TUTORIALS SEMINAR AND RESEARCH TECHNICS 2022

1) What is the major attribute of Correlation Analysis?

a. Association among variables b. Difference among variables
c. Regression among variables d. Variations among variables
2) What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out?
a. Research hypothesis b. Synopsis of Research c. Research paradigm
d. Research design
3) What is the main role of research in education?
a. To upsurge one's social status. b. To increase one's job prospects.
c. To augment one's personal growth.
d .To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist.
4) Which of the following features are considered as critical in qualitative research?
a. Collecting data with the help of standardized research tools.
b. Design sampling with probability sample techniques.
c. Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.
d. Gathering data with top-down schematic evidence.
5) How is random sampling helpful?
a. Reasonably accurate b .An economical method of data collection
c. Free from personal biases d. All of the above
6) A research intends to explore the result of possible factors for the organization of effective
mid-day meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for this study?
a. Descriptive survey method b. Historical method
c. Ex-post facto method d. Experimental method
7) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?
a. Developing a research design b. Formulating a research question
c. Deciding about the data analysis procedure d. Formulating a research hypothesis
8) The format of thesis writing is the same as in
a. Writing of Seminar representation b. Preparation of research paper/article
c. A research dissertation d. Presenting a workshop/conference paper
9) Which one among the following statements is false in the context of participatory research?
 a. It recognizes knowledge as power b. It is a collective process of inquiry
c. It emphasizes people as experts d. Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
10) Which one among the following statement is true in the context of the testing of hypotheses?
a. It is only the alternative hypotheses that can be tested.
b. It is only the null hypotheses that can be tested.
c. Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.
d. Both the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested.
11) What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?
a. The null hypotheses get accepted even if it is false
b. The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
c. Both the null hypotheses as well as alternative hypotheses are rejected
d. None of the above
12) What does the longitudinal research approach actually deal with?
a. Long-term research b. Short-term research
c. Horizontal research d. None of the above
13) What do you understand by the term "Anusandhan"?
a. Goal-oriented b. Following an aim c. Attaining an aim
d. Praying to achieve an aim
14) Evaluation Research is concerned with __________
a. How well are we doing? b. Why are we doing?
c . What are we doing? d. None of the above
15) Which of the following does not correspond to characteristics of research?
a. Research is not passive b. Research is systematic
c. Research is not a problem-oriented d. Research is not a process
16) Which of the following options are the main tasks of research in modern society?
a. To learn new things
b. To keep pace with the advancement in knowledge
c. To systematically examine and critically analyze the investigations/sources with the
objective
d. All of the above
17) What is the main aim of interdisciplinary research?
 a. To over simplify the problem of research b. To bring out the holistic approach to research
c. To create a new trend in research methodology
d. To reduce the emphasis on a single subject in the research domain
18) The main aim of the scientific method in the research field is to _________
a. Improve data interpretation b. Confirm triangulation
c. Introduce new variables d. Eliminate spurious relations
19) A researcher is interested in studying the prospects of a particular political party in an urban
area. So, what tool should he prefer for the study?
a. Rating Scale b. Interview c. Questionnaire d. Schedule
20 ) The conclusions/findings of which type of research cannot be generalized to other
situations?
a. Casual Comparative Research b. Historical Research
c. Descriptive Research d. Experimental Research
21) How to judge the depth of any research?
a. By research title b. By research duration c. By research objectives
d. By total expenditure on research
22) Who can successfully conduct Research?
a. Someone who is a hard worker b. Possesses post-graduation degree
c. Has studied research methodology d. Possesses thinking and reasoning ability
23) A research problem is feasible only when
a. It has utility and relevance b. It is new and adds something to knowledge
c. It is researchable d. All of the above
24) Circle graphs are used to show
a. How is one part related to other parts? b. How various sections share in the whole?
C. How is one whole related to another whole?
D. How are various parts related to the whole?
25) Authenticity of a research finding is it’s
a. Validity b. Objectivity c. Originality d. All of the above
26) Which one is called non-probability sampling?
a. Quota sampling b .Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling d. Stratified random sampling
27) What does a good thesis involve?
a) Reducing punctuations as well as grammatical errors to minimalist
b) Correct reference citations
c) Consistency in the way of thesis writing d) all of the above
28) Which one among the following statements is correct in context to research?
