Computer Network 20CS33P (3 sem CS )

1.
Explore all ISP in your area/locality and select best internet ISP/plan based on cost and
performance.

An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company or an organization that lets your computer
connect to the World Wide Web. It provides customers access to one or more high-speed
Internet lines.

ISP across globe: Xfinity , Version , AT& T , Spectrum , RCN , Cox , Mediacom, HughesNet ,
Frontier , CenturyLink ,Viasat , Suddenlink Internet .

ISP in my locality , -Jio , jio fiber , airtel and airtel fibre , BSNL. Jio

plans

Airtel plans

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BSNL plans

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2. Test the download/upload speed in your computer/mobile phone and also check type,
bandwidth and ISP.

An internet speed test is a website or web application that measures a user’s internet
connection speed. It reports on:

• Upload speed
• Download speed
• Bandwidth
• Ping
• Jitter
• Packet loss

An internet speed test is the process of analyzing broadband connection parameters by

sending a small file from the server and measuring the time it takes to download and then
upload the file back to the server. Along the way, parameters like jitter and packet loss can
also be calculated. Some speed test hosts also measure ping, which is the time for a message
to make a round trip from the sender to its destination and back, by sending an Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packet to the host.

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3. Explore Bluethooth, Wifi, NFC in your smartphone and note their key technical attributes
(Radio spectrum band, range, pathloss, throughput, mode etc).

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data
between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using UHF radio waves in the ISM
bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs).
Bluetooth works by using radio frequencies, rather than the infrared spectrum used by traditional
remote controls. As a result, Bluetooth eliminates the need not only for a wire connection but also for
maintaining a clear line of sight to communicate between devices.

WIFI

Wi-Fi is similar to Bluetooth in that it also usesradio wavesfor high-speed data transfer over short
distances without the need for a wire connection. Wi-Fi works by breaking a signal into pieces and
transmitting those fragments over multiple radio frequencies. This technique enables the signal to be
transmitted at a lower power per frequency and also allows multiple devices to use the same Wi-Fi
transmitter.

NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a standards-based short-range wireless connectivity technology

that makes life easier. NFC is a method of wireless data transfer that allows smartphones, laptops,
tablets, and other devices to share data when in close proximity. NFC technology powers contactless
payments via mobile wallets like Apple Pay, Android Pay, as well as contactless cards.

NFC tends to be more secure than Bluetooth, as it operates on a shorter range allowing for a more
stable connection. Therefore, NFC tends to be a better solution for crowded and busy places, where a
lot of different devices are trying to communicate with each other, creating signal interference.

WIFI Range

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 is used by very many devices from smartphones to laptops and tablets
to remote sensors, actuators televisions and many more. It is used as the main wireless
communications bearer in wireless LANs as well as for small home WLANs as well.

There are several frequency bands within the radio spectrum that are used for the Wi-Fi and
within these there are many channels that have been designated with numbers so they can
be identified.

Although many Wi-Fi channels and Wi-Fi bands are normally selected automatically by
home Wi-FI routers, for larger wireless LANs and systems it is often necessary to plan the
frequencies used. Using many Wi-Fi access points around a large building or area,
frequency planning is essential so that the best performance can be obtained from the
wireless LAN.

Range of Bluetooth

The range of Bluetooth connection is approximately 30 feet. However, maximum communication

range will vary depending on obstacles or electromagnetic environment.

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Throughput of WiFi :

That's the measurement of data rate between network devices within your home or small
business network, also referred to as your LAN (Local Area Network—different from your
Internet bandwidth, or WAN (Wide Area Network) connection speed.

With the 802.11n standard, Wi-Fi became even faster and more reliable. It supported a maximum
theoretical transfer rate of 300 Mbps.

Throughput of Bluetooth :

data throughput represent the maximum amount of data that can be transferred between two
applications in a given time.
Protocol Event length Method Maximum data
throughput

GATT Client 2.5 ms Receive 16.0 kbps

Notification

Send Write 16.0 kbps

command

Send Write 4.0 kbps

request

Simultaneous 8.0 kbps (each

receive direction)
Notification and send
Write
command

Gatt Server 2.5 ms Send 16.0 kbps

Notification

Receive Write 16.0 kbps

command

Receive Write 4.0 kbps

request

Simultaneous 8.0 kbps (each

send direction)
Notification and
receive Write
command

NFC throughput :

NFC operates in unlicensed ISM frequency band of about 13.56 MHz. It supports data rate
of 106 Kbps , 212 kbps and 424 Kbps. NFC uses bandwidth of 14KHz to map data on the
RF carrier.

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Radio spectrum

The radio spectrum is the part of theelectromagnetic spectrumwithfrequenciesfrom 30Hzto

300GHz. Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, calledradio waves, are widely
used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication. To
preventinterferencebetween different users, the generation andtransmissionof radio waves is
strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body,
theInternationalTelecommunication Union(ITU).

A radio band is a small contiguous section of the radio spectrumfrequencies, in

whichchannelsare usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference
and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands. For
example, broadcasting, mobile radio, or navigation devices, will be allocated in
nonoverlapping ranges of frequencies.

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Different modes of WiFi :
The two modes of Wifi are Infrastructure and ad hoc network.

Wireless networks can operate in one of two modes: infrastructure or ad hoc.

In infrastructure mode, all devices on a wireless network communicate with each other through an
access point (wireless router).
( Infrastructure wireless network is the wireless network that contains wireless
router/access point and enables other computers connect to it wirelessly. This is the
common deployment to build a home wireless network. )
In ad hoc mode, a computer with a wireless network adapter communicates directly with a printer
equipped with a wireless print server.

Infrastructure Ad hoc

Characteristics

Communication Through an access Directly

point between devices
Security More security WEP or no
options security
Range Determined by the Restricted to the
range and number range of
of access points individual
devices on the
network

Speed Usually faster Usually slower

Requirements for all devices

Unique IP address Yes Yes

for each device

Mode set to Infrastructure mode Ad hoc mode

Same SSID Yes, including the Yes
access point
Same channel Yes, including the Yes
access point

Infrastructure mode provides:

• Increased network security
• Increased reliability
• Faster performance
• Easier setup

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Modes of operation for Bluetooth:

1.SNIFF, HOLD and PARK modes of operation: These are the three power saving modes of
operation for Bluetooth devices which are connected to a piconet. These modes are used when
no data is to be transmitted.

i. SNIFF mode:

• The slave device listens to the piconet in this mode, but at a reduced rate. Thus reducing its
duty cycle.
• The SNIFF interval is programmable and depends on application.

ii. HOLD mode:

• The master unit can put a slave unit into HOLD mode or a slave unit can demand to be put into
HOLD mode.
• Data transfer restarts instantly when units transition out of HOLD mode.
• The HOLD is used when connecting several piconets or managing a low-power device such as
temperature sensor.

ii. PARK mode:

• The device is still synchronized to the piconet but does not participate in traffic.

