed*); getch(); Program to demonstrate the use of if — else statement In this program, if the marks entered are above 32 then the statements following if are executed and the message shown in Fig. (a) will be printed If the marks entered are below 33 then the statement following else are executed and the message seach Fig (b) will be printed CADev-Cpp\Projectl.exe BD) CAdev-Cpp\Projectt.ere Enter your narks:54 Enter your narks:23 Congratulations ITC Ee Cr pe Cae To (a)Output when marks are grater than 32 (b)Output when marks are less than33 # Also note that there 1s a single statement to be executed if the condition is false Therefore. braces are not required after else. Program 2: The program in Fig, reads a number from the keyboard and prints the message whether it is an even or an odd number. EX dw-Co+ 4992 - [Projectt - Project! dev File Edt Search View Project Execute Debug Tools CVS: Window Help \WGiDUGMEls-[aoa gigas [SEO BRS || 2 O|| Drew Gre tome Boo I a a) lFinclude Finclude void main (void) jt ant aycens printf(*\nEnt: scent (*¥@") in); rement27 22 (rem—=2) printf (*\nyou entered an even number."); else printf ("\nYou entered an odd number.")7 getch(): Program to demonstrate the use of if — else statement When this program is executed it prompts the user to enter the value of n. @ The remainder operator % is used to divide the number by 2 and store the remainder in vanable rem. The value of rem 1s checked /f it is equal to 0 then the number n, is an even number as shown in Fig. (a) BH) CADev-Cpp\Projectl exe (a) Execution of program when value of nis 14 If the value of rem is not equal to 0 in other words it is equal to 1 then the number n is an odd number as shown in Fig _(b) * DI CADev-Cpp\Projectl.ere a BG ery You entered an odd number... (b) Execution of program when value of nis 25 Q5. What is the purpose and structure of if-else-if statement? Explain with the help of examples. Ans: Structure of If-Else-If Statement: The else-if is a type of conditional statement that combines more than two conditions. It allows the programmer to make a decision based on several conditions. The else-if statement has the folowing general form / Syntax. if(condition-1) t Block of statements + else if(condition-2) { Block of statements + else if(condition-3) Block of statements + else £ Block of statements to be executed ; when none of the conditions is true. # When this statement is executed, condition-1 is evaluated, if i it ts true then 9 if is executed and if its false, the next If any condition is true then the following block of Statements is executed the block of statements followin, Condition is evaluated ‘ + If none of the conditions is true then the block of statements following else is executed automatically If a single statement is to be executed after if, else if or else, instead of a set of statements then the braces are not required Use of If-Else-If Statement (Examples): Program 1: The program in Fig. performs an arithmetic operation based on the choice of user us | Ede-£+4 4932 - {Project ]- Psect dev oe File Edd Sexrch View Project Esecute Debug Tool CWS Window He Gais-[Soa 8 ae [2 @ | Drm rot ream Gove | feanclude void masnivora) i tne chose: float x, y: princt (*\nfrogram to perform aritheetic operations. \n"): Prantt(*\e1. Addation®) printf (*\a7. Subtraction printf (*\n3. Multiplication®)7 PEAnte(*\n¢. DAvision\e) : printf (*\aEater your choice:"): seant(*td*, ¢ctoace) ; prince ("\nfacer 2 curbers scant (*he, Af", 6x,¢y): At{cnotceset) PEaote (*\nSume¥6. 22", ney) else 1f(choice=2) Antf (*\nDifterence='6.2f*,x-y) 7 £ (chotce—3) | printf ("\nProducc=\6.2*, x+y): | else if (chcice==4) cise prince (*\nquotient=¥6.2f%, x/y) 7 alse printf (*\nfovalid Command") : erent): Program to demonstrate the use of else — if statement When this program is executed. 't will display four choices and prompt the user to enter his choice User's choice will be stored in the variable choice. After this it will again prompt the user to enter two numbers which will be stored in variables x and y. Now, the if-else-if statement will be executed First condition will be checked first, if it is true. that is, the value stored in the variable choice is 1 then sum of x and y will be evaluated and printed If the first condition is false then the second condition will be checked and if it 1s true. then the difference (x-y) will be evaluated and printed and so on @ If all the conditions are false then the statement following else will the executed and the message “Invalid Command” will be printed In this program, the format specifier%6.2F is used for printing floating-point value. Here, 6 is the total field width for printing the number and reserves 6 spaced for printing it The digit 2 means 2 digits are to be printed after the decimal point. {f the floating-point number to be printed requires less than 6 spaces then it will be right justified and extra spaces will appear at the left side of the number. The execution of this program is shown in Fig. when user choice is 3 HB CAdev-Cpp\Projectl.exe tele ea Progran to perforn arithnetic operations. 