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the
solution to a problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data
analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) all of the above.
29) What are the core elements of a dissertation?
a. Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations
b. Executive Summary; Literature Review; Data Gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
c. Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References
d. Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and
Conclusions
30) "Sampling Cases" can be defined as
a. Sampling using a sampling frame b. Identifying people who are suitable for research
c. Literally the researcher's brief case
d. A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.
31) Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
A. Systematic Sampling Technique b. Purposive Sampling Technique
c. Area Sampling Technique d. None of the above
32) Research problem is selected from the standpoint of
a. Social relevance b. Financial support
c. Researcher's interest d. Availability of relevant literature
33) Which one among the following is the most comprehensive source of population data?
a. Census b. National Sample Surveys
c. Demographic Health Surveys d. National Family Health Surveys
34) The process not needed in experimental research is
 a. Controlling b. Observation c. Reference collection d. Manipulation and replication
35) What are those conditions where a research problem is not viable?
a. It is new and adds something to knowledge b. It can be researched
c. It has utility and relevance d. It contains dependent and independent variables
36) How can we enhance the research objective?
a. By making it more valid b. By making it more reliable
c. By making it more impartial d. All of the above
37) Action-research can be understood as ___________
a. A longitudinal research b. An applied research
c. A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem d. All of the above
38) On what basis can one formulate the assumptions?
a. The cultural background of the country b. Universities
c. Some specific characteristics of castes d. All of the above
39) Which one among the following falls under the category of research development?
a. Descriptive Research b. Philosophical Research
c. Action Research d. All of the above
40) What is the use of Factorial Analysis?
a. For setting the hypotheses
b. To understand the difference between two variables
c. To understand the relationship between two variables
d. To understand the difference between various variables
41) What is the best-suited name for a process that doesn't necessitate experimental research?
a. Manipulation b. Controlling c. Content analysis d. Observation
42) Which one among the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?
a. Numerical Aptitude b. Marital Status
c. socio-economic Status d. Professional Attitude
43) Which one among the following phrases does not correspond to the meaning of research as a
process?
a. Problem Solving b. Trial and Error
c. Objective Observation d. Systematic Activity
44) Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
 a. Searching sources of information to locate problem.
b. Survey of related literature c. Identification of problem
d. Searching for solutions to the problem

45) What is the main role of research in education?

a. To upsurge one's social status. b. To increase one's job prospects.
c. To augment one's personal growth.
d. To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist.
46) The main aim of the scientific method in the research field is to_________
a. Improve data interpretation b. Confirm triangulation
c. Introduce new variables d. Eliminate spurious relations
47) What is a research design?
a. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.
b. The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.
c. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph.
d. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.
48) What is the Purpose of Research?
a. To identify Problems b. To find Possible Solutions
c. Both d. None of these
49) A Quantitative statement about a population for testing purpose is called?
a. Statistic b. Hypothesis c. Level of Significance d. Test-Statistic
50) Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?
a. your sample frame and sampling strategy b. the ethical issues that might arise
c. negotiating access to the setting d. all of the above
51) What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
a. It explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured
b. it contains a useful review of the relevant literature
c. it outlines the methodological procedures that were employed
d. It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
52) How can you tell if your research questions are really good?
a. if they guide your literature search
 b. If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument
c. If they force you to narrow the scope of your research
d. all of the above
53) Which of the following is not a type of qualitative interview?
a. Unstructured interview b. oral history interview
c. structured interview d. focus group interview
54) The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:
a. it does not rely on the researcher's ability to take notes
b. the researcher is immersed as a participant in the field they are studying
c. it does not impose any expectations of behavior on the respondents
d. it allows you to observe people behavior directly
55) Which of the following is a problem associated with survey research?
a. the problem of objectivity b. the problem of "going native"
c. the problem of omission d. the problem of robustness
56) The introductory section of a research report should aim to:
a. identify the specific focus of the study
b. provide a rationale for the dissertation, or article
c. grab the reader's attention d. all of the above
57) Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because:
a. Qualitative researchers are not trained in statistics
b. it is very old-fashioned c. it is often not feasible
d. Research questions are more important than sampling
58) Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative interviewing relative to participant
observation?