PARKED devices have given up their MAC address and occasionally listen to the traffic of the master
to resynchronize and check on broadcast messages. In the increasing order of power efficiency, the
SNIFF mode has higher duty cycle, followed by HOLD mode with a lower duty cycle, and PARK
mode with lowest duty cycle.

Modes of operation for NFC :

NFC devices are unique in that they support four modes of operation: reader/writer, peer-to-peer, card
emulation and wireless charging.

o In reader/writer mode, the NFC device is capable of reading NFC Forum-mandated tag
types, such as a tag embedded in an NFC smart poster. The reader/writer mode on the
RF interface is compliant with the ISO 14443 and FeliCa schemes.
o In Peer-to-Peer mode, two NFC devices can exchange data. For example, you can share
Bluetooth or WiFi link set-up parameters or you can exchange data such as virtual
business cards or digital photos. Peer-to-Peer mode is standardized on the ISO/IEC
18092 standard.
o In Card Emulation mode, the NFC device appears to an external reader much the same
as a traditional contactless smart card. This enables contactless payments and ticketing
by NFC devices without changing the existing infrastructure.
o In Wireless Charging mode, small IoT devices such as a Bluetooth headset, fitness
tracker or smartwatch can be charged with the contact-less transfer of up to1 W of
power.

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4.How To Fix Wireless Interference with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Bluetooth devices suffer their fair share of problems. These issues can be frustrating, especially when
you rely on your gadgets to provide a quality connection. Below, we’ll discuss how to reduce
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi interference.

Interference with Other Devices

Bluetooth technology makes our lives easier, but it doesn’t always work as seamlessly as we’d like.
Often, Bluetooth gadgets interfere with other devices – especially those that use the same frequency.

Interference can take many forms, making it that much more difficult to determine the source of the
problem. The following are among the most common sources of interference:

• Wi-Fi
• Phones with a Processing Speed of 2.4 and 5 GHz
• Satellite Dishes
• Microwaves
• Wireless Speakers
• Baby Monitors

Solutions for Interference

In theory, interference should be rare, as the frequency for most devices is fairly weak. Unfortunately,
this phenomenon still occurs regularly. Because a myriad of causes can be at play, it helps to follow a
detailed troubleshooting process before declaring the situation hopeless. The following suggestions
may help:

• Move Bluetooth devices away from building materials that act as barriers. These include
metal, concrete, plaster, and brick.
• Avoid placing Bluetooth gadgets near microwaves or fluorescent lights. These use the same
frequency as Bluetooth devices and are therefore best avoided.
• Reboot your router and try a different channel. Depending on your router, channel surfing
may occur automatically – or manual selection may be required. If possible, try multiple
channels to determine if a particular option is a better fit. •Move devices closer to your
router. By altering your device’s placement, you could dramatically improve the strength of
your Wi-Fi connection.

5.How to Troubleshoot Bluetooth Issues on Windows

Basic Bluetooth Troubleshooting Steps

Check That Bluetooth Is Turned On

Start by making sureBluetooth is actually enabledon your Windows PC. Just because the symbol is in
the taskbar doesn’t mean your Bluetooth radio is actually turned on.

Restart Your Bluetooth Radio on.

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If Bluetooth is enabled, switching it off and on again might resolve some underlying issues of which
you’re unaware.

To do this, click the notification icon in your Windows taskbar to access your quick settings. Click the
“Bluetooth” tile to turn it off. Once it goes gray, click it again to turn it back on.

Check the Battery

If you aren’t keeping track of the battery level on your Bluetooth device, you might not even be aware
when it runs out of power.

Before you try a more serious solution, you might want to replace the batteries in your Bluetooth
device or charge it, and then try it again.

Restart Your PC

The best fixes are sometimes the easiest, and if you haven’t tried it already, give your PC a quick
restart.

ADVERTISEMENT

When you you wipe the slate clean, and clear out any idle processes or memory leaks.
It’s not a miracle fix, but it can rectify some issues with the hardware, so give it a go.

Check Bluetooth Interference and Device Distance

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Bluetooth devices communicate wirelessly via radio waves. Just like a Wi-Fi network, interference can
affect Bluetooth connections. Other radio signals, physical obstacles (like thick walls), and devices like
microwaves can all block or degrade a Bluetooth connection.

Take a moment to survey the area. How far away is your Bluetooth device from your PC? The bigger
the distance, the weaker the signal.

Move your device closer to your PC and see if it impacts the Bluetooth connectivity. If not, try (if
possible) to use your Bluetooth device in another location. You can also use third-party apps, like
theBennett Bluetooth Monitor, to check your Bluetooth’s signal strength.

6.How to find and manually assign an IP address on Windows 10?

Step 1: Open the Control Panel

Press “Windows

+ R”, then a Run box comes out. Input control panel and press Enter to open the control panel.

You can also type control panel in the search bar at the lower left of the screen and press Enter to
open the control panel.

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Step 2: Go to Network Connections

Go to Network and Internet>Network and Sharing Center.

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Select Change adapter settings on the left.

Step 3: Find the IP address

Right click the Ethernet icon and select Status from the context menu.

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Then click Details...to view all detailed information of network connection.

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Step 4: Set the IP address

Right Click Local Area Connection and select Properties.

Then double click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).

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Select Use the Following IP address: and type in the IP address, Subnet mask and Default gateway.
Click OK to apply the settings.

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7.Determine the MAC Address of a Host.

Every computer on an Ethernet local network has a Media Access Control (MAC) address that is
burned into the Network Interface Card (NIC). Computer MAC addresses are usually displayed as 6
sets of two hexadecimal numbers separated by dashes or colons (example: 15-EF-A3-45-9B-57). The
ipconfig /allcommand displays the computer MAC address.
Step 1: Display information for the command ipconfig / all
1. Right-click on the Start button and select Command Prompt.
2. Enter the ipconfig /all command at the command prompt.
Step 2: Locate the MAC (physical) address(es) in the output from the ipconfig /all command

Use the table below to fill in the description of the Ethernet adapter and the Physical (MAC) Address:

Description Physical Address

Example Answer: Intel(R) Ethernet Connection Example Answer:54-EE-75-
I219-LM C32B-33

How many MAC addresses did you discover in your PC ?

