Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Lecture-5

Complex Differentiation and

The Cauchy-Riemann Equation
Analytic Functions:
If a single valued function f ( z ) is differentiable i.e. f ( z ) exists at every point of a domain D
'

except possibly at a finite number of exceptional points then the function is said to be
'
analytic in the domain D. These exceptional point at which f ( z ) does not exist are called
singular points or singularities of the function.
Necessary conditions for f ( z ) to be analytic:

Application of Cauchy-Riemann Equation

1. Wireless communication networks can model the transmitted signal as
−x
u(x , y)=e cos y and the interference or noise as u ( x , y )=e−x sin y .To ensure
smooth transmission without distortion, check if the signal and noise satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations.

2. In some routing protocols, data flows through a network according to a potential

field. The potential field can be represented by u ( x , y )= x2− y 2, and the gradient
of the flow by u ( x , y )=2 xy . We check if the flow follows the potential gradient
using the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

RECTANGULAR FORM:
If z=x +iy and f ( z)=u( x , y )+iv( x , y ) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations(C-R) i.e.,
u x=v y and u y=−v x
∂u ∂ v ∂u ∂v
= =−
i.e., ∂ x ∂ y and ∂ y ∂x
then f ( z ) is said to be analytic.
'
Hence, at points where f ( z ) exists may be obtained from either of
f ' ( z )=u x +iv x or f ' ( z )=v y−iu y .
POLAR FORM:
If z=re iθ and f ( z )=u(r , θ )+iv(r , θ) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations(C-R) i.e.
1 1
ur = vθ v r =− uθ
r and r
∂u 1 ∂ v ∂v 1 ∂u
= =−
i.e., ∂ r r ∂θ and ∂ r r ∂θ
then f ( z ) is said to be analytic.

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

'
Hence, at points where f ( z ) exists may be obtained from either of
f ' ( z )=e−iθ ( u r +iv r ) .

Important Formulae:
iat −iat at −at
e −e e −e
sin at= sin h at =
2i 2
iat −iat at −iat
e +e e +e
cos at= cos h at=
2 2

sin iay=isin h ay
cos iay=cos h ay

Example: 1
'
df
or { f ( z)¿
2
z
f ( z )=e
Verify C-R equations for the function and hence find dz .
Solution: Given,
2 2
z ( x+iy )
f ( z )=e =e
2 2

or, u+iv=e x − y +i 2 xy
2 2

or, u+iv=e x − y ei 2 xy
2 2
or, u+iv=e x − y ¿
2 2 2 2
or, u+iv=e x − y cos 2 xy +i e x − y sin2 xy
2 2 2 2

Here, u ( x , y )=e x − y cos 2 xy and v ( x , y )=e x − y sin 2 xy .

Now, partially differentiating u and v with respect to x and y , we get

2 2 2 2

u x =2 x e x − y cos 2 xy −2 y e x − y sin 2 xy
2 2 2 2

u y =−2 y e x − y cos 2 xy−2 x e x − y sin 2 xy

2 2 2 2

v x =2 y e x − y cos 2 xy +2 x e x − y sin 2 xy
2 2 2 2

v y =−2 y e x − y sin 2 xy + 2 x e x − y cos 2 xy

From the above result, we can write
u x =v y and v x =−u y
Since f (z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations, so f (z) is analytic.
'
f ( z )=u x + i v x
2 2 2 2

¿ 2 x e x − y cos 2 xy−2 y e x − y sin 2 xy+ i¿

2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2 2 2

¿ 2 x e x − y ei 2 xy + i2 y e x − y e i 2 xy
2 2 2 2

¿ 2(x +i y )e x − y +i 2 xy =2( x+ i y )e(x+iy ) ¿ 2 z e z .

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Example: 2
'
df
f ( z )=z
5
or { f ( z)¿
Verify C-R equations for the function and hence find dz .
Solution:
Given
5
f ( z )=z
or, u+iv=( r eiθ )5
or, u+iv=r 5 e i5 θ
or, u+iv=r 5 ¿
or, u+iv=r 5 cos 5 θ+i r 5 sin 5 θ

Here , u=r 5 cos 5θ and 5

v=r sin 5θ

Partially differentiating u and v with respect to r andθ , we get

4
ur =5 r cos 5 θ
4
v r=5 r sin 5 θ
5
uθ=−5 r sin 5 θ
5
v θ=5 r cos 5θ
From the above result, we can write
1 −1
ur = v θ and v r= u.
r r θ

Since f (z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations, so f (z) is an analytic function.

