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CTHL Topic 4 class slides

The document outlines the research process in healthcare leadership, emphasizing the systematic procedures necessary for generating valuable knowledge. It covers the importance of defining research problems, reviewing literature, formulating research questions and hypotheses, and selecting appropriate research designs. Additionally, it highlights the significance of data collection, analysis, and dissemination of findings to inform nursing practice and policy.

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5 views

CTHL Topic 4 class slides

The document outlines the research process in healthcare leadership, emphasizing the systematic procedures necessary for generating valuable knowledge. It covers the importance of defining research problems, reviewing literature, formulating research questions and hypotheses, and selecting appropriate research designs. Additionally, it highlights the significance of data collection, analysis, and dissemination of findings to inform nursing practice and policy.

Uploaded by

crazyoctetnust
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MSc Healthcare Leadership

Module Title: CRITICAL THINKING IN HEALTHCARE


LEADERSHIP

Topic : Introduction to the Research Process (session 4)


Learning Objectives

By the end of this topic, you should


be able to:

Demonstrate a critical
understanding of the research
process
What is the Research Process ?

The research process consists of a


series of systematic procedures that
a researcher must go through in
order to generate knowledge that will
be considered valuable by the project
and focus on the relevant topic. To
conduct effective research, you must
understand the research process
steps and follow them.
Class activity....
In Pairs list the elements of the research process.......
Definitions of
Research
“Research can be defined as the
attempt to derive generalisable new
knowledge by addressing clearly
defined questions with systematic
and rigorous methods”
According to Denise Polit and
Cheryl Beck, the term nursing
research is defined as: “a
systematic inquiry designed to
develop trustworthy evidence about
issues of importance to the nursing
profession, including nursing
practice, education, administration,
and informatics” (Polit and Beck
2017).
Definition

Evidence from research influences and


shapes the nursing profession, and informs
and underpins policy, professional
decision-making and nursing actions. It is
the cornerstone of high-quality, evidence-
based nursing.

www.england.nhs.uk › nursingmidwifery ›
research.
• Research is a planned & structured approach to enquiry.

• Ensures that the study proceeds in a logical and coherent


way.
• Broadly accepted series of phases that should form and
inform the research enquiry.
Why is Research Important?
• Research is important because it can help us find out what is
happening in the world. It can provide evidence for or against
a certain idea. The relevance of data helps us make
decisions about whether a study is valid.
• Understanding of the research process ➔
• About you gaining the tools to undertake independent
research and doing it!

• Awareness of the types of research – paradigms & scientific


method.
• Be able to research background – literature searching &
review.
• Awareness of how to undertake the research – designs &
methods.
• Understand the analysis of the results of the study –
statistics.
• Writing it all up – proposal and protocol preparation & the
dissertation.
The Research Process.
The research process consists of a
series of systematic procedures that
a researcher must go through in
order to generate knowledge that
will be considered valuable by the
project and focus on the relevant
topic. To conduct effective research,
you must understand the research
process steps and follow them.

How many of you got the sections in


the correct order ???
Identify
topic
• Background context
• A research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer
or a problem a researcher wants to solve.
• The discovery of a research problem is a discovery in itself !!!
• Why is your topic important?
• who will benefit?
• Who will use your conclusions?
• policy/ practice/ research
• (also why they will use it)

• Defining the Research problem is the 1st step of the research process
Some Thoughts !!!
• Professional background.
• Interest in a particular area of healthcare.
• Previous reading and literature research.

• Healthcare “setting”.
• Likely to have an influence on the questions that can
be asked.
• Different settings have different perceptions to patient
problems.
• Primary care, secondary care, laboratory, private
practice, etc.
Review
the
literature
• General definitions.
• general discussion of issue and related topics
• Specific research that is related to the topic this helps
• Narrow down the problem, identify research gaps,
gives new ideas, helps research design.
• Existing work on the topic.
• who, why, where, when, findings, short-comings
• General conclusions about work done to date.
• Provides a justification.
• Need to explain the contribution of
the research to knowledge or
practice.

• “Pure” research – justifiable in


terms of increasing scientific
knowledge.

• “Applied” research – demonstrate


improvement in practice or benefit
to patient care.

• Need to review the contribution of


previous research to the
development of the current
situation.