Answers will vary depending on the setup of the PC.
Part 2: Analyzing the Parts of a MAC Address
Every Ethernet network interface has a physical address assigned to it when it is manufactured. These
addresses are 48 bit (6 bytes) long and are written in hexadecimal notation. MAC addresses are made
up of two parts. One part of the MAC address, the first 3 bytes, represents the vendor who
manufactured the network interface. This part of the MAC is called the OUI (Organizationally Unique
Identifier). Each vendor who wants to make and sell Ethernet network interfaces must register with the
IEEE in order to be assigned an OUI .
The second part of the address, the remaining 3 bytes are the unique ID for the interface. All MAC
addresses that begin with the same OUI must have unique values in the last 3 bytes.
In this example, the physical MAC address for the Ethernet LAN interface is D4-BE-D9-13-63-00.

Manufacturer OUI Unique Identifier for the Interface Vendor Name

D4-BE-D9 13-63-00 Dell Incorporated

8.Identify the NIC types in the PC that you are using. How do you explore different ways
to extract information about these NICs and how to activate and deactivate them.

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Step 1: Use the Network and Sharing Center.

a. Navigate to the Control Panel. Click View network status and tasks under Network and Internet
heading in the Category View.
b. In the left pane, click the Change adapter settings
c. In the Network Connections window, the results provide a list of NICs available on this PC. Look
for your Wi-Fi adapters.
Note: Virtual Private Network (VPN) adapters and other types of network connections may also be
displayed in this window.
Step 2: Work with your wireless NIC.
a. Locate the wireless network connection. If it is disabled, right-click and select Enable to
activate your wireless NIC.
b. If the wireless network connection is not currently
connected, right-click and select Connect/Disconnectto connect to an SSID that you
are authorized to connect to. c. Right-click a wireless network connection, and then click Status.
d. The wireless network connection Status window displays where you can view information about
your wireless connection.

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9. Wired network vs Wireless network | Difference between Wired network and Wireless
network.

Following table compares Wired network vs Wireless network and mentions difference between wired
network and wireless network types.

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Specifications Wired network Wireless network

lower compare to wired networks, But

advanced wireless technologies such as
LTE, LTE-A and WLAN-11ad will make it
possible to achieve speed par equivalent to
Speed of wired network
operation Higher

System Low, as Frequency Spectrum is very scarse

Bandwidth resource
High

More as wireless subscriber stations,

wireless routers, wireless access points and
Less as cables are adapters are expensive
Cost not expensive

Wired network installation is

cumbersome and it requires
more time Wireless network installation is easy and it
Installation requires less time

Limited, as it operates in the

area covered by connected
systems with the wired
network Not limited, as it operates in the entire
Mobility wireless network coverage

Transmission copper wires, optical fiber

medium cables, ethernet
EM waves or radiowaves or infrared

requires hubs and switches for

network coverage limit
Network coverage More area is covered by wireless base
extension
extension stations which are connected to one another.

WLAN, WPAN(Zigbee, bluetooth),

Infrared, Cellular(GSM,CDMA, LTE)
Applications LAN (Ethernet), MAN

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Interference is higher due to obstacles

between wireless transmitter and receiver
Channel Interference is less as one e.g. weather conditions, reflection from
Interference and wired network will not affect walls, etc.
signal power loss the other

QoS (Quality of Poor due to high value of jitter and delay in

Service) connection setup
Better

High compare to wireless

counterpart, as manufactured
cables have higher
performance due to existence of
wired technology since years.
Reasonably high, This is due to failure of
Reliability router will affect the entire network.

10.If you want to communicate with the internet which is the most important task to
be done ? and how do you accomplish it?

The initial task to be done is to install a NIC .

Short for Network Interface Card, a NIC is also commonly referred to as a network adapter and is an
expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network and/or the
Internet using a Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.

This section discuss the process of installing a Network Interface Card/Network Adapter.

Installation Process in Windows

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1. First step is to read the user's guide and familiarize yourself with the new card.

2. Power down PC and remove the AC power cord.

3. Open the computer case.

4. Find an available Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot on the motherboard and
remove slot insert if one exists.

5. Carefully remove the network card from its static-proof plastic envelope, and slide it into
the slot.

6. Seat the card in the slot firmly with gentle pressure along the length of the card, especially
right about the slot itself.

7. Snugly, screw the card to the computer frame, but do not over tighten.

8. Close the computer case.

9. Plug your computer in and power it up.

10.Click Start, then click Control Panel.

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11.In Category View (vs. Classic View) click Performance and Maintenance.

12.Click "System" icon at bottom of window.

13.Click the Hardware tab.

14.Click the Device Manager button.

15.Double-click Network Adapters.

16.Beneath it should appear the name of your Ethernet card.

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17.Next, double click the name of your Ethernet adapter.

18.If the text in the "Device Status" box says "This device is working properly.", then you
successfully installed the card and are finished.

19.If the text in the "Device status" box doesn't say "This device is working properly.", then
write down on a piece of paper what it says and continue with next step.

20.Click the Troubleshoot. Button and follow instructions. Double check you followed the
directions above. Install the most up to date device drivers.

11.Setting up a Simple LAN Connection between 2 PCs

To create a simple LAN connection between two PCs/Laptops, the only hardware requisite is an
Ethernet Crossover Cable. Ethernet Crossover Cables are easily available in the market.

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Setting up LAN Connection

1. Connect the one end of the cable to your PC/laptop and then the other end to the other PC/laptop
and make sure the clips are locked into the Ethernet Port.
2. If it’s correctly connected, you should be noticing a computer icon near the clock in the taskbar on
both the PCs. Right-click and choose Network Connections. Or Control Panel ->Network
Connections.
Windows Vista&Windows 7 users, open Network & Sharing Center from Control Panel and click
Manage Network connections.

3. Right-click Local Area Connection and choose Properties

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4. Double-click Internet Protocol (Vista users, Internet Protocol Version 4 – IPv4)

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5. Choose “Use the following IP Address” radio box and enter the following details

6. Click OK
7. Follow steps 1-4 on the other PC, and enter it’s IP & Subnet Mask as:

Workgroup Name
If both the PCs use the same Workgroup name “WORKGROUP” (by default), you may leave step 8
and
9.

