Digital Number System A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number. A value of each digit in a number can be determined using The digit The position of the digit in the number The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the number system). Decimal Number System The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands position, and its value can be written as, (1x10) + (2100) + (3x10), + (4x1) (1x10?) + (2x10?) + (3x1e") + (4x1@%) 1000 + 200 + 30 +1 1234 ‘As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number systems which are frequently used in computers.Number System & Description Binary Number System Base 2. Digits used: 0, 4 Octal Number System Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7 Hexa Decimal Number System Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F Binary Number System Characteristics Uses two digits, 0 and 1. Also called base 2 number system Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example: 2° Last position in a binary number represents an x power of the base (2). Example: 2* where x represents the last position - 1. Example Binary Number: 101012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent - Step _ Binary Number Decimal Number Step1 101012 (1 x 24) + (0 x 25) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 * 2%))to Step2 101012 (16 +0+4+0+1)10 Step3 101012 2Ar0 Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101. Octal Number System Characteristics + Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. + _Also called base 8 number systemEach position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example: 8° Last position in an octal number represents an x power of the base (8). Example: 8* where x represents the last position - 1. Example Octal Number ~ 125703 Calculating Decimal Equivalent ~ Step Octal Number Decimal Number Step1 125703 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 8%) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 8%))i9 Step 2 125703 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10 Step3 12570, 549610 Note: 12570g is normally written as 12570. Hexadecimal Number System Charactetistics Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 15. Also called base 16 number system. Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example 16°. Last position in a hexadecimal number represents an x power of the base (16). Example 16* where x represents the last position - 1. Example - Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE15 Calculating Decimal Equivalent -Step Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Hexadecimal Number 19FDE 15 19FDE\6 19FDE 16 19FDE 16 Decimal Number ((1 x 164) + (9 x 16°) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 16))i9 ((1 * 164) + (9 x 169) + (15 * 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x 16%))10 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)i9 10646210 Note ~ 19FDE jg is normally written as 19FDE.Number System Conversion There are many methods or techniques which can be used to convert numbers from one base to another. We'll demonstrate here the following - Decimal to Other Base System Other Base System to Decimal Other Base System to Non-Decimal Shortcut method - Binary to Octal Shortcut method - Octal to Binary Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary Decimal to Other Base System Steps Step 1 - Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base. Step 2 ~ Get the remainder from Step 1.as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new base number. Step 3 - Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base. Step 4 - Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number. Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3. The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new base number. Example - Decimal Number: 29; Calculating Binary Equivalent ~Step Operation Remainder Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 7/12 Step 4 3/2 Step 5 1/2 As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so that the first remainder becomes the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the Most Significant Digit (MSD). Decimal Number ~ 2949 = Binary Number ~ 111012, Other Base System to Decimal System Steps + Step 1 - Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on the position of the digit and the base of the number system). Step 2 - Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the corresponding columns. Step 3 ~ Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in decimal. Example Binary Number = 111012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent - Step _ Binary Number Decimal Number Step1 111012 (1x 28) # (1% 25) # (1 x 22) + (0x 21) + (1 x 2))10 Step2 111012 (16 +844 +04 1/10 Step3 111012 2910 Binary Number ~ 111012 = Decimal Number - 2949 Other Base System to Non-Decimal SystemSteps + Step 4 - Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10). + Step 2 - Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number. Example Octal Number ~ 25g Calculating Binary Equivalent - Step 1 - Convert to Decimal Step Octal Number Decimal Number Step1 25g (2 * 81) + (5 * 8%)19 Step2 255 (16 +5 )io Step3 255 2440 Octal Number = 25g = Decimal Number ~ 2110 Step 2- Convert Decimal to Binary Step Operation Remainder Step 1 Step 2 Step3 5/2 Step4 2/2 Step5 1/2 Decimal Number ~ 219 = Binary Number - 101012 Octal Number ~ 25g = Binary Number ~ 101012 Shortcut method - Binary to Octal Steps + Step 4 ~ Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right). + Step 2 - Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.Example Binary Number ~ 101012 Calculating Octal Equivalent - Step Binary Number Octal Number Step 1 101012 010 101 Step2 101019 23 53 Step3 101012 258 Binary Number ~ 101012 = Octal Number ~ 255 Shortcut method - Octal to Binary Steps + Step 1 - Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may be treated as decifnal for this conversion). Step 2 - Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single binary number. Example Octal Number ~ 25g Calculating Binary Equivalent - Step Octal Number Binary Number Step 1 210 510 Step2 25, 0102 1012 Step3 25, 010101, Octal Number ~ 25g = Binary Number ~ 101012 Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal Steps + Step 4 ~ Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from the right). + Step 2 - Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal symbol.Example Binary Number ~ 101012 Calculating hexadecimal Equivalent - Step Binary Number Hexadecimal Number Step 1 101012 0001 0101 Step2 101019 410 510 Step3 101012 1516 Binary Number ~ 10101 = Hexadecimal Number ~ 1515 Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary Steps + Step 1 - Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number (the hexadecimal digits may be treated as decimal for this conversion). Step 2.- Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) into a single binary number. Example Hexadecimal Number ~ 1546 Calculating Binary Equivalent ~ Step Hexadecimal Number Binary Number Step1 151 140 540 Step2 1515 00012 01012 Step3 1515 000101012 Hexadecimal Number ~ 154g = Binary Number ~ 101012Binary Arithmetic Binary arithmetic is essential part of all the digital computers and many other digital system. Binary Addition Itis a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. There are four rules of binary addition. cary _| In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (144 = 10) ie. 0 is written in the given column and a carry of ‘/over to the next column. Example ~ Addition 0011010 + 001100 =00i00110 11 carry 0011010 =26% +0001100 =120 0100110 =38% Binary Subtraction Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction, There are four rules of binary subtraction. Example ~ Subtraction0011010 - 001100 = 00001110 11 borrow 0044010 =26:0 -0001100 =12% 0001110 =140 Binary Multiplication Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is simpler than decimal multiplication because only 0s and 1s are involved, There are four rules of binary multiplication Multiplication Example - Multiplication Example: 0011010 x 001100 = 100111000 0011010 =26: x0001100 =12. 0000000 0000000 0011010 0011010 0100111000 =3120 Binary Division Binary division is similar to decimal division. It is called as the long division procedure. Example - Division101010 /000110 = 000111 111 000110 )-01010 -110 xbor 110 110 -110 vOctal Arithmetic Octal Number System Following are the characteristics of an octal number system. Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Also called base 8 number system. Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example: 8° Last position in an octal number represents an x power of the base (8). Example: 8* where x represents the last position - 1 Example Octal Number ~ 125703 Calculating Decimal Equivalent = Step Octal Number Decimal Number Step 1 12570, (1 x 84) + (2 x 8%) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 8°19 Step2 12570, (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + O)io Step3 125703 54961 Note - 12570s is normally written as 12570. Octal Addition Following octal addition table will help you to handle octal addition.° Noauswnro BY Ou aeNe Bev ounoNn o{ === o p To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this example: Add 6s and 5p. Locate 6 in the A column then locate the 5 in the B column. The point in ‘sum’ area where these two columns intersect is the 'sum' of two numbers. 6s + 5p = 135. Example ~ Addition 4562+ 1238 = 6012 11 cany 456 =3020 +123 = 83.0 601 = 385: Octal Subtraction The subtraction of octal numbers follows the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The only variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you borrow a group of 1040. In the binary system, you borrow a group of 249. In the octal system you borrow a group of 84. Example ~ Subtraction Example: 4563-1738 = 3338Hexadecimal Arithmetic Hexadecimal Number System Following are the characteristics of a hexadecimal number system. Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A.B,C,D.E,F. Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10, B = 11, C = 12,D = 13, B= 14, F = 15. Also called base 16 number system. Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example - 16° Last position in a hexadecimal number represents an x power of the base (16). Example - 16* where x represents the last position - 1 Example Hexadecimal Number - 19FDEys Calculating Decimal Equivalent ~ Step Hexadecimal Number Decimal Number Step1 19FDEi6 (1 164) + (9 x 16) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 16%))i9 Step2 19FDErg ((1 x 164) + (9 x 169) + (15 x 162) + (13 * 161) + (14 x 16%))10 Step3 19FDE16 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)19 Step4 19FDE15 10646210 Note - 19FDE;¢ is normally written as 19FDE. Hexadecimal Addition Following hexadecimal addition table will help you greatly to handle Hexadecimal addition.+ EF F 10 10 11 nu. 1011 12 13 10 1112 13 14 11 1213 14 15, 1011 12 1314 15 16 10 1112 13 1415 16 17 111213 14 1516 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 10 11.12 131415 16 1718 19 1A 10 1112 13 141516 17 18.19 1A 18 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 191A 18 1C 10 1112 131415 16 1718 19 1A1B 1¢ 1D 1112 13 1415 16 17 1819 1A 1B1C 1D 16 mmOOePL@VHHMALN mMmMOOePoBONaMe mmOonB>ooraNn gam won 8 com> MMOOBD>OMNANEYNHO TmMoONn@>oeVaurwnro BTT™MOOB>SeNaGAYNH To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this example - Add Aye and 546, Locate A in the X column then locate the 5 in the Y column. The point in ‘sum’ area where these two columns intersect is the sum of two numbers. Ais +)5is = Fas- Example ~ Addition 40616 #48336 = 65935 1 carry 4A6 =1190:0 +1B3 = 435. 659 =1625:0 Hexadecimal Subtraction The subtraction of hexadecimal numbers follow the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The only variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you borrow a group of 1049. In the binary system, you borrow a group of 20. In the hexadecimal system you borrow a group of 1610. Example - Subtraction4A6is- 1B3i6 = F316 16 borrow 34A6 =1190:0 1B3 = 435. 2F3 =755i0