Module 1 Question Bank

1)
What are the different flow control statements supported in Python? Explain all the flow
controlstatements with example code and syntax.

Soluon:

Python provides several flow control statements that allow you to control the execution flow of
your program.These flow control statements allow you to make decisions, iterate over sequences,
and control the executionflow of your Python programs.The main flow control statements in
Python are:

1. if...elif...else statement
: This statement is used for conditional execution. It allows you to perform differentactions based
on different conditions.

Example:

age = 25

if age < 18:

print("You are underage.")

elif age >= 18 and age < 65:

print("You are an adult.")

else:

print("You are a senior citizen.")

In this example, the `if...elif...else` statement checks the value of the `age` variable and prints
acorresponding message based on the condition.

2. for loop:
The `for` loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a string, list, or tuple) or other
iterableobjects.

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

This code iterates over each element in the `fruits` list and prints them one by one.

3. while loop:
The `while` loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a certain condition
istrue.

Example:

count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

This loop prints the value of `count` and increments it by 1 until the condition `count < 5`
becomes false.

4. break statement
: The `break` statement is used to exit a loop prematurely. When encountered, it terminatesthe
current loop and transfers control to the next statement after the loop.

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:

if number == 3:

break

print(number)

In this example, the loop stops executing when the value `3` is encountered, and the control flow
moves tothe next statement after the loop.

5. continue statement
: The `continue` statement is used to skip the rest of the current iteration of a loop andmove to
the next iteration.

Example:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:

if number == 3:

continue

print(number)

In this example, when the value `3` is encountered, the `continue` statement skips the rest of the
currentiteration. The loop continues with the next iteration, printing all the numbers except `3`.

2) Define exception handling. How exceptions are handled in python? Write a program to
solve divideby zero exception.

Soluon:

Exception handling is a mechanism in programming that allows you to handle and respond to
errors orexceptional events that occur during the execution of a program. Exception handling
provides a way togracefully handle error situations and prevent the program from crashing.

In Python, exceptions are handled using the `try` and `except` statements. The `try` block
contains the codethat may potentially raise an exception, while the `except` block specifies the
code to be executed if anexception occurs. The `except` block defines the type of exception it
can handle. If the raised exceptionmatches the specified type, the code inside the `except` block
is executed.

Here's the basic syntax:

try:

# Code that may raise an exception

# ...

except ExceptionType:

# Code to handle the exception

# ...

Now, let's write a program to solve the divide-by-zero exception using exception handling:

try:
numerator = 10

denominator = 0

result = numerator / denominator

print(result)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

In this example, we attempt to divide `numerator` by 0. Since dividing by zero is an invalid

operation andraises a `ZeroDivisionError`, we handle this exception in the `except` block.
Instead of crashing the program,the exception is caught, and the error message "Error: Division
by zero is not allowed" is printed.

3) Explain Local and Global Scopes in Python programs. What are local and global
variables? How canyou force a variable in a function to refer to the global variable?

Soluon:

In Python, local and global variables are used to store values within a program. The main
difference betweenthem is their scope, which determines where the variable can be accessed and
modified.

Local Variables:

Local variables are defined within a function or a block of code. They have a local scope, which
means theyare only accessible within the specific function or block where they are defined.
Local variables cannot beaccessed outside of their scope.

Example of a local variable:

def my_function():

x = 10 # Local variable

print(x)

my_function()
# Output: 10

print(x)
# Error: NameError: name 'x' is not defined
In this example, `x` is a local variable defined within the `my_function()` function. It can only be
accessedwithin the function's scope. Attempting to access `x` outside of the function results in a
`NameError` since itis not defined in the global scope.

Global Variables:

Global variables, as the name suggests, are defined outside of any function or block of code.
They have aglobal scope, meaning they can be accessed and modified from anywhere in the
program, including insidefunctions.

Example of a global variable:

x = 10 # Global variable

def my_function():

print(x)

my_function()
# Output: 10

print(x)
# Output: 10

In this example, `x` is a global variable defined outside the function. It can be accessed and
printed both insideand outside the function because of its global scope.

Forcing a Variable in a Function to Refer to the Global Variable:

We can force a variable in a function to refer to the global variable using the `global` keyword.