a. it allows you to find out about issues that are resistant to observation
b it is more biased and value-laden
c. it is more likely to create reactive effects d. none of the above
59) The qualitative research strategy places a value on:
a. using numbers, measurements and statistical techniques
b. generating theories through inductive research about social meanings
c. conducting research that is of a very high quality
 d. all of the above
60) Which of the following is a component of ethnographic research?
a. being immersed in a social group or setting
b. participant observation, interviews, and / or documentary analysis
c. a written account of an ethnographic study d. all of the above.
61) How to judge the depth of any research?
a. By research title b. By research duration
c. By research objectives d. By total expenditure on research
62) Ethical Neutrality is a feature of_______
a. Deduction b. Scientific method c. Observation d. experience
63) A formal document that presents the research objectives, design of achieving these
objectives, and the expected outcomes / deliverables of the study is called
a. Research design b. Research proposal
c. Research hypothesis d. Research report
64) “A system of systematically interrelated concepts definitions and propositions that are
advanced to explain and predict phenomena ”… is
a .Facts b. Values c. Theory d. Generalization
65) Which of the following are sampling considerations?
a. Who do you need to study in order to investigate your research questions?
b. How easily can you gain access to a sampling frame?
c. What kind of sampling strategy will you employ? d. All of the above.
66) Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?
a. Questions should be long and use complex terms
b. Questions should show where my research biases are.
c. Questions should sound contemporary.
d. Questions should connect with established theory and research
67) What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?
a. A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.
b. A study which is very long to read.
c. A study with two contrasting cases.
d. A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena.
68) The most cost-effective questionnaire administration method is through____________
a. Web-based b. Schedule c. Telephone survey d. Mail survey
69) What term is used to describe, an image, perception or concept that is capable of
measurement
c. scale. b. hypothesis. c. type. d. variable
70) In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?
a. developing a research design b. formulating a research question
c. deciding about the data analysis procedure d. formulating a research hypothesis
71) What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?
a. the null hypotheses get accepted even if it is false
b. the null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true
c. both the null hypotheses as well as alternative hypotheses are rejected
d. none of the above
72)Which of the following is concerned with discovering and testing certain variables with
respect to their association or disassociation
a. exploratory b. descriptive c. diagnostic d. descriptive and diagnostic
73) One of the terms given below is defined as a bundle of meanings or characteristics
associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and the like
a. construct b. definition c. concept d. variable
74) Concept is of two types
a. abstract and coherent b. concrete and coherent
c. abstract and concrete d. none of the above
75)The first purpose of a survey is to ……………..
a. description b. evaluation c. pration d. provide information
76) Questions in which only two alternatives are possible is called
a. multiple choice questions b. dichotomous questions
c. open ended questions d. structured questions
77) What are the core elements of a Research Process?
a. introduction; data collection; data analysis; conclusions and
recommendations
b. executive summary; literature review; data gathered; conclusions;
bibliography
c. research plan; research data; analysis; references
d. introduction; literature review; research methodology; results;
discussions
and conclusions
78) Identifying causes of a problem and possible solution to a problem is
a. field study b. diagnosis tic study c. action study d. pilot
study
79) The main problem in questionnaire is
a. accessible to diverse respondent b. greater anonymity
c. shows an inability of respondent to provide information d. none of
these
80) The existing company information is an example of which data??
a. primary b. secondary c. both a and b d. none of the above
81) Your colleague is confused about using the marketing research process,
as he knows that
something is wrong but is not sure of the specific causes to investigate. He
seems to be having
problems with ________, which is often the hardest step to take.
a. developing the research plan b. determining a research approach
c. defining the problem and research objectives d. selecting a research
agency
82) Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
a. systematic sampling technique b. purposive sampling technique
c. area sampling technique d. none of the above
83) Which scale measurement has a natural zero.
a. ratio b. nominal c. ordinal d. interval
84) A complete list of all the sampling units is called:
a. sampling design b. sampling frame c. population frame
d. cluster
85) The split-half method is used as a test of:
 a. stability b. internal reliability c. inter-observer consistency d.
external validity
86) Random sampling is also called _____________.
a. availability sampling b. probation sampling
c. probability sampling d. prospect sampling
87) Scale in which the respondent directly compares two or more objects and
makes choices
among them is
a. ranking scale b. rating scale c. graphic scale d. none of these
88) SPSS is an acronym of the following?
a. statistical predictions for social sciences.
b. sexual preferences for the sixties and seventies.
c. statistical package for the social sciences.
d. sexual performance and sad syndrome.
89) What type of chart is useful for comparing values over categories?
a. pie chart b. column chart c. line chart d. dot graph
90) A feature that displays only the data in column (s) according to specified
criteria
a. formula b. sorting c. filtering d. pivot
91) What type of chart is useful for showing trends or changes over time?
a. pie chart b. column chart c. line chart d. dot graph
92) Which method of literature review involves a non-statistical method to present data having
the feature of systematic Method too?
a. Narrative Method b. Systematic Method
c. Meta-Analysis Method of Literature Review
d. Meta-Synthesis Method of Literature Review
93) Literature collected is reviewed and preferably arranged
a. Alphabetically b. Chronologically c. Randomly d. None of these
94) The main purpose of finalization of research topics and sub-topics is
a. Collection of Literature b. Collection of Questions
c. Collection of Statistics d. Collection of Responses
95. Literature review is basically to bridge the gap between
a. Newly established facts b. Previously established facts
c. Facts established time to time d. Previous to current established facts
96) Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?
a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
b. A description of the purpose of the research
c. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years
97) Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?
a. Informed consent from the parent or guardian
b. Assent from the child if he or she is capable
c. Informed consent from the child d. Both a and b
98) Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in
the field?
a. Getting informed consent b. Keeping participants from physical harm
c. Maintaining consent forms d. Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality
99) What is the primary approach that is used by the IRB to assess the ethical acceptability of
a research study?
a. Utilitarianism b. Deontology c. Ethical skepticism d. Comparativeism
100) Which of the following approaches says that ethical issues should be judged on the basis
of some universal code?
a. Deontological b. Ethical skepticism c. Utilitarianism d. Comparativeism.
101) Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with humans?
a. Getting informed consent of the participant
b. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed
c. Keeping participants’ identity anonymous
d. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time
102) Which of the three ethics approaches says research ethics should be a matter of
the individual's conscience?
a. Deontological approach b. Ethical skepticism
c. Utilitarianism d. Ontological skepticism
103). Which of the following is not true?
a. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest
b. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect
c. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect
d. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem
104) Ideally, the research participant's identity is not known to the researcher. This is called:
a. Anonymity b. Confidentiality c. Deception d. Desensitizing
105) Which of the following approaches taken by people to resolve ethical issues is the primary
approach used by the federal government and most professional organizations?
 a. Deontological approach b. Ethical skepticism
c. Utilitarianism d. None of the above
106) What is it called when the participants are not revealed to any one but researcher and staff?
a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Ethics d. Discretion
107) Research participants must give what before they can participate in a study?
a. Guidelines b. A commitment c. Informed consent d. Private information
108) There are three basic approaches that people tend to adopt when considering ethical issues
in research. Which one of the following is not one of the approaches?
a. Ethical skepticism b. Deontology c. Ontology d. Utilitarianism
109) Identify the term that refers to a poststudy interview in which all aspects of the study are
revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are
answered?
a. Desensitizing b. Debriefing c. Dehoaxing d. Deploying
110) A set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most
important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is called ____.
a. Research ethics b. Deontological approach
c. Utilitarianism d. None of the above
111) IRB is an acronym for which of the following?
a. Internal Review Board b. Institutional Rating Board
c. Institutional Review Board d. Internal Request Board
112) When it is necessary to engage in a good amount of deception to conduct a scientifically
valid study, what procedure(s) should a researcher consider following?
a. Debriefing b. Dehoaxing c. Desensitizing
d. All of the above should be considered
113) The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication
refers to which of the following professional issues:
a. Partial publication b. Duplicate publication c. Deception d. Full publication
114) Concerning "authorship" in educational research, intellectual ownership is predominantly a
function of:
a. Effort expended b. Creative contribution
c. Professional position d. Level of higher education
115) Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study?
a. Duplicate publication b. Partial publication c. Triplicate publication d. None of these
116) Which of the following is a right of each participant according to the AERA?
a. Deception b. Utilitarianism c. Freedom to withdraw d. Participants have no rights
117) Mean, Median and Mode are :
a. measures of deviation b. ways of sampling
c. measures of control tendency d. none of the above
118) A common test in research demands much priority on
a. reliability b. useability c. objectivity d. all of the above
119) Reading centre’s, story hours, exhibitions and reading to literature are forms of …
a. extension service b. service of a public library c. both a and b d. none
120) Informal self education is possible in what kind of library?
a. national library b. public library c. specific library d. college library
121) Information is…..
a. raw data b. processed data c. input data d. organized data
122) Conference proceedings are considered as which type of documents?
a. conventional b. primary c. secondary d. tertiary
123) An appropriate source to find out descriptive information is................ .
a. bibliography b. directory c. encyclopedia d. dictionary
124) One of the following search engine is exclusively meant for scientific information:
a. google b. yahoo c. scirus d. altavista
125) A periodical evaluation of an employee is done through........... .
a. job rotation b. performance appraisal c. refresher course d. work guide
126) “Controlled Group” is a term used in.............. .
a. survey research b. historical research c. experimental research
d. descriptive research
127) Inductive logic proceeds from :
a. general to general b. particular to general
c. general to particular d. particular to particular
128) Which of the following is not covered under Intellectual Property Rights ?
a. copyrights b. patents c. trade marks d. thesaurus
129) what is the meaning of the term Ontology ?.
 a. an indexing method b. classification of internet based documents
c. cataloguing of internet based documents d. documentation service
130) A good research proposal will always
a. Provide with respondents name and address.
b. Focus on addressing the research objectives.
c. Consider all possible research that had previously been done on the topic.
d. Discuss all unnecessary data.
131) One step that is not included in planning a research study is:
a. Identifying a researchable problem. b. A review of current research.
c. Statement of the research question. d. Developing a research plan.
132) The statement of purpose in a research study should:
a. Identify the design of the study.
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study.
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study.
d. Describe the study.
133) A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do
which of the following?
a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area.
c. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest.
d. All of the above.
134) The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a. Cost and time required to conduct the study b. Skills required of the researcher.
c. Potential ethical concerns. d. All of the above.
135) A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally
a. Is made prior to the literature review. b. Is made after the literature review.
c. Will not help guide the research process. d. All of the above.
136) The Method section of the research plan typically specifies
a. The research participants.
b. The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study.
c. The planned research procedures. d. All the above
137) A research proposal
a. Should be detailed. b. Should be given to others for review and comments.
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study. d. All the above
138) Research hypotheses are
a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature.
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables.
c. Stated such that they cannot be confirmed or refuted.
d. Statements of no relationships between variables.
139) The research participants are described in detail in which section of
the research proposal?
a. Introduction b. Research Methodology
c. Data Analysis d.Conclusion
140) The timing section of a project will NOT include:
a. Progress report dates. b. Guidelines on ethics.
c. Deadline for ending data collection.
d. Deadline for submitting the final report.
141) Which section of the research proposal describes the purpose with a full statement of the
research question?
a. Introduction. b. Research Methodology.
c. Literature review. d. References.
142) What helps to agree timings, agree resource allocation and also draws boundaries?
a. The questionnaire. b. The Proposal c. The final report.
d. The interview schedule.
143) Projects do go wrong. In one case a student was indecisive and collected anything and
everything, just in case it came in useful: website, photocopies, brochure etc. Which one of the
following would have been realistic and would have helped the most with this problem:
a. Setting a clear objective. b. Using a Chart.
c. Regular progress report to the supervisor d. Being less ambitious.
144) Is it okay to break the law in order to maintain a "cover"?
a. Yes, provided it is not very serious
b. No, never under any circumstances
 c. Yes, because otherwise data on criminal activity would never come to
light
d. Yes, provided it doesn't cause physical harm to someone
145) What is the difference between "scratch notes" and "full field notes"?
a. Scratch notes are just key words and phrases, rather than lengthy
descriptions
b. Full field notes are quicker and easier to write than scratch notes
c. Scratch notes are written at the end of the day rather than during key
events
d. Full field notes do not involve the researcher scratching their head while
thinking
146) What are the two main types of data that can be used in visual
ethnography?
a. Positivist and interpretivist b. Qualitative and quantitative
c. Nominal and ordinal d. Extant and research-driven
147) Which of the following makes qualitative interviewing distinct from
structured interviewing?
a. The procedure is less standardized b. "Rambling" off the topic is not
a problem
c. The researcher seeks rich, detailed answers d. All of the above
148) What is a "probing question"?
a. One that inquires about a sensitive or deeply personal issue
b. One that encourages the interviewee to say more about a topic
c. One that asks indirectly about people's opinions
d. One that moves the conversation on to another topic
149) What can you do to reduce the time consuming nature of transcribing
interviews?
a. Use a transcribing machine b. Employ someone to transcribe for
you
c. Transcribe only selected parts of the interviews d. All of the above
150) Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative interviewing relative
to participant
observation?
a. It allows you to find out about issues that are resistant to observation
b. It is more biased and value-laden
c. It is more likely to create reactive effects d. None of the above
151) The introductory section of a research report should aim to:
a. Identify the specific focus of the study
b. Provide a rationale for the dissertation, or article
c. Grab the reader's attention d. All of the above
152) What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
a. It explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured
b. It contains a useful review of the relevant literature
c. It outlines the methodological procedures that were employed
d. It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
153) Before submitting your dissertation, you should ensure that:
a. Your writing is free of sexist, racist and disablist language
b. Other people have read your final draft
c. You have proofread it thoroughly d. All of the above
154) Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because:
a. Qualitative researchers are not trained in statistics
b. It is very old-fashioned c. It is often not feasible
d. Research questions are more important than sampling
155) Which of the following is not a type of purposive sampling?
a. Probability sampling b. Deviant case sampling
c. Theoretical sampling d. Snowball sampling
156) The minimum sample size for qualitative interviewing is:
a. 30 b. 31 c. 60 d. It's hard to say
157) Apart from people, what else can purposive sampling be used for?
a. Documents b. Timing of events c. Context d. All of the above
158) What can be generalized from a purposive sample?
 a. That the findings are true for broadly similar cases
b. That the findings are true for the entire population
c. That the opposite is true for people who are the opposite of those in the
sample
d. That purposive sampling is better than probability sampling
159) It may not be possible to use a probability sample to observe behaviour
in public places because:
a. The findings of such studies are not intended to have external validity
b. It is not feasible to construct a sampling frame of interactions
c. It is difficult to gain access to such social settings
d. Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible
160) One of the criticisms often levelled at structured observation is that:
a. It does not allow us to impose any framework on the social setting
b. It only generates a small amount of data
c. It is unethical to observe people without an observation schedule
d. It does not allow us to understand the intentions behind behaviour
161) In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:
a. The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b. The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c. A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d. An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
162) What is a cross-sectional design?
a. A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
b. One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c. The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
d. A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time
163) An inductive theory is one that:
a. Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
b. Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
c. Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
d. Allows theory to emerge out of the data
164) An important practical issue to consider when designing a research
project is:
a. Which theoretical perspective you find most interesting
b. Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first
c. How much time and money you have to conduct the research
d. Which colour of ring binder to present your work in
165) You can manage your time and resources best, by:
a. Working out a timetable
b. Finding out what resources are readily available to you
c. Calculating a budget for likely expenditure d. All of the
above
166) Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?
a. Your academic status and experience
b. The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the
topic
c. Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
d. All of the above
167) What practical steps can you take before you actually start your
research?
a. Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a
dissertation
b. Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to
use
c. Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee
d. All of the above
168) Why do you need to review the existing literature?
a. To make sure you have a long list of references
b. Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
c. To find out what is already known about your area of interest
d . To help in your general studying
169) What is the first stage of a systematic review?
 a. Assess the relevance of each study to the research question(s)
b. Define the purpose and scope of the review
c. Appraise the quality of studies from the previous step
d. Survey all of the literature contained within a single library
170) The term "secondary analysis" refers to the technique of:
a. Conducting a study of seconds, minutes and other measures of time
b. Analysing your own data in two different ways
c. Analysing existing data that has been collected by another person or
organization
d. Working part time on a project alongside other responsibilities
171) Why might secondary analysis be a particularly useful method for
students?
a. It is relatively easy to do b. It saves time and money
c. It does not require any knowledge of statistics
d. It only requires a half-hearted effort
172) The large samples used in national social surveys enable new
researchers to:
a. Avoid using probability sampling b. Identify any bias in the
question wording
c. Evaluate the inter-coder reliability of the data d. Conduct subgroup
analysis
173) Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using secondary analysis?
a. The researcher's lack of familiarity with the data
b. It is a relatively expensive and time consuming process
c. Hierarchical datasets can be very confusing
d. The researcher has no control over the quality of the data
174) Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not
recommended by:
a. Ethnomethodology b. Grounded theory
c. Symbolic interactionism d. Feminist theory
175) The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Access to gatekeepers and respondents
 c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above
176) Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next
phase is known as:
a. Action research
b. Mixed-method research
c. Quantitative research
d. Pragmatic research
177) Research hypotheses are:
a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. B but not A
d. Both A and B
178) Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. All of the above
179) Adopting ethical principles in research means:
a. Avoiding harm to participants
b. The researcher is anonymous
c. Deception is only used when necessary
d. Selected informants give their consent
180) A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:
a. Researchers can do anything they want
b. The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
c. The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
d. Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
181) Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
a. Everyone has access to digital media
b. Respondents may fake their identities
c. Researchers may fake their identities
d. Internet research has to be covert.
182) Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed-methods research
d. All of the above
183) A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
a. An intervening variable
b. A dependent variable
c. An independent variable
d. A numerical variable
184) Researchers posit that performance-related pay increases employee motivation which in turn
leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
a. Extraneous
 b. Confounding
c. Intervening
d. Manipulated
185) When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two
variables, it is important not to:
a. Assume causality
b. Measure the values for X and Y independently
c. Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
d. Check the direction of the relationship
186) Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
a. Annual income
b. Age
c. Annual sales
d. Geographical location of a firm
187) A positive correlation occurs when:
a. Two variables remain constant
b. Two variables move in the same direction
c. One variable goes up and the other goes down
d. Two variables move in opposite directions
188) The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
a. The independent variable is manipulated
b. Hypotheses are proved
c. A positive correlation exists
d. Samples are large
189) The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
a. Summarize the characteristics of a data set
b. Draw conclusions from the data
c. None of the above
d. All of the above
190) The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
a. The mode
b. The normal distribution
c. The standard deviation
d. The variance
191) A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
a. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true
b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
c. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
d. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false

192) The significance level

a. Is set after a statistical test is conducted
b. Is always set at 0.05
c. Results in a p-value
d. Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
193) The way or mode of gathering data is
 a) Tool b) method c) Technique d) Observation
194) An instrument used in method is called
a) Sample b) Technique c) Tool d) Survey
195) Observation is a Physical and ……….. activity
a) Mental b) Social c) Psychological d) Personal
196) Drawing a sample from each stratum in the proportion to latter’s share in the
total population is called
a) Stratified sampling b) Proportioned stratified sampling c) Disproportionate sampling
d) Quota sampling
197) Selecting sample units in just a “hit and miss” fashion is called
a) Convenience or Accidental sampling b) Purposive sampling
c) Stratified sampling d) Proportionate sampling
198) A technique of Building up a list or a sample of a special population by using an initial set
of members as informants is called
a) Quota sampling b) Convenience Sampling c) Snow ball Sampling
d) Purposive sampling
199) All the physical components of the computer are collectively called
a) Software b) Hard ware c) Firm Ware d) Circuit
200) Computer operations are through ………….
a) Binary digits b) Decimal c) Reminder d) Fraction