' −iθ
f ( z )=e (ur + i v r)
−iθ 4 4
¿ e (5 r cos 5 θ+i 5 r sin 5 θ)
4 −iθ
¿ 5 r e (cos 5 θ+i sin 5θ)
4 −iθ i 5 θ
¿5r e e
4 i4θ
¿5r e
iθ 4
¿ 5(r e )
4
¿5 z .

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Exercise set: 5.1

1. Write Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) equations in rectangular and polar forms.
2. For the following functions:

(i) separate real and imaginary parts,

(ii) verify C-R equations,

(iii) find or .
3. Justify whether the following functions satisfy the (C-R) equations. If analytic, then
'
find f ( z )=u x +iv x

4. Justify whether the following functions satisfy the (C-R) equations. If analytic, then
find

Problems from Book (Ref: Complex Analysis with Applications – Dennis G. Zill. ; Page# 157)

1. Verify Cauchy-Riemann Equations. If possible, find f ' ( z ) :

1. f ( z )=z 3 12. f ( z )=e−x cos y−i e−x sin y

2. f ( z )=3 z 2 +5 z−6 i 13. f ( z )=x +sin x cosh y +i ¿ ¿ ¿
3. f ( z )=ℜ( z )
2 2 2 2
14. f ( z )=e x − y cos 2 xy +i e x − y sin 2 xy
4. f ( z )= y+ ix 15. f ( z )=4 x 2 +5 x−4 y 2 +9+ i(8 xy+ 5 y −1)

5. f ( z )=4 z−6 z +3 cos θ sin θ

16. f ( z )= −i
r r
6. f ( z )=z 2 17. f ( z )=5 r cos θ +r 4 cos 4 θ+i(5 r sin θ+r 4 sin 4 θ)
7. f ( z )=x 2 + y 2 18. f ( z )=e z
x y 19. f ( z )=e−z
8. f ( z )= 2 2
+i 2 2
x +y x +y
9. f ( z )=z 5 20. f ( z )=e3 z
1 21. f ( z )=2e z
10. f ( z )= 7
z
11. f ( z )=2 z 3 +6 z

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Mappings

Geometrical Representation:
To draw curve of complex variable ( x , y ) we take two axes i.e., one real axis and the other
imaginary axis. A number of points ( x , y ) are plotted on z -plane, by taking different value of
z (different value of x and y). The curve C is drawn by joining the plotted points. The
diagram obtained is called Argand diagram.

Transformation:
For every point ( x , y ) in the z-plane, the relation w=f (z) defines a corresponding point ( u , v )
in the w -plane. We call this “transformation or mapping of z -plane into w -plane”. If a point
z 0 maps into the pointw 0, w 0is known as the image of z 0.
If the point P(x , y) moves along a curve C in z -plane, the point P' (u , v ) will move along a
corresponding curve C 1 in the w -plane. We, then, say that a curve C in the z -plane is mapped
into the corresponding curve C 1 in the w - plane by the relation w=f (z) .

Translation, Rotation and reflection are the standard transformations. Terms such as
translation, rotation and reflection are used to convey dominant geometric characteristics
of certain mappings.

Translation
w=z +C ,
where,
C=a+ ib
z=x +iy
w=u+iv
Hence, u+iv=x +iy+a+ ib
So, u=x+ a and v= y +b
x=u−a and y=v−b
On substituting the values of x and y in the equation of the curve to be transformed we get the
equation of the image in the w -pane.
As an example the mapping w=z +1 where z=x +iy , can be thought of as a translation of
each point of z one unit to the right.

Example:
Let the rectangular region R in z-plane which is bounded by the lines
x=0 , y=0 , x=2 , y=1.
Determine the region R ' of the w-plane into which R is mapped under the transformation
w=z +1.

Solution: when x=0 , u=1,

Given w=z +1 y=0 , v=0
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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

or, u+iv=( x +1 )+ iy . x=2 , u=3 ,

Hence u=x+1 and v= y . y=1 , v =1

Rotation:
π
The mapping w=iz where z=r e iθand i=e i 2 , can be thought of as a rotation of the radius
vector for each non-zero point z through a right angle about the origin in the counter clock
wise direction.

Example:
Let the rectangular region R in z-plane which is bounded by the lines
x=0 , y=0 , x=2 , y=1.
Determine the region R ' of the w-plane into which R is mapped under the transformation
w=iz .
Solution: when x=0 , v=0,
Given w=iz y=0 ,u=0
or, u+iv=− y +ix . x=2 , v=2,
Hence u=− y and v=x . y=1 , u=−1

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Reflection:
The mapping w=z transforms each point of z=x +iy into its reflection in the real axis.

Example:
Let the rectangular region R in z-plane which is bounded by the lines
x=0 , y=0 , x=2 , y=1.
Determine the region R ' of the w-plane into which R is mapped under the transformation
w=z .
Solution:
Given w=z when x=0 , u=0,
or, u+iv=x−iy . y=0 , v=0
Hence u=x and v=− y . x=2 , u=2,
y=1 , v =−1

Example:
Given triangle T in the z-plane with vertices at −1+2 i, 1−2 i∧1+2 i. Determine the triangle
πi
T ' of the w-plane into which T is mapped under the transformation w=√ 2 e 4 z .

Solution:
πi
Given w=√ 2 e 4 z=( 1+i ) ( x+iy ) The vertices of the triangle are
−1+2 i, 1−2 i ,1+2 i. Hence the sides are
or, u+iv=( x− y ) +i ( x + y ) . x=1 , y=2 and y=−2 x .
Hence u=x− y and v=x+ y .

When u=1− y , v=1+ y =¿ u+v =2

x=1 , u=x−2 , v=x +2=¿ u−v =−4
y=2 u=3 x , v=−x=¿ u+3 v =0
y=−2 x

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

Exercise Set-5.2
1. Let the rectangular region R in z-plane which is bounded by the lines

x=2 , y=0 , x=5∧ y=4. Determine the region R ' of the w-plane into which R is
mapped under the following transformations:
πi
1
(i) w=2 z−(2+ 3i), (ii) w= e 2 z +2 i,
2
πi
iπ
(iii) w=√ 2 e 4 z−( 1−i ) , (iv) w=e z+ 3+i,
πi
1
(v) w= e 4 z +1−3 i .
√2

2. Given triangle T in the z -plane with vertices at 1 ,1−3 i∧3−i . Determine the
triangle T ' of the w-plane into which T is mapped under the following
transformations:
(i) w=3 z +1−3 i, (ii) w=iz+3+ 2i ,
πi
w=( 1+2 i ) z−i , 1
(iii) (iv) w= e 2 z −4.
2

Problems from Book

[Ref: Complex Analysis with Applications – Dennis G. Zill ; Page# 76, 77]

1. Find the image S ’ of the square S with vertices at 1+i ,2+i , 2+ 2i , and 1+2 i under the
linear mapping T ( z )=z +2 – i
2. Find the image of the real axis y=0 under the linear mapping-
R ( z )=( 12 √2+ 12 √ 2 i) z
3. Find the image of the circle C given by |z|=2 under the linear mapping M ( z ) =3 z
4. Find the image of the rectangle with vertices −1+i ,1+i ,1+ 2i , and −1+2 i under the
linear mapping f ( z )=4 i ⋅ z+2+3 i
5. Find the image of the triangle with vertices 0, 1, and i under the given linear mapping
w=f ( z ) :

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 3𝑖 b. 𝑓(z) = 𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖
𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑖𝑧 d. 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑖𝑧
a.

𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 − 𝑖 f. 𝑓(𝑧) = 6 − 5𝑖𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑖

c.
e.
g. f (z)=3iz+ 4 π
h. f ( z )=5 ei 5 z +7 i
i. f (z)=−12 z +1−√ 3 i j. f (z)=(3−2i)z +12

Application of Mapping

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Complex Variables, Laplace & Z-Transforms

3. Imagine a scenario in thermal imaging, where a drone captures a rectangular heat

signature of a region. The vertices of the heat signature are represented by
complex coordinates−2+3 i ,2+3 i ,2+ 4 i ,−2+ 4 i, corresponding to the physical
layout of the area. The captured image needs to be analyzed after a transformation
that adjusts for the angle of the drone's camera, modeled by the linear mapping.
Find the image of the heat signature's rectangle under the transformation
f (z)=3i ⋅ z+ ¿).

4. Consider a wave reflection in a canal. A section of the canal is modeled by a

rectangular grid with vertices 0 , 4 , 4+2 i ,2 i, where x represents the length along
the canal, and y represents the water depth. The reflection of the wave at the
canal's boundary can be modeled by the complex transformation:
f (z)=−2i ⋅ z+(3+i)
Find the image of the rectangular section of the canal under this transformation.

5. Consider a communication network, the signal received at four different points

on a rectangular grid is modeled using complex numbers. The vertices of the grid
are −1 ,1 , 1+i ,−1+i, where x represents the length along the canal, and y
represents the water depth. The reflection of the wave at the canal's boundary can
be modeled by the complex transformation:
f (z)=5i ⋅ z+(2−i)
Find the image of the rectangular grid under this transformation.

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