8. Finally you’ll have set up a Workgroup name on both the PCs/Laptops. To do so, right-click My
Computer, click Properties, select the Computer Name tab and click Change and enter a name.
Remember, the name should be the *same* on both PCs.
Vista users, My Computer -> Properties. Under Computer name, click Change Settings.
Click Change button and enter a name. Remember, the name should be the *same* on both PCs.
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9. Click OK
10. Restart both the PCs
You can now share folder or play multiplayer games via LAN. To share a folder, right-click the folder
you wish to share and click Properties. Select Sharing tab and enable Sharingfor folder. Open
Network to access the files that are shared by the other PC.
To play multiplayer via LAN, all you need is a game that supports Multiplayer. Proceed with
Multiplayer mode, host a game and the other PC should join the game.

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12. How to setup static IP on Android

Setting a static IP can be natively done on Android. But the way to do it might be different on every
phone due to the manufacturer skin. We will see how to do it on Pixel3 and the process should be
similar on other phones as well. So head over to the Settings menu and tap on “Network & Internet”.

On top of the menu, you will see Wi-Fi, tap on it to get to the Wi-Fi Settings.

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The network which you are connected to should be on top of the list. Tap on the settings icon beside
the Wi-Fi network name.

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Once the pop-up opens, you will see IP settings at the bottom of the menu. The default option is
“DHCP”. Tap on it to change the IP configuration.

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Select “Static” from the presented drop-down menu. Enter the desired IP address and leave the other
options as default. Make sure that other devices are not using the same IP. You can see the IP address
of the other devices in your network by using a small utility calledFing. Once you have entered the IP,
click on Save to register the change. Now, your Android phone should start using the desired IP
Address.

In almost all the Android version, you get the option to set static IP Address. For some rare older
Android versions, you can use a third-party app likeWiFi Static. It’s free and it doesn’t require ROOT.
To switch back to dynamic IP, repeat the same procedure and select “DHCP” from the IP settings
instead.

13. Demonstrate working of common network devices.

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Network devices are called hardware devices that link computers, printers, faxes and other electronic devices to
the network. Such devices easily, safely and correctly transfer data over one or other networks. Inter-network or
intra-network devices may be available. Some devices such as the NIC card or the connector RJ45 are mounted
on the device, while some are a network component such as a router, switch, etc.

Hubs:
A hub is a device that operates only in the physical layer. Signals that carry information within a network
can travel a fixed distance before attenuation endangers the integrity of the data. A repeater (Hub) receives
a signal and, before it becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates and retains the original bit pattern.
The repeater then sends the refreshed signal. In the past, when Ethernet LANs were using bus topology, a
repeater was used to connect two segments of a LAN to overcome the length restriction of the coaxial cable.
Today, Ethernet LANs use star topology. In a star topology, a repeater is a multiport device, often called a
hub, that can be used to serve as the connecting point and at the same time function as a repeater.
Switch:
Internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at least two links together. A switch needs to
forward data from a network to another network when required. The two most common types of
switched networks are circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called switches. Switches are devices capable
of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch. In a switched network,
some of these nodes are connected to the end systems (computers or telephones, for example). Others are
used only for routing. Figure shows a switched network.

The end systems (communicating devices) are labelled A, B, C, D, and so on, and the switches are labeled I,
II, III, IV, and V. Each switch is connected to multiple links.
.

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Routers:
A router is a three-layer device; it operates in the physical, data-link, and network layers. As a physical-
layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives. As a link-layer device, the router checks the physical
addresses (source and destination) contained in the packet. As a network-layer device, a router checks the
network-layer addresses.
A router is a three-layer (physical, data-link, and network) device.
A router can connect networks. In other words, a router is an internetworking device; it connects
independent networks to form an internetwork. According to this definition, two networks connected by a
router become an internetwork or an internet.
There are three major differences between a router and a repeater or a switch.
1. A router has a physical and logical (IP) address for each of its interfaces.
2. A router acts only on those packets in which the link-layer destination address matches the address of the
interface at which the packet arrives.
3. A router changes the link-layer address of the packet (both source and destination) when it forwards the
packet.

Network interface card (NIC):

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on
a computer so it can connect to a network. Modern NICs provide functionality to computers, such as support for
I/O interrupt, direct memory access (DMA) interfaces, data transmission, network traffic engineering and
partitioning.
A NIC provides a computer with a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. It implements the physical layer
circuitry necessary for communicating with a data link layer standard, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Each card
represents a device and can prepare, transmit and control the flow of data on the network.
The NIC uses the OSI model to send signals at the physical layer, transmit data packets at the network layer and
operate as an interface at the TCP/IP layer.

Types of network interface cards

While the standard NIC is a plastic circuit board that slides into a computer to connect with the motherboard,
there are multiple ways this connection can occur:

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1. Wireless: These are NICs that use an antenna to provide wireless reception through radio frequency
waves. Wireless NICs are designed for Wi-Fi connections.
2. Wired: These are NICs that have input jacks made for cables. The most popular wired LAN technology
is Ethernet.
3. USB: These are NICs that provide network connections through a device plugged into the USB port.
4. Fiber optics: These are expensive and more complex NICs that are used as a high-speed support system
for network traffic handling on server computers. This support could also be accomplished by
combining multiple NICs

Fig: Wireless or USB NIC

Modem:
A device consisting of a modulator and a demodulator. It converts a digital signal into an analog signal
(modulation) and vice versa (demodulation).
A modem converts data to a signal so it can be easily sent and received over a phone line, cable, or satellite
connection. For transmission over an analog telephone line the modem converts data between analog and
digital formats in real time for two-way network communication. modem is a device that connects your
home, usually through a coax cable connection, to your Internet service provider (ISP), like BSNL. The
modem takes signals from your ISP and translates them into signals your local devices can use, and vice
versa

14. How to Crimp Rj45 connectors with a LAN cable.

Step 1
Choose your cable and the right RJ45 connectors
First of all, you should confirm the cable and connectors are the same category, means cat5e cable
couple with cat5e rj45 connectors, cat6 cable with cat6 connectors, cat6a cable with cat6a
connectors,cat 7
cableswith cat 7 rj45 connectors. Secondly, the OD of the cable wires must couple with the connectors’
wire channel(24AWG – 0.95mm; 26AWG – 0.9mm; 28AWG – 0.75mm; 30AWG – 0.6mm; 32AWG –
0.55mm)
Step 2
Strip 1.8cm to 2cm of the jacket at the end of the cable
Step3
Cut of the core of the cable and abandon

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Step 4
Straighten the 4 pairs twisted wires and rank the wires between fingers

There are 2 kind of orders: T568-A and T568-B

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T568-A wires turn(Green-White/Green, Orange-White/Blue, Blue-White/Orange,

BrownWhite/Brown)
T568-B wires turn(Orange-White/Orange, Green-White/Blue, Blue-white/Green,
Brown-White/Brown)

T568A color codes is as shown below :

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T568B color coding is as shown below :

Step 5
Cut off about 0.5cm of the wires and keep the left wires neat

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The left wires must be very neat, and easy to wire into the connectors Step
6

Insert the wires into the RJ45 connectors

Be careful and make sure that the turns of the wires doesn’t misplace
If you have inserted cable into a RJ45 boot, after inserted the wire,please insert RJ45 boot into
connector, keep two claw to be inserted in the connector.
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Step 7
Crimp the RJ45 connectors to the cable

By using the crimping tool, and press hardly, make sure the contacts of the connectors entirely
connected with the wires

also have been crimped into connector.