Example:

x = 10 # Global variable

def my_function():

global x

x = 20

print(x)

my_function()
# Output: 20
 print(x)
# Output: 20

In this example, the `global` keyword is used to indicate that the variable `x` inside
`my_function()` refers tothe global variable `x`. Therefore, when we modify `x` inside the
function, it affects the global variable itself.
4) Write a program that generates a random number between 1 and
100. The program should prompt theuser to guess the number and
provide feedback if the guess is too high or too low. The game
shouldcontinue until the user correctly guesses the number.
Soluon:

# Program to guess a random number between 1 and 100

import random

# Generate a random secret number

secret_number = random.randint(1, 100)

# Inialize the user's guess

guess = 0

# Connue the game unl the user guesses the correct number

while guess != secret_number:

# Prompt the user to guess a number

guess = int(input("Guess a number between 1 and 100: "))

# Check if the guess is too high, too low, or correct

if guess > secret_number:

print("Too high!")

elif guess < secret_number:

print("Too low!")

else:

print("Congratulaons! You guessed the correct number.")

Descripon:

This program generates a random number between 1 and 100 as the secret
number. It prompts the user to guess thenumber and provides feedback if
the guess is too high or too low. The game connues unl the user correctly
guessesthe number.

Sample Output:

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 50

Too high!

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 25

Too low!

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 35

Too high!

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 30

Too low!

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 33

Too high!

Guess a number between 1 and 100: 32

Congratulaons! You guessed the correct number.

5) Write a program that prompts the user to enter a positive integer

and prints its multiplication table from1 to 10 using a while loop.
Soluon:

# Program to print the mulplicaon table of a posi ve integer using a while
loop

number = int(input("Enter a posive integer: "))# Prompt the user to enter a

posive integer
count = 1# Inialize the count variable to 1

while count <= 10:# Iterate while the count is less than or equal to 10

result = number * count# Calculate the result by mulplying the number

and the count

print(result)# Print the result

count = count + 1# Increment the count by 1

Descripon:This program prompts the user to enter a posi ve integer and
then uses a while loop to print the mulplicaon table ofthat number from 1
to 10. It starts by taking user input and storing it in the `number`
variable.Sample Output:

```

Enter a posive integer: 7

14

21

28

35

42

49

56

63

70

6) Write a Python function called "calculate_factorial" that takes a

positive integer as input and returns thefactorial of that number.
Solution:
# Funcon to calculate the factorial of a posive integer

def calculate_factorial(n):
factorial = 1

for i in range(1, n + 1):

factorial = factorial * i

return factorial

# Main program

number = int(input("Enter a non-negave number:")) # prompt the user to enter

a non-negave number.

result = calculate_factorial(number)

print("The factorial of", number, "is:", result)

Descripon:

This program denes a funcon called "calculate_factorial" that calculates

the factorial of a posive integer using a forloop. The user is prompted to
enter a non-negave number, and the factorial of that number is calculated
and printedas the output.

OUTPUT:

Enter a non-negave number:10The factorial of 10 is: 3628800

7) Give one example each for if-else statements and while loops.
Compare and contrast Python's
if
statement and
while
loop.
Soluon:

Example of an if-else statement:

x=5

if x > 10:

print("x is greater than 10")

else:

print("x is not greater than 10")

Example of while loop:

count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

The if statement and while loop are both control ow structures in Python
that allow you to control the execuon ofcode based on certain condi ons.
The if statement is suitable for making decisions based on a condion, while
the whileloop is useful for performing iterave tasks as long as a condi on
remains true. Following is the comparison for ifstatement and while loop:

1) Purpose:

if statement:
The if statement is used for condional execuon. It allows you to specify
a condion, and if thecondion evaluates to true, the code block indented
under the if statement is executed.

while loop:
The while loop is used for repeve execuon. It allows you to repeatedly
execute a block of code as longas a speci ed condi on remains true.

Condion:

if statement:
The if statement checks a condion only once. If the condion is true, the
indented code block isexecuted. If the condi on is false, the code block is
skipped.

while loop:
The while loop checks a condion before each itera on. As long as the
condion remains true, the codeblock is executed. If the condi on becomes
false, the loop is exited, and the program connues with the next statement.

Execuon:
if statement:
The code block under the if statement is executed only once, if the
condion is true.
while loop:
The code block under the while loop is executed repeatedly unl the
condion becomes false.
Control Flow:

if statement:
The if statement can be followed by oponal else and elif clauses to provide
addional branching basedon dierent condions.

while loop:
The while loop does not have built-in branching capabilies like else and
elif. However, you can use controlow statements like break and con nue
to control the execuon within the loop.

8) Develop a program to read the name and year of birth of

a person. Display whether the person is asenior citizen or not.
Soluon:

# Program to determine if a person is a senior cizen based on their name

and year of birth

from dateme import date

def check_senior_cizen(name, year_of_birth):

# Get the current year

current_year = date.today().year

# Calculate the person's age

age = current_year - year_of_birth

# Check if the age is 60 or above

if age >= 60:

return True
else:

return False

# Main program

name = input("Enter person's name: ")

year_of_birth = int(input("Enter year of birth: "))

# Call the funcon to check if the person is a senior cizen

is_senior_cizen = check_senior_cizen(name, year_of_birth)

# Display the result based on the return value of the func on

if is_senior_cizen:

print(name, "is a senior cizen.")

else:

print(name, "is not a senior cizen.")

Descripon:

This program prompts the user to enter a person's name and year of birth. It
uses the current year obtained from the`date` module to calculate the
person's age. The `check_senior_cizen` funcon takes the name and year
of birth asinput and determines whether the person is a senior ci zen based
on their age (60 or above).
Output:

Sample 1:

Enter person's name: SanyoEnter year of birth: 1978Sanyo is not a senior citizen.
Sample 2:

Enter person's name: SarojEnter year of birth: 1960Saroj is a senior citizen.

9) What are functions? Explain Python function with parameters and return statements.

Soluon:
A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.In Python, functions are
defined using the `def` keyword, followed by the function name, parentheses for parameters (if
any), a colon, and an indented block of code that constitutes the function body.

Here's an example of a Python function with parameters and a return statement:

def greet(name):

greeting = "Hello, " + name + "!"

return greeting

# Calling the function

result = greet("Alice")

print(result)
Output:
Hello, Alice!

In the above example, we define a function called `greet` that takes a single parameter `name`.
To use thefunction, we call it with an argument, in this case, "Alice". The function executes its
code with the providedargument and returns the result. The returned value is then assigned to the
