10 : : Learner Guide

4
SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORIZATION
l Special Products: Products like 108 × 108, given polynomials is the product of the
97 × 97, 104 × 96 can easily be calculated polynomials of highest degree and greatest
with the help of (a + b)2, (a – b)2, (a + b) (a – numerical coefficient each of which is a factor
b) respectively. Such products are called special of each of the given polynomials.
products. l LCM of polynomials: LCM of two or more
polynomials is the product of the polynomials
Special Product Formula :
of the lowest degree and the smallest numerical
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2 coefficient which are multiples of the
(a - b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 corresponding elements of each of the given
(a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2) polynomials.
l Rational Expression: An algebraic expression
p
(a + b )2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
which can be expressed in the form where
(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2 q
p is any polynomial and q is non-zero
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a +b) x + ab polynomial. A rational expression need not to
be a polynomial. Every polynomial is a rational
(x – a) (x - b) = x2 – (a + b) x + ab
expression also.
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3ab (a – b) – b3 l Operations on rational expressions: Four
(a + b)3 = a3 +3ab (a + b) + b3 fundamental operations (+, –, ×, ÷) on rational
(a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) = a3 + b3 expressions are performed in exactly the same
way as in the case of rational numbers.
(a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3
Result of multiplication of rational expressions
l Factorization of polynomials: Factorization must be in the lowest terms or in lowest form.
of polynomials is a process of writing the
polynomial as a product of two (or more) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two
polynomials. Each polynomial in the product is rational expressions are also rational
called a factor of the given polynomial. expressions.
l Method of factorization: Factorization by S
distributive property. l Reciprocal expression: is the reciprocal
R
Factorization involving the difference of two
squares. R
expression of .
Factorizaion of a perfect square polynomial. S
Factorization of a polynomial reducible to the We use reciprocal expression in division of two
difference of two squares.
P R P S
Factorization of perfect cube polynomials. rational expressions as ÷ = × .
Q S Q R
Factorization of polynomials involving sum or
difference of two cubes. l Conversion of a rational expression into
Factorizing trinomials by splitting the middle lowest terms: Cancel the common factor if
term. any from the numerator and denominator of
l HCF of polynomials: HCF of two or more the rational expression.
 Learner Guide : : 11

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS:

1. Which of the following is not a rational expression?

1 x+ 2
(A) 21 (B) x + (C) 8 x + 6 y (D)
x x− 2
2 2
2. (a 2
+ b 2 ) + ( a 2 − b 2 ) equals to :

(A) 2 ( a + b ) (B) 4 ( a 2 + b 2 ) (C) 4 ( a 4 + b 4 ) (D) 2 ( a 4 + b 4 )

1 1
3. If m − = − 3 , then m3 − 3 equals to :
m m

(A) –6 3 (B) −3 3 (C) 0 (D) 6 3

327 × 327 − 323 × 323

(A) ( 2m − n ) ( 4m 2 − 2mn + n 2 )

(B) ( 2m − n ) ( 4m 2 + 2mn + n 2 )

(C) ( 2m − n ) ( 4m 2 + 4mn + n 2 )

(D) ( 2m + n ) ( 4m 2 + 2mn + n 2 )

x+2 x−2
6. Find the sum of and
x−2 x+2
7. Find the LCM of x 2 − 1 and x 2 − x − 2 .
8. Find the HCF of 36x5y2 and 90x3y4.

9. Factorise (i) x 4 − 81y 4 (ii) 5x 2 − 8x − 4 .

6x 2 + 17x + 12 6x 2 − 7x − 20
÷ .
10x 2 + 17x + 3 10x 2 − 23x − 5
12 : : Learner Guide

STRETCH YOURSELF :
2x 2 + 8
1 1 6. 7. ( x 2 − 1) ( x − 2 )
4 3 x2 − 4
1. If a + 4 = 34 , find a − 3 .
a a 8. 18x3y2
x +1 9. (i) ( x 2 + 9y 2 ) ( x + 3y ) ( x − 3y )
2. Find the sum of and its reciprocal.
x −1
3. Without actual multiplication evaluate 103 (ii) ( x − 2 ) ( 5x + 2 )
× 103 × 103. 10. 1
4. Find the value of x3 – y3 when x – y = 5 and
xy = 66. STRETCH YOURSELF :

2 ( x 2 + 1)
ANSWERS 1. 14 2.
(x 2
− 1)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS:
1. C 2. D 3. A 3. 1092727 4. 1115
4. D 5. B