3 Perc) aortas 3. Multiplication Ce ytrtstoy oe cceey Enter 2 nunbers:18.5,6.2 Product= 65.18 Execution of Program 1 Program 2: The following program reads marks of a student and prints his letter grade according to the following scheme Marks = Grade 80~100 A 70-79 B 60~69 c 50~59 D Below 50 F << $$ El dev-cos 4992 - (Project! ]- Projectl dev Ses File Edit Search View Project Execute Debug Took CVS Window Help (WUOREH S| +-|SER Basia Dlinset I Toode [Golo (include #inciude void main (void) ‘ ant m: | printf ("\nEnter the marks:"| | eanectsar, amd 484 (m>=80) £6 (me~100)) peintf ("\nGrade A")s eles if ( (m>=70) 66 (mc=79)) printf ("\nGrade B")? else if( (m>-€0) 66 me-63) ) printf ("\nGrade C*)? else 1f((m>=50) ts mace $9)) printf ("\nGrade D™)> else printf ("\nGrade F*)7 getch() 7 22 (Modkied [insert [22 Lnes in fie ke Program to find Grade When the above program is executed, it will prompt the user to enter marks. It will check in which range the marks fall and then accordingly print the grade If none of the conditions is true then the statement following else will be executed and it will print the message “Grade F”. The execution of the program is shown in Fig.. if the marks entered by the user are 66. Since 66 falls in the range 60 to 69, so the grade displayed is C. ‘\Dev-Cpp\Projectl exe (a) Pats ea CML ty tet Grade Execution of Program 2 Program 3:The program in Fig prompts the user to enter a grade and prints appropriate message It uses a variable of type character as switch variable __ EXloev-c++ 49.92 ~ { Project }- Projectt dev File Edit Search View Project Execute Oebug Tools CVS Window Help eH al--[ean s/aa 0 [850 MBB |] PO] New invert Bltocde M Soto Finclade Isanciuae Hvota main (rota) ohar grade; princf("\nEnter the Grad woant ("¥c", égrade); switoh (grade) (case 'A': printf("\nExcellent")s break: case 'B'r Princf("\niell Done"); breaks case 'C': case 'D': Print£("\nSatisfactory"); break; case 'F': printf("\nPoor Performance"); break: d geen)? + Program to print a message based on grade ¢ This program prompts the user to enter a grade, that is, ‘A’, ‘B', °C’, “D’ or ‘F’ and stores it in the variable grade. It will print the message “Excellent” for grade ‘A’ and “Well Done” for grade ‘B’. @ — If the user enters grade 'C’ or ‘D’, the same message “Satisfactory” will be printed. In the absence of statements after a case, the control falls right through one case to the case below and this makes it easy for several values of switch variable to execute the same code. % Finally, if the user enters grade ‘F’, the program will print the message “Poor Performance”. % In this program there is no default keyword. Therefore. the whole ‘switch + _ statement simply terminates when there is no match Program 4: The program in Fig , creates a simple calculator to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division Fl Dev-c++ 499.2 - (Projnew) -Proprendey — tes | fda Search View Project Execute Debug Took CVS Window Help {@C 08888 s-[oan al aa0 Winclade j#include void main (void) |i char operator; | Float xyz Print (*\nEnter the operator (¢,-.%)/)i")7 scant ("4c") 6operater); printf (*\nEnter two numbers scant (*¥f, 42%, x, 6y) 7 switen (operator) DEANCE (*\nxtyeNS.2E", ty) 7 DFORR: princt (*\nx-ye06.2£°, ay); break: pranct (*\axey=06.28*, xy); break: case 1/*: prince (*\nx/yot6.2f%,x/y) 2 break: ) getch (0: Program to create a simple calculator @ When the above program is executed, it will ask the user to enter the type of operation to be performed on two numbers. Then it will ask for two numbers to be entered @ Based on the operator. it will perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division and print the result Q6. What is the advantage and limitation of switch statement? Ans: Advantage and Limitation of Switch Statement: @ The switch statement allows a variable to be compared against a list of constant values When there is a match to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached. This makes the logic of program simple and easy to understand @ The switch statement has a limitation. It is not allowed to use relational operators in the expression of switch statement. For example, to check for passing marks, the condition, (marks>32) cannot be used in switch statement. It is also not possible to check for a range such as ((marks: 0) in a Switch statement, for this, the programmer has to use if, if-else or else-if statement Q7. Explain the Use of conditional operator in program. Ans: Using Conditional Operator in Program: Program: — The program in Fig , reads marks and prints the message “PASS” or “FAIL, using