Step 8
Test the cable using LAN tester.

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15 . Straight Through Cables vs Crossover Cables: Key Difference.

What is an Ethernet cable?
An Ethernet cable is a network cable used for high-speed wired network connections between two
devices. This network cable is made of four-pair cable, which is consists of twisted pair conductors. It
is used for data transmission at both ends of the cable, which is called RJ45 connector.

The Ethernet cables are categorized as Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, and UTP cable. Cat 5 cable can support a
10/100 Mbps Ethernet network while Cat 5e and Cat 6 cable to support Ethernet network running at
10/100/1000 Mbps.

What is Straight Through Cable?

Straight Through Cable :

Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors at each end, and each has the same pin
out. It is in accordance with either the T568A or T568B standards. It uses the same color code
throughout the LAN for consistency. This type of twisted-pair cable is used in LAN to connect a
computer or a network hub such as a router. It is one of the most common types of network cable.
What Is Crossover Cable?

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Crossover Cable
Skip Ad
A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A configuration and the other end as
T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed
with Pin 6.

Crossover cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. The internal wiring of crossover
cables reverses the transmission and receive signals. It is widely used to connect two devices of the
same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to each other.

In regard to physical appearance, Crossover Ethernet cables are very much similar to regular Ethernet
cables. Still, they are different with regard to the order with which the wires are arranged. This type of
Ethernet cable is made to connect to network devices of the same kind over Ethernet directly.
Crossover cables are mostly used to connect two hosts directly.

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KEY DIFFERENCES:
• Crossover cable, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6 while in
Straightthrough cable Pin connection is one to one.
• Straight-through cables are mainly used for connecting non-similar devices while crossover
cables are mostly used for connecting similar devices.
• Straight through cable connects a computer with a DSL modem while Crossover cable connects
Router to Router and Computer to Computer.
When to use Straight Through Cable?

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Computer
to network switch/hub
Here are applications where you should use Crossover Cable:

• It helps you to connect a computer to a switch/hub’s normal port.

• You can use it to connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem’s LAN port.
• It allows you to connect a router’s WAN port to a cable/DSL modem’s LAN port.
• Connect 2 switches or hubs with one of the hub or switch using an upline port and the other one
using a normal port.

When to use Crossover Cable?

Use of
Cross over cable- computer to computer

Router to Router

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Here is an application where you should use Crossover Cable:
• It can use a computer to a computer with no switch or hub.
• Network devise to the network device. For example, the route to the router.
• Crossover cable enables one to establish a direct connection between two computing devices
using Ethernet ports.
• It Connects two computers directly.
• You can connect two hubs/switches by using the normal port in both switches and hubs.

Difference between Crossover and Straight-through cable

Here are the difference between Crossover and straight-through cable

Straight through Crossover

Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-

A Crossover cable is a type of CAT where
45 connectors at each end, and each has the same each end end has different pin outs
pin out.

It is one of the most commonly used cable formats

It is used only for certain applications. for
network cables.

You can also connect it to the router’s LAN port to You can connect it to a router’s LAN port to a
switch/hub’s uplink port. a switch or hub’s regular port

Straight through cable connects a computer with a Crossover cable connects with a router’s cable or
DSL modem’s LAN port. LAN port with switch/hub normal port.

You should use straight-through cable when you You should use a crossover cable when you want
to connect two devices of different types. want to connect two devices of the same type.

It helps you connect a router’s WAN port to a cable You can connect two switches/hubs by using
or DSL modem’s LAN port. the normal port in both switches/hubs.

Straight-through cables are mainly used for While crossover cables are mostly used for connecting,
unlike devices. connecting like devices.

Straight Through vs. Crossover Cable, which one to choose?

The selection or network cable should be done based on your application. If you want your cable to
connect to your computer and printer together, you need a crossover cable. If you have several
computers and a printer, you should buy a switch.

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All the computers connected to the switch with a straight–through cable and printer should be
connected to the switch with a straight-through cable.
HUB SWITCH ROUTER PC
Hub Crossover Crossover Straight Straight
Switch Crossover Crossover Straight Straight
Router Straight Straight Crossover Crossover
PC Straight Straight Crossover Crossover

16 .Configure Network Interface Card (NIC) on a Computer

To connect the Xilinx® Zynq®hardware board to the development computer, you must configure an
available network connection on the development computer. Follow the steps outlined for your specific
operating system.
Windows
1. Open the Control Panel.
2. Set View by to Category.
3. Click Network and Internet.
4. Click Network and Sharing Center.
5. On the left pane, click Change adapter settings.
6. Right-click the local area network connection that is connected to the radio hardware and
select Properties.
o If an unused network connection is available, the local area connection appears as
Unidentified network.
o If you plan to reuse your network connection, select the local area connection that
you plan to use for the radio hardware.
o If you have only one network connection, check if you can connect wirelessly to the
existing local area network. If you can, you can use the network connection for the
radio hardware.
o You can use a pluggable USB to Gigabit Ethernet LAN adapter instead of a NIC.
The instructions are the same.
7. On the Networking tab of the Properties dialog box, clear all options except Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4). Other services, particularly antiviral software, can cause
intermittent connection problems with the radio hardware.
8. Double-click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).
9. On the General tab, select Use the following IP Address.
10. The default IP address of the Xilinx Zynq hardware board is 192.168.1.101. The
development computer network connection must be on the same subnet as the hardware
board. To meet this requirement, a compatible IP address must be assigned to the
development computer network connection. Set the network IP address to 192.168.1.x,
where x is any number in the range 1 through 255, apart from 101.