`result` variable. Finally, we printthe value of `result`, which outputs "Hello, Alice!" to the
console.

Functions with parameters

allow us to create more flexible and reusable code. By accepting differentarguments, the same
function can be used to perform similar operations on various inputs.

The `return` statement

is used to specify the value that should be sent back from the function to the caller. Itterminates
the function execution and provides the output. The returned value can be stored in a variable,
usedin an expression, or passed as an argument to another function.

10) What will be the output of the following Python code?

a)

def update_global_variable():

global eggs

eggs = 'spam'

# main programeggs = 'bacon'

print("Before funcon call - eggs:", eggs)

update_global_variable()

print("Aer funcon call - eggs:", eggs)

OUTPUT:

Before funcon call - eggs: baconAer funcon call - eggs: spam

b)

def funcon_bacon():

eggs = 'bacon'print("Inside the funcon - eggs:", eggs)

# main program

eggs = 'spam'print("Before funcon call - eggs:", eggs)

funcon_bacon()

print("Aer funcon call - eggs:", eggs)

OUTPUT:

Before funcon call - eggs: spamInside the funcon - eggs: baconAer

funcon call - eggs: spam
c)

def quiz_example_1():

global variable_1

variable_1 = 10

variable_2 = 20

# main program

variable_1 = 5

variable_2 = 15

quiz_example_1()
print(variable_1)

print(variable_2)

OUTPUT:

b) 10 15

d)

def quiz_example_2():

variable_1 = 5

print("Inside funcon:", variable_1)

# main programvariable_1 = 10

quiz_example_2()

print("Outside funcon:", variable_1)

OUTPUT:

Inside funcon: 5Outside funcon: 10

e)

def quiz_example_3():

global variable_1

variable_1 = 5

def another_funcon():

variable_2 = 10

print("Inside another funcon:", variable_2)

# main program

variable_1 = 10

variable_2 = 20
quiz_example_3()

another_funcon()

print("Outside funcons:", variable_1)

print("Outside funcons:", variable_2)

OUTPUT:

Inside another funcon: 10Outside funcons: 5Outside funcons: 20

f)

def update_list():

global my_list

my_list.append(4)

# main program

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

print("Before funcon call - my_list:", my_list)

update_list()

print("Aer funcon call - my_list:", my_list)

OUTPUT:

Before funcon call - my_list: [1, 2, 3]

Aer funcon call - my_list: [1, 2, 3, 4]

11) Write a Python function called "calculate_average" that takes a

list of numbers as an input and returnsthe average (mean) of those
numbers.
Solution:
# This is a funcon to calculate the average of a list of numbers.

def calculate_average(numbers):
total = sum(numbers)# Calculate the sum of the numbers in the list.

count = len(numbers)# Determine the count of numbers in the list.

average = total / count# Calculate the average by dividing the total by the
count.

return average# Return the calculated average.

# Main program

numbers_list = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]# Example list of numbers

result = calculate_average(numbers_list)# Call the calculate_average

funcon

print("The average is:", result)# Print the calculated average.

Descripon:

The program denes a funcon called "calculate_average" that calculates

the average of a list of numbers. It uses thesum() funcon to calculate the
total sum of the numbers and the len() funcon to determine the count
of numbers.Then, it divides the total by the count to get the average.
OUTPUT:

The average is: 6.0

12) Explain string concatenation and string replication with one suitable example for each.

Soluon:

String concatenation refers to the process of combining two or more strings into a single string.
This can bedone using the `+` operator, which joins the strings together.

Example of string concatenation:

first_name = "John"

last_name = "Doe"

full_name = first_name + " " + last_name

print(full_name)
Output:
John Doe
In this example, the variables `first_name` and `last_name` store the strings "John" and "Doe"
respectively.By using the `+` operator, we can concatenate these strings with a space in between,
resulting in the string"John Doe". The `print()` function is then used to display the
concatenated string.

String replication, on the other hand, involves creating a new string by repeating an existing
string a certainnumber of times. This can be achieved using the `*` operator.

Example of string replication:

message = "Hello!"

repeated_message = message * 3

print(repeated_message)
Output:
Hello!Hello!Hello!

In this example, the variable `message` contains the string "Hello!". By using the `*` operator
and specifyingthe number 3, we replicate the string three times. The resulting string is "Hello!
Hello!Hello!", which is then printed using the `print()` function.

13) What are Comparison and Boolean operators? List all the Comparison and Boolean
operators inPython and explain the use of these operators with suitable examples.

Soluon:

Comparison operators are used to compare two values or expressions and determine the
relationship betweenthem. These operators evaluate to either True or False, indicating whether
the comparison is true or false.

The following are the comparison operators in Python:

1. `==` (Equal to): Checks if two values are equal.

2. `!=` (Not equal to): Checks if two values are not equal.

3. `>` (Greater than): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand.

4. `<` (Less than): Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.

5. `>=` (Greater than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right
operand.
6. `<=` (Less than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right
operand.

Example of comparison operators:

x=5

y = 10

print(x == y) # Output: False

print(x != y) # Output: True

print(x > y) # Output: False

print(x < y) # Output: True

print(x >= y) # Output: False

print(x <= y) # Output: True

In this example, we compare the values of `x` and `y` using different comparison operators. Each