conditional operator instead of if-else statement Conditional operator was explained in the previous unit. Eh oev.co+ 49.92 - { Project } - Projectl.dev f=: File Edit Search View Project Execute Debug Tools CVS Window [eqineedis |= [Sea sade Bw re, [¥ include void main (void) i int marks: | prancr("\nEnter your marks:"); | scent ("4d", emake): | (marks>32)? prancf (*\nPASS") :printf ("\nFAIL*) | geteh(): a» 1 Maer f [insert [1 Lines in fhe ta Using conditional operator ina prograin @ =~ When this program is executed, it will ask the user to enter the marks and store it in the variable marks. @ = ~— The condition (marks>32) will be evaluated @ If the condition is true, that is, marks are greater than 32 then the first print statement will be executed and the message “PASS’ will be printed. @ If the condition is false then the second print statement will be executed and the message "FAIL" will be printed. Execution of the program is shown in Fig DAD Drive Folders\Dev-Cpp\Projectl.exe eo Enter your marks:24 en Execution of Program In a programming language. a control statement is an instruction which determines the sequence of execution of other statements in a program A conditional statement 1s an instruction in @ programming language that contains @ condition based on which flow of execution of program statements is controlled The if statement ts a control statement When it 1s executed, the condition is evaluated If it 1s true then the block of statement within the braces will be executed otherwise control will be transferred to the next statement The if-else statement is a control statement When it 1s executed, the condition 1s evaluated If it 1s true then the block of statements following if will be executed otherwise the block of statements following else will be executed The if-else-if statement is a control statement When it is executed, the first condition is evaluated If it is true then the block of statements following if will be executed It tne condition 's false then the second condition after else if will be evaluated Ifit is true, then the block of statements following else if will be executed |f any condition is true the block of statements following that else if will be executed |f none of the conditions is true then the block of statements followng else will be executed automatically f it exists otherwise the control wili be transferred to the next statement The switch statement is used when multiple choices are given and one choice is to be selected It is simiar to else-if stalement A selection structure within another selection structure is known as nested selection structure 1Dp.6 71D} Select the best answer for the following MCQs. For which purpose if structure is used in programming? A Repetition B Selection c Sequence D _ Input of data Which statement is suitable to use in a situation where there are only two choices based on a condition? A if statement B. __ if-else-if statement c if-else statement o switch statement Which statement can be used in place of switch statement? A if statement B ielse statement c i-else-if statement D conditional operator iv. | Which statement can be used in place of conditional operator? A. if statement i-else statement Cc else-if statement a switch statement ve Which statement is used to exit from the body of switch statement? A default B. continue Cc. exit D. break vi. Which of the following is a multiple selection statement? A. if statement if-else statement C._itelse-if statement 5 none of these vii. Which of the selection structures tests only for equality? A ifstatement B._ifelse statement C _—else-if statement D. _ switch statement vili, What will be printed when the following code is executed? x=1; switch(x) { case 1: case 2: case 3: printi(“\n x is a positive number”); break; default printi("\n value of x is 1”); A. value of xis 1 B. xis a positive number C. Nothing will be printed D._Itwill give error SHORT QUESTIONS Give short answers to the following questions. Differentiate between if and if-else selection structures. if Selection Structure: The if statement has the following general form / Syntax. if (condition) Block of statements + else Selection Structure: The if-else statement is used in situation where some code is to be executed if a condition is true and some other code is to be executed if the condition is false. The if-else statement has the following general form / Syntax. if (condition) { Block of statements > else { Block of statements + ii. _ Differentiate between else-if and switch selection structures. Ans: else-if Selection Structures: The if-else statement is used in situation where some code is to be executed if a condition is true and some other code is to be executed if the condition is false. The if-else statement has the following general form / Syntax. if (condition) Block of statements + else { Block of statements + . When if-else statement 's executed, the condition is evaluated. ‘Switch Selection Structure: The switch statement has the following general form switch (expression) { case const-1: statements; break; case const-2: statements; break; default: statements; + The switch statement is similar to the else-if statement. It is used when multiple choices are given and one choice is to be selected What is nested selection structure? Ans: Nested Selection Structure: The selection structure that is within another selection structure is known as nested selection structure. Sometimes, in computer programming, it is required to use a selection structure within another selection structure This |s also supported in C language In C language. the programmer can have a selection structure (if, i else, else-if or switch statement) within another selection structure, Program: The program in Fig., demonstrates the use of nested if-else statement within another if-else statement When this program is executed, it reads an integer number. stores it in the variable n and then the condition (n>0) 1s evaluated @ ~~ Ifitis true, it prints the message that the entered number is a positive number and then the nested if-else statement is executed @ — The nested if-else statement prints whether n is an even number or an odd number. @ ~~ If the condition (n>o) is false then the statements following the first if are skipped and the last statement after the else is executed which prints the message that the user entered a negative number or zero. Ex]dev.Co+ 49.92 - | Project }- Projectt.dev aoe File_Edit_ Search View Project Execute Debug Tools _CVS_ Window _Help (SG OeeHai<-/aa5 oleae OMB || 70!) Cow Bircet tow soo | [Void main (void) 4 int 2: printf (*\nEnter a number:*); scant ("td", 60); azqn>0) ‘ prinzf(*\nYou entered « positive nunber.*): if(nt2—=0) printf ("\aIt is an even mumber."); else printf ("\aft is an odd number. , ole printf (*\nYou entered a negative number or zero.) gercn(): Past [inser [9 tines in te Z Using nested if ~ else statement ina program Execution of the program 1s shown in Fig DAD Diive Folders\Dev-Cpp\Projectl.exe WSSU fou entered a positive number. It ds an even number. Execution of Program 11 iv. Write the following statement using if-else statement. k = (at+b>20)? a+3*b: a-b; Ans: If (atb)>20 Keat3*b; Else K=a-b; v. _ Write the following statement using conditional operator. if (x>y) z=(x+y)/3; else z=x-5*y; Ans: Z=(x>y) 7 (xty)3. : x5 y ; vi. What will be the output of the following code? int n, count, sum; n=28; count=15; sum=30; if (n<25) < count=count+5; printf("\nCount=%d",count); } else { — count=count-5; sum=sum-+n; printf("\nCount=%d",count); printf("\nSum=%d",sum); } Ans: Count=10 Sum = 58 What will be the output of the following code? See ch=" switeh(ch) { Ans: print{("\n Good Bye! “); break; } Good Bye! Q3. Ans: EXTENSIVE QUESTIONS What is control structure? Explain conditional contro! structure with examples. Control Structure: In @ programming language. 2 contro! statement is an instruction which determines the sequence of execution of other statements in a program. Control structures are used in programs to implement decisions Conditional control structure: Conditional Statement: A conditional statement is an instruction in a programming language that contains a condition When a conditional statement 1s executed first the condition is evaluated and then based on the result (true or false), a particular statement or a set of statements 1s executed Conditional statements of C language are if, if-else, else-if and switch statements e of If mel The if statement has the following general form. if (condition) t 3 Block of statements Use of If Statement: Example: Program 1: The program in Fig demonstrates the use of if statement mane | ) include i) include ' void main (void) ( int marks; princf("\nEnter your marks:"); scant ("4d", ¢macks) ; tf (marks>32) t printf ("\nCongratulations* Printf("\nYou have passed"); 1 getcn(); Program to demonstrate the use of If statement e Sn a ae nt nH CADev-Cpp\Projectl.exe (e\e Ea Enter your marks:54 The if-else statement is used in situation where some code Is to be executed if a condition is true and some other code Is to be executed if the condition is false The if-else statement has the following general form (condition) Block of statements. + else < Block of statements } « When if-else statement is executed, the condition is evaluated. ¢ if the condition is true then the block of statements following if will be executed and the biock of statements following else will be skipped ° If the condition is false then the block of statements following if will be skipped and the block of statements following else will be executed. « If a single statement is to be executed after if-or else then braces are not required. itr fT f State The else-if is a type of conditional statement that combines more than two conditions It allows the programmer to make a decision based on several conditions. The else-if statement has.the following general form. if(condition-1) Block of statements else if(condition-2) { Block of statements + else if(condition-3) { Block of statements + else { Block of statements to be executed when none of the conditions is true. + + When this statement is executed. condition-1 is evaluated. if it istrue then the block of statements following if 1s executed and if it 1s false, the next condition is evaluated ¢ If any condition is true then the following block of statements is executed ¢ If none of the conditions is true then the block of statements following else is executed automatically ° If a single statement is to be executed after if, else if or else, instead of a set of statements then the braces are not required. Switch Statement: ‘The switch statement has the following general form ‘switch (expression) q case const-1: statements; break; case const-2: statements; break; default: statements; + ¢ The switch statement is similar to the else-if statement It is used when multiple choices are given and one choice is to be selected Q4. What is the purpose of switch () statement? Explain with the help of one example. Ans: Switch Statement: The switch statement has the following general form switch (expression) { case const-1: statements; break; case const-2: statements; break; default: statements; 3 Purpose of switch statement: + The switch statement is similar to the else-if statement It is used when multiple choic2s are given and one choice is to be selected When switch statement is executed the expression is evaluated Based on the result of expression one of the cases in the Switch statement is executed The result of expression is comparey with Ihe constant values given atter the ney word case If the result matcnes the constant value after any case then the statements under that case are executed. In switch statement its allowed to use a variable within the parenthesis instead of an expression based on which statements under a case can be executed The purpose of break statement is to exit the body of the switch statement after executing the statements under a case and transfer control to the first ‘statement following the end of the switch statement. If no case is matched then the statements under the default keyword are executed Its use is optional If it is not used then the control exits from the body of the switch statement and goes to the first statement fotiowing the end of the switch statement The expression should be of type int, char but not float. Program: The program in Fig . uses a variable of type integer as switch variable | Elvev-ce+ 4992 - { Projectl }- Projecti.dev eles File Edit Search View Project Execute Dedug Took CVS Window Help (WU OReH Si+-j/GEn B/HH8, OM 897119 Di) Tne Tins toode Mcao eT [include tinclude void main (void) ‘ int nz printf(*\nEnter an Integer, Nz *): scant ("4d", én)? snteniny ‘ case 1: peantt(*N is 1"); break: ease 2: printe(*N ts 2"): break: defacit: PEinte(*N 19 not 2 or 2")7 » geten(): Program to demonstrate use of switch statement When this program is executed, the switch variable must have an integer value The value of switch variable n is compared with the constant values following the case keyword and if it matches, control is transferred to the statements following that particular case. If the switch variable does not match any of the case constants, control goes to the keyword default which is at the end of the switch statement @ Notice the use of break statement in this program It terminates the switch statement when the body of the statements in a particular case has been executed PwN Lab Activities Write a program that reads a number and prints its square if it is greater than 10. Write a program that reads two numbers and prints the larger. Write the above program using conditional operator. Write a program that reads a number (/) and prints a message based on its value as given below. Value of n Message to print mis greater than zero It is a positive number ais less than zero Its a negative number @Mis equal to zero It is equal to zero Write a program that reads temperature (t) in Celsius and prints a message as given below. Temperature Message to print 35 {tis not! t220 ts35 Nice day! t< 20 Its cold! Write a program that reads marks (m) of a subject and prints the letter grade as given below. Marks obtained Grade m280 A m260. m<80 B m240, m<60 Cc m<40 F Write a program that reads ba: Pay of an employee and calculates and prints his net pay as given below. Net Pay = Basic Pay + House Rent Basic Pay House Rent = 25.000 30% of Basic Pay 225 000 and 40 000 40% of Basic Pay +40 000 50% of Basic Pay

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