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Note
Instead of 192.168.1, use the subnet address given by your hardware in the IP address.

11. Leave the subnet mask set to the default value of 255.255.255.0 and click OK.

17. A study on Packet tracer, how to install and use it .

Packet Tracer is across-platformvisualsimulationtool designed byCisco Systemsthat allows users to
createnetwork topologiesand imitate moderncomputer networks. The software allows users to simulate
the configuration of routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer
makes use of adrag and dropuser interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network
devices as they see fit.
Packet Tracer can be run on Linux, Microsoft Windows, and macOS. SimilarAndroidandiOSapps are
also available. Packet Tracer allows users to create simulated network topologies by dragging and
dropping routers, switches and various other types of network devices. A physical connection between
devices is represented by a 'cable' item. Packet Tracer supports an array of simulatedApplication
Layerprotocols, as well as basic routing withRIP,OSPF,EIGRP,BGP,
In addition to simulating certain aspects ofcomputer networks, Packet Tracer can also be used for
collaboration. As of Packet Tracer 5.0, Packet Tracer supports a multi-user system that enables multiple
users to connect multiple topologies together over acomputer network. Packet Tracer also allows
instructors to create activities that students have to complete. [2]Packet Tracer is often used in
educational settings as a learning aid.

Role in Education :

Packet Tracer allows students to design complex and large networks, which is often not feasible with
physical hardware, due to costs. Packet Tracer is commonly used by NetAcad students, since it is
available to them for free. However, due to functional limitations, it is intended by Cisco to be used
only as a learning aid, not a replacement for Ciscoroutersandswitches.[9]The application itself only has
a small number of features found within the actual hardware running a currentCisco IOSversion.
Significance of packet tracer:
Packet Tracer offers an effective, interactive environment for learning networking concepts and
protocols. Most importantly, Packet Tracer helps students and instructors create their own virtual
“network worlds” for exploration, experimentation, and explanation of networking concepts and
technologies.

Who uses packet tracer?

It is mostly used by Networking Curious & Aficionados, CCNA, CCNA Security and CCNP
Students along with Engineers, Educators, & Trainers. Before implementing any protocol,
engineers like to test it on Cisco Packet Tracer.

How to use packet tracer to build a sample network.

Step 1 Download CISCO Packet Tracer from this website.

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www.cisco.com

Step 2:

Open the program.

After download and install, the main page should be like this.

Step 3:

Chose the end devices icon as shown on the Picher, and extract 4 desktops.

Notice: we can extract the devices which we need by click on it, after that drag it at the place
which we need.

Step 4:

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Add switch device to connect between the desktops. We can extract the switch device from the
icon which it shown on the picture.

Step 5:

Connecting the desktop via switch using Cross-Over cable .

What is Cross-Over cable?

It is kind of cables we use it to connect the desktops to the switch.

We can use the Cross-Over cable from connection icon, to connect each desktop to the switch.

Step 6:

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Click on Cross-Over cable, then click on desktop (PC0), after that click on the switch.
Do this step with all desktops.

Step 7:

Give an IP address for each desktops.

Step 8:

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The IP address for (PC0) is 192.168.1.2, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

The IP address for (PC1) is 192.168.1.3, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

The IP address for (PC2) is 192.168.1.4, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

The IP address for (PC3) is 192.168.1.5, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

18.
Create/Model a simple ethernet network using 3 hosts and a switch, observe traffic
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.
behaviour in network and observe data flow of ARP broadcasts and pings

Objectives
• Develop an understanding of the basic functions of Packet Tracer.
• Create/model a simple Ethernet network using 3 hosts and a switch.
• Observe traffic behavior on the network.
• Observer data flow of ARP broadcasts and pings.
Part 1: Create a logical network diagram with 3 PCs and a switch.
During an activity, to ensure that the instructions always remain visible, click the “top” check box
in the instruction box window.
The bottom left-hand corner of the Packet tracer screen displays the icons that represent device
categories or groups, such as Routers, Switches, or End Devices.
Moving the cursor over the device categories will show the name of the category in the box. To
select a device, first select the device category. When the device category is selected, the options
within that category appear in the box next to the category listings. Select the device option that is
required.
1. Select End Devices from the options in the bottom left-hand corner. Drag and drop 3
generic PCs onto your design area.
2. Select Switch from the options in the bottom left-hand corner. Add a 2960 switch to your
prototype network by dragging it onto your design area.
3. Select Connections from the bottom left-hand corner. Choose a copper straight-through
cable type. Click the first host (PC0) and assign the cable to the FastEthernet0
connector. Click the switch (Switch0) and select a connection FastEthernet0/1 for PC0.
4. Repeat step c for PC1 and PC2. Select FastEthernet0/2 on the Switch0 for PC1 and
FastEthernet0/3 for PC2.
There should be green dots at both ends of each cable connection after the network has converged.
If not, double check the cable type selected.
Part 2: Configure host names and IP addresses on the PCs.
1. Click PC0. Select the Config tab. Change the PC Display Name to PC-A. Select
FastEthernet tab on the left and add 192.168.1.1 as the IP address and 255.255.255.0 as
the subnet mask. Close PC-A when done.
2. Click PC1. Select the Config tab. Change the PC Display Name to PC-B. Select
FastEthernet tab on the left and add 192.168.1.2 as the IP address and 255.255.255.0 as
the subnet mask. Close PC-B when done.
3. Click PC2. Select the Config tab. Change the PC Display Name to PC-C. Select
FastEthernet tab on the left and add 192.168.1.3 as the IP address and 255.255.255.0 as
the subnet mask. Close PC-C when done.
Part 3: Observe the flow of data from PC-A to PC-C by creating network traffic.
1. Switch to Simulation Mode in the bottom right-hand corner.
2. Click Edit Filter in the Edit List Filter area. In the event list filter, click All/None to
deselect every filter. Click Edit Filter. Select ARP and ICMP filters under IPv4 tab.
3. Select a Simple PDU by clicking the closed envelope in the upper toolbar. With the
envelop icon, click PC-A to establish the source. Click PC-C to establish the destination.
Note: Notice that two envelopes are now positioned beside PC-A. One envelop is ICMP,
while the other is ARP. The Event List in the Simulation Panel will identify exactly
which envelop represents ICMP and which represents ARP.
4. Select Play from the Play Controls in the Simulation Panel. You can speed up the
simulation using the Play Speed Slider. The Play Speed Slider is located below Play

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inside the Simulation Panel. Dragging the button to the right will speed up the
simulation, while dragging is to the left will slow down the simulation.
5. Observe the path ICMP and ARP envelope. Click View Previous Event to continue
when the buffer is full.
6. Click Reset Simulation in the Simulation Panel. Notice that the ARP envelop is no
longer present. This has reset the simulation but has not cleared any configuration
changes or dynamic table entries, such as ARP table entries. The ARP request is not
necessary to complete the ping because PC-A already has the MAC address in the ARP
table.
7. Click Capture then Forward inside the Simulation Panel. The ICMP envelop will
moved from the source to the switch and stop. The Capture then Forward allows you
to move the simulation one step at a time. Continue selecting the Capture then
Forward until you complete the event.
8. Click the Power Cycle Device on the bottom left, above the device icons.
9. An error message will appear asking you to confirm reset. Click Yes. Now both the
ICMP and ARP envelops are present again. The power cycle will clear any configuration
changes not saved and will clear all dynamic table entries, such as the ARP and MAC
table entries.
10. Exit the simulation mode by clicking Realtime a allow the network to converge.
11. After the network has converged, enter the simulation mode.
Part 4: View ARP Tables on each PC.
1. Click Playto repopulate the ARP table on the PCs. Click View Previous Event when the
buffer is full.
2. Click Inspect (magnifying glass) in the upper tool bar.
3. With the magnifying glass, click PC-A. Select ARP Table in the pop-up menu. Notice
that PC-A has an ARP entry for PC-C. View the ARP tables for PC-B and PC-C as well.
Close all ARP table windows.
4. Click Select in the upper tool bar.
5. Click PC-A and select the Desktop tab.
6. Select the Command Prompt and enter the command arp -a to view the ARP table from
the desktop view. Close the PC-A configuration window.
C:\>arp -a
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.3 0003.e406.e430 dynamic
7. Examine the ARP tables for PC-B and PC-C. Close the Command Prompt window
when finished.

19.
Build a simple peer-to-peer network and verify physical connectivity and Assign various IPv4
addresses to hosts and observe the effects on network communication.

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

• Click on the End Devices and deploy 2PCs.
• Click on the connection category and select the Copper Cross-over cable type to connect PCs

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• Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the individual
PCs.

• Go to the command prompt and ping all the PCs. Ex: ping 192.168.1.1
• Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device and mention the destination
device.
• We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to another PC.

20.Configure IP addresses of a network (real or simulated) and ping across to test and
troubleshoot.

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

• Click on the End Devices and deploy 3 PCs.
• Click on the Network Devices and deploy 2960 switch
• Click on the connection category and select the Copper Straight-Through cable type to connect
PC to Switch.

• Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the individual
PCs.

• Go to the command prompt and ping all the PCs. Ex: ping 192.168.1.1
• Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device and mention the destination
device.
• We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to another PC.

21. Subnetting of a network (either using real network or in Simulator).

Subnetting

• It is the process of dividing a network into two or more smaller networks. It increases the
network performance and routing efficiency.
• In class C network, the first three octets(24 bits) represents network address and the last octet (8
bits) represents the host address. Therefore the subnet address can be created by modifying the
bits of the last octet.
• When subnets are created, the number of subnets is a power of 2. The value of the exponent
gives the number of bits that represent the subnet mask.

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Example: Two subnets

Sl No Subnet Address (Dotted) Subnet Address (Binary)

Subnet 0 192.168.1.128 1100000.10101000.00000001.10000000

Subnet 1 192.168.1.255 1100000.10101000. 00000001.11000000

First subnet will have address between 192.168.1.1 and 192.168.1.127

Second subnet will have address between 192.168.1.129 and 192.168.1.255

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

• Click on the End Devices and deploy 6 PCs.
• Click on the Network Devices and deploy two switches (2960) and one router (2911) and design
a network as shown in the figure.

• Click on the connection category and select Automatically choose connection type to connect
PC to Switch and switch to router

• Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the individual
PCs.

• Go to the command prompt and ping all the PCs. Ex: ping 192.168.1.1
For first Network
PC1 PC2 PC3

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IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3
ADDRESS

SUBNET 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128

MASK

DEFAULT 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.4

GATEWAY

For Second Network

PC1 PC2 PC3

IP 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.130 192.168.1.131

ADDRESS

SUBNET 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.128

MASK

DEFAULT 192.168.1.132 192.168.1.132 192.168.1.132

GATEWAY

For Router

• Click on router
• Go to config
• Click on GigabitEthernet0/0
• Click the on check box in the right corner and assign IP Address : 192.168.1.4 And subnet

mask: 255.255.255.128

• Click on GigabitEthernet0/1
• Click the on check box in the right corner and assign IP Address : 192.168.1.132 And subnet

mask: 255.255.255.128

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21. Connect to web server using simulator, Observe how packets are sent
across the Internet using IP addresses
• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.
• Deploy 3 PC, one switch and one server as shown in the figure.
• Click on the connection category and select Automatically choose connection type to connect
PC to Switch and switch to server

• Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the individual
PCs and a server.

• Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device (PC) and mention the
destination device (Server).
• We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to another Server.
PC1 PC2 PC3 Server

IP ADDRESS 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.1

SUBNET 255.255.25 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

MASK 5.0

DEFAULT 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1

GATEWAY

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23. Implement simple static routing.

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

• Deploy 4 PC, 2 switch and 2 routers as shown in the figure.
• Click on the connection category and select Automatically choose connection type to connect
PC to Switch and switch to router and router to router

• Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the
individual PCs and a Routers

• Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device (PC) and mention the
destination device (Server).
• We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to another Server.

PC1 PC2 Router1(Interface Router1(Interface

0) 1)

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IP 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.1 192.168.3.1
ADDRESS

SUBNET 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

MASK

DEFAULT 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1

GATEWAY

PC3 PC4 Router2(Interface 0) Router2(Interface

1)

IP ADDRESS 192.168.2.2 192.168.2.3 192.168.3.2 192.168.2.1

SUBNET 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

MASK

DEFAULT 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.1

GATEWAY

For Router
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• Click on router
• Go to config
• Click on Static and mention Network, Mask and Next Hop

Router1 Router2

Network 192.168.2.0 192.168.1.0

Mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Next Hop 192.168.3.2 192.168.3.1

24. Configure and test DHCP on a wireless router (real or simulated)

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.
• Click on Wireless Devices
• Deploy a wireless Router, one PC and 1 Laptop as shown in the figure.
• Click on PC/Laptop go to Physical Tab. In physical device view, turnoff the PC, scroll down
and remove PT- HOST-NM-1CFE slot (drag and drop to Left Panel) and replace it with
WMP300N (drag and drop into slot ) and turn on the PC/Laptop.

• Click on PC/Laptop, Go to Desktop Click on IP Configuration Choose DHCP

• Click on PC Select Web Browser Type 192.168.0.1
• Enter admin as User Name and Password
• Go to Wireless Tab, Change Network Name (SSID) and save the changes.
• Click on Router, go to Config tab and choose Wireless and select WEP and set the WEP Key
as password(Integer 10 numbers)

• Click on PC/Laptop, select PC Wireless, click on connect, select Wireless Network Name and
click on connect and enter WEP Key, click on connect.

• Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device (PC) and mention the
destination device (Server).
• We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to another.

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25. Create a client – server model in simulator and observe the client interaction between
the server and PC using packet tracer.

• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

• Deploy and connect a PC and a Server as shown in the figure.
• Click on server select config tab, click on FastEthernet0, set the IP address 192.168.1.1
• Click on settings, set default gateway 192.168.1.1
• Click on Service tab select DHCP, click on Service “On” (Radio Button), set default gateway
192.168.1.1 and Save the Changes
• Place the PDU and simulate

Ex2: Observe DNS Name Resolution

a) Observe the connection of a URL to an IP address.

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• Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.
• Deploy three servers, one switch a PC
• Connect all the devices

Server1 Server2 Server3 (DNS) PC

192.168.1.101 192.168.1.102 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.1

IP
Addres
DNS 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
Server

• Click on first server, select service tab, choose HTTP and edit the index,html file and write
welcome to Facebook and save the changes.
• Click on second server, select service tab, choose HTTP and edit the index,html file and write
welcome to Youtube and save the changes.
• Click on PC, goto Command prompt and ping all the IP address.
• Click on Third server (DNS), select service tab, choose DNS, Switch on the DNS Service and
Fill Resource Records which includes Name of the server and IP address of all servers and
click on add button.
Ex: Name: facebook.com
IP address: 192.168.1.101
Name: youtube.com
IP address: 192.168.1.102
• Click on PC go to web browser, in the URL type facebook.com or youtube.com and observe
the response

a) Observe DNS lookup using the nslookup command.

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• Click on PC, go to Command prompt and type nslookup, press enter and Check the sever and
its address

26.Demonstrate troubleshooting Commands with a scenario- ipconfig, ping , netstat,

tracert, nslookup.

A) ipconfig

The “ipconfig” displays the current information about your network such as your your IP
and MAC address, and the IP address of yourrouter. It can also display information about
your DHCP and DNS servers. Let’s see the basic output of “ipconfig”:

Depending on your network connection type, you may see different output for different
connection. For example, if you are connected to the network using Ethernet (you plug in
your network cable to the RJ45 jack), you’ll see IP information in the “Ethernet adapter”
section. In our case we are connected to the WIFI (wireless) connection so we our
information there. In our case, the local IP (IPv4) of our computer is 192.168.8.103. We also
see the Subnet Mask (255.255.255.0) which we can use to find the network address. We also
see the Default Gateway IP (192.168.8.1), which is our router

However, we don’t see DHCP and DNS information. To see detailed IP information we can
use the “/all” switch together with “ipconfig” command (ipconfig /all).

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This time there’s much more information present. The IP address, the Subnet Mask and and
the Default Gateway address is still here, but this time you can also see your DHCP server
and DNS server. In our case the DHCP IP address is the same as the router address, which
means that DHCP server is currently residing on the router. DNS server is also the same as
router address which means it is also DNS server.

Information gathering is a part of troubleshooting. For example, if you’re trying to

troubleshoot the DNS server, you can beforehand type in the “ipconfig” command and find
where the DNS server is.

Network troubleshooting with ping

The “ping” command ping command allows you to send a signal to another device, and if
that device is active, it will send a response back to the sender. The “ping” command is a
subset of the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and it uses what is called an “echo
request”. So, when you ping a device you send out an echo request, and if the device you
pinged is active or online, you get an echo response.

For example, if your local computer has Internet connectivity issues, you can try to ping
your router. If you get no response then you know that the router is what is giving you
problems. Let’s ping our router IP, which is 192.168.8.1 in our example, and let’s analyze
the the printout.

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What happens is we send out four packets to the destination and the destination responds
back with the same four packets. We sent out 32 bytes of data and we got back 32 bytes of
data, and we got it back in 9 milliseconds average. From this we see that the device is alive
and see the connection stability (4 of 4 packets received). Let us ping www.google.com and
see what happens.

We got a similar printout, however, since we used domain name, we now see the resolved IP
address of www.google.com. We sent out 32 bytes of data but, because Google server is far
away it took 82 milliseconds to send and receive 4 packets from Google. We sent and
received 4 packets so the connection was stable. Finally let’s ping a device that doesn’t
exist.

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Tracert :

This command lets you see all steps a packet takes to the destination. For example, if we send a
packet to www.google.com, it actually goes through a couple of routers to reach the destination.
The packet will first go to your router, and then it will go to all kinds of different routers before
it reaches Google servers. We can also use the term “hops” instead of routers. Let’s run the
command and see what kind of results we get.

We have traced the route to www.utilizewindows.com, and we’re getting a list of each of the
routers that we’re hitting. At the end we see the IP address for utilizewindows.com server so
the trace is complete. In our case we have 13 hops before we actually reached the intended
server. The first router that we hit was our own router (we can tell by the IP address
192.168.8.1). So what is the significance of this? Let’s say your home network was perfectly
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fine but there was a problem with some router in the between, for example with your ISP
router. If there’s any problems it will try to indicate what the problem is. It could say things
like “request timed out”, “destination unreachable” or similar. However, different messages
don’t necessarily mean that there is a real problem with the device. There are several
reasons why a “Request timed out” message may appear at the end of a trace route. This is
typically because a device doesn’t respond to ICMP or traceroute requests. Also, the device
firewall or other security device could be blocking the request.

nslookup :

The nslookup command will fetch the DNS records for a given domain name or an IP
address. Remember the IP addresses and domain names are stored in DNS servers, so the
nslookup command lets you query the DNS records to gather information.

Let’s say you wanted to know the IP address of www.utilizewindows.com. You could simply
type in nslookup and type in www.utilizewindows.com. Let’s analyze this printout.

The first two lines show you which DNS server was used to get these results. Our DNS
server happens to reside on our router, so our router is also our DNS server. The answer that
we got was the IP address of the www.utilizewindows.com server.

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