comparisonevaluates to either True or False, depending on the relationship between the values.

Boolean operators, also known as logical operators, are used to combine or manipulate Boolean
values (Trueor False). These operators allow you to perform logical operations on the results of
comparison operations.

The following are the Boolean operators in Python:

1. `and`: Returns True if both operands are True.

2. `or`: Returns True if either of the operands is True.

3. `not`: Returns the opposite Boolean value of the operand.

Example of Boolean operators:

x=5

y = 10

z=3

print(x < y and y < z) # Output: False

print(x < y or y < z) # Output: True

print(not x < y) # Output: False

These operators are fundamental in controlling the flow of programs, making decisions, and
performinglogical operations in Python.

14) Explain importing of modules into an application in Python with syntax and a
suitableprogramming example.

Soluon:

Importing modules in Python programming allows us to use the functionalities present in

external codelibraries. Here's an explanation of how to import modules into your application
with syntax and a suitable programming example:

Syntax for importing a module:

import module_name

Example:

Let us

write a Python program that generates a random number between 1 and 100. The program
should prompt the user to guess the number and provide feedback if the guess is too high or too
low. The gameshould continue until the user correctly guesses the number.

import random

secret_number = random.randint(1,100)

guess = 0

while guess != secret_number:

guess = int(input("Guess a number between 1 and 100: "))

if guess > secret_number:

print("Too high!")

elif guess < secret_number:

print("Too low!")

else:

print("Congratulations! You guessed the correct number.")

OUTPUT:

15) What is a function in Python? Write the syntax for defining a

function.
Solution:
A funcon in Python is a reusable block of code that performs a speci c
task. It allows you to break down your codeinto smaller, modular pieces,
making it easier to read, understand, and maintain.

The syntax for dening a funcon in Python is as follows:

def funcon_name(parameters):

# Funcon body

# Code to be executed

# ...

# Oponal return statement

return value

hon Programming

The keyword def is used to indicate the start of a func on de ni on.

• funcon_name is the name given to the funcon. It should follow the

naming convenons for variables.

•parameters (oponal) are inputs that the funcon can accept. Mulple
parameters are separated by commas.If there are no parameters, empty
parentheses are used.

•The colon (:) marks the end of the funcon header and the start of the
funcon body.

•The funcon body is indented, typically with four spaces, and contains the
code that will be executed when thefunc on is called.
•Within the funcon body, you write the logic and opera ons that the
funcon performs.

•Oponally, a return statement can be used to specify the value or values

that the funcon will output. If thereis no return statement, the func on will
return None by default.

For example, let's dene a simple funcon called greet that takes a name
as a parameter and prints a greengmessage:

def greet(name):

print("Hello, " + name + "! How are you?")

# Calling the funcon

greet("Alice")

16) What are try and except statements used for in exception
handling in Python?
Soluon:

In excepon handling, the try and except statements are used to handle
errors in a program. The code that is likely togenerate an error is enclosed
within the try clause. If an error occurs during the execuon of the code
inside the tryclause, the program moves to the start of the statements in the
except clause to handle the error. This helps indetecng errors, handling
them, and allowing the program to connue running without termina ng
abruptly.

In the given example, the funcon `spam()` is dened to perform division.

However, a ZeroDivisionError can occur ifthe second argument is 0. To
handle this potenal error, the try-except block is used. Inside the try
block, the `spam()`funcon is called mulple mes with dierent
arguments. If a ZeroDivisionError occurs during the execu on of`spam()`,
the program jumps to the except block, which prints 'Error: Invalid
argument.' Instead of terminang theprogram abruptly, it connues to execute
the subsequent statements.

Example:

def spam(num1, num2):

return num1/num2

try:
print(spam(12, 2)) # Normal division, no error

print(spam(48, 12)) # Normal division, no error

print(spam(12, 0)) # ZeroDivisionError occurs

print(spam(5, 1)) # Normal division, no error

except ZeroDivisionError:

print('Error: Invalid argument.')

In the given example, the third call to `spam(12, 0)` results in a

ZeroDivisionError, which is caught by the except block.Instead of
terminang the program, it executes the except block and prints 'Error:
Invalid argument.' This demonstratesthe handling of errors using try
and except statements in Python's excepon handling mechanism.

OUTPUT:

6.0

4.0

Error: Invalid argument.

5.0

17) Write a program that takes a number as input and determines

whether it is positive, negative, or zero.
Soluon:

# Program to determine whether a number is posive, negave, or zero

number = oat(input("Enter a number: "))# Input a number from the user

# Check if the number is greater than zero and print the appropriate
message

if number > 0:print("The number is posive.")elif number < 0: # Check if the

number is less than zero and print the appropriate message
print("The number is negave.")else:# If neither condion is true, then print
the message that number is zero

print("The number is zero.")Descripon:

This program takes a number as input from the user and determines whether
it is posive, negave, or zero. It uses an`if-elif-else` condi onal statement
to check the value of the input number. If the number is greater than zero, it
prints amessage stang that the number is posive. If the number is less
than zