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Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1: Modern Electric Power Systems

Modern electric power systems have three main components - generation, transmission, and distribution. Electricity is generated at power plants then increased in voltage for efficient transmission over long distances via transmission lines before being decreased for distribution to homes and businesses. The system aims to reliably meet fluctuating electricity demand by generating power from various sources and maintaining interconnected transmission networks.

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Ramalingam Palani
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51 views

Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1: Modern Electric Power Systems

Modern electric power systems have three main components - generation, transmission, and distribution. Electricity is generated at power plants then increased in voltage for efficient transmission over long distances via transmission lines before being decreased for distribution to homes and businesses. The system aims to reliably meet fluctuating electricity demand by generating power from various sources and maintaining interconnected transmission networks.

Uploaded by

Ramalingam Palani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1

Modern Electric Power Systems

Brief History of Electric Power System


Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York inaugurated the Pearl Street Station in 1881. . The station had a capacity of four 250-hp boilers supplying steam to six engine-dynamo sets. Edisons system used a 110-V dc underground distribution network with copper conductors insulated with a jute wrapping. Prior to 1800, scientists like William Gilbert, C. A. de Coulomb, Luigi Galvani, Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta etc. worked on electric and magnetic field principles.

In England, Michael Faraday worked on his induction principle between 1821 and 1831. Faraday subsequently used his induction principle to build a machine to generate voltage. Around the same time American engineer Joseph Henry also worked independently on the induction principle and applied his work on electromagnets and telegraphs. The invention of the transformer, then known as the inductorium, made ac systems possible. The first practical ac distribution system in the U.S. was installed by W. Stanley at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in 1866 for Westinghouse. Early ac distribution utilized 1000-V overhead lines.

The Nikola Tesla invention of the induction motor in 1888 helped replace dc motors and hastened the advance in use of ac systems. The first American single-phase ac system was installed in Oregon in 1889. Southern California Edison Company established the first three phase 2.3 kV system in 1893. By 1895, the distribution systems operated at 100-V and 500-V two-wire dc and 220-V three-wire dc, single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase ac, with frequencies of 60, 66, 125, and 133 cycles per second, and feeders at 1000- 1200 V and 20002400 V.

The subsequent consolidation of electric companies enables the realization of economies of scale in generating facilities, the introduction of equipment standardization, and the utilization of the load diversity between areas.

Introduction to Modern Power System


Modern electric power systems have three separate components - generation, transmission and distribution. Electric power is generated at the power generating stations by synchronous alternators that are usually driven either by steam or hydro turbines. Many of these generating stations are remotely located. Hence the electric power generated at any such station has to be transmitted over a long distance to load centers that are usually cities or towns. This is called the power transmission transmission. Modern day power systems are complicated networks with hundreds of generating stations and load centers being interconnected through power transmission lines. Electric power is generated at a frequency of either 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

basic structure of a power system

Generation Subsystem
This includes generators and transformers. Synchronous Generators or alternators. The source of the mechanical power, commonly known as the prime mover, may be hydraulic turbines, steam turbines whose energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, gas turbines, or occasionally internal combustion engines burning oil. With concerns for the environment and conservation of fossil fuels, alternate sources like solar power, geothermal power, wind power, tidal power, and biomass are in use.

Transformers
The transformer transfers power with very high efficiency from one level of voltage to another. The power transferred to the secondary is almost the same as the primary, except for losses in the transformer. Using a step-up transformer the transmission of power over long distances are made possible. Insulation requirements and other practical design problems limit the generated voltage to low values, usually 30 kV. At the receiving end of the transmission lines step-down transformers are used to reduce the voltage to suitable values for distribution or utilization.

Transmission and Subtransmission Subsystem


An overhead transmission network transfers electric power from generating units to the distribution system which ultimately supplies the load. Transmission lines also interconnect neighboring utilities which allow the economic dispatch of power within regions during normal conditions, and the transfer of power between regions during emergencies.

Distribution Subsystem
The distribution system connects the distribution substations to the consumers service-entrance equipment. The primary distribution lines range from 4 to 34.5 kV and supply the load in a well-defined geographical area. The secondary distribution network reduces the voltage for utilization by commercial and residential consumers. The secondary distribution serves most of the customers at levels of 240/120 V, single-phase, three-wire; 208/120 V, three-phase, four-wire; or 480/277 V, three-phase, four-wire. The power for a typical home is derived from a transformer that reduces the primary feeder voltage to 240/120 V using a threewire line. Utilize both overhead and underground conductors.

Load Subsystems
Power systems loads are divided into industrial, commercial, and residential. Industrial loads - composite loads, and induction motors form a high proportion of these loads. These loads are functions of voltage and frequency. Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating, and cooking. These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power. The load varies throughout the day, and power must be available to consumers on demand.

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