• Requires diligent interpretation of


literature.

• Hones literature searching skills.


Clarify
research
problem

• Develop 2 things:

• Setting the Research Question.

• Null and Alternate Hypotheses.....if appropriate.


The Research question.
• Does 3 things:
1. Defines the investigation
2. Sets boundaries
3. Provides direction

• How is it developed?
• Areas of clinical or scientific interest.
• Consideration of previous work.
• Development of hypothesis.
• Qualitative or quantitative research (or both!).
• Consideration of methodologies.
• Review ideas.
Rephrasing the research Problem
•Rephrase the research problem into a working proposition-
•Rephrase into an operational term - for example

Your initial research question maybe “why is knee pain more


common in the rural population in India”
After the problem is understood and available literature perused
the initial question may be rephrased to......
“ What factors were responsible for knee pain in the elderly in a
rural population compared with the urban population of India”

Remember....... A problem well defined is a problem half solved


Hypotheses.

1. Hypotheses deduced from existing theories.


2. Hypotheses suggested by clinical observation
and/or insights.
3. Questions from previously conducted research.
• Critical evaluation of literature.
4. Questions about effectiveness of current
methodologies or techniques.
5. Suggestions from current pressing issues in
healthcare.
Choose the Research
Design

• Research philosophy / approach


• inductive/deductive/positivism/interpretism?
• Research purpose
• exploratory /descriptive /explanatory/ predictive
• Research design
• experiment/survey/case study/grounded theory/ ethnography
/ action
• This part of the process dictates:
• why you do things
• how you do things
• Define methods carefully
• Decrease variability
• Check reliability/reproducibility
• Are you testing what you think you are testing?
• Try to ‘walk through’ the study and consider as many
likely scenarios as possible.
• Try to design in any variations in treatment or data
collection that you think will occur before the study starts
Collection
of data

• Data collection
• what is your data?
• what is your sample?
• what is your sampling method?
• what is your collection method?
• what is your collection instrument?
• timeline?
• ethical considerations.
Items to consider:
• Participant – source, recruitment, involvement.
• Survey design.
• Sampling.
• Statistical issues.
• Quantitative/Qualitative Research Methods.
• Questionnaire design.
• Collaboration.
• Intellectual property.
Analyse
data

• 2 stages
• preparing the data
• transcribing interviews.
• entering surveys into computer programs.
• creating spreadsheets of numerical data.

• analysis
• summary of responses.
• Type of analysis (methodologically dependent).
• STATISTICS!!
Draw
conclusion

• Conclusions must stem from your data


• Links to other peoples research
• Limitations with methodology / concepts / findings.
• Applications of findings.

• The final write-up!!


• If you don’t write it, then it didn’t happen

• Order of writing (not the final order of the


“publication”!):
• Methods.
• Results.
• Introduction.
• Discussion.
• Abstract.
• Title.
Now the right order…………

• Abstract.
• Introduction.
• Methodology.
• Results/Findings.
• Discussion.
• Conclusion.
• References/Bibliography.
• Appendices/
Harvard Reference
System
Disseminate
information
• Publication in Journals.
• Presentation at conferences.
• Duty to Inform – part of the research process.
• WHY?

• Implications of your Research for clinical practice (or


Public health issues, health services)
• Research evidence ➔ need to move knowledge base
forward.
Barriers to research implementation.

• Attitudes.
• Lack of motivation & co-operation amongst
colleagues.
• Belief.
• Resistance to change.
• Professional relationships.
• Leads to implementation problems.
• Educational issues.
• Lack of skills & resources.
• Lack of knowledge of the research process.
• Organisational issues.
• Time, work pressures & funding.
Any questions
References
Aveyard, H. (2023). Doing a literature review in Health and Social Care: A
practical guide. 5th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education/Open University
Press. ISBN 978-0335251940.

Cormack D. 2015 (7th Ed.) The Research Process in Nursing :Wiley Blackwell

Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A. and Warland, J. (2019).
Understanding Research Methods for Evidence-Based Practice in Health. 2nd
ed. United Kingdom, Wiley. ISBN 978-0730369264

Parahoo K. 2014 (3rd Ed) Nursing Research. Palgrave

Polit D. Beck C. 2017.Nursing Research: Walters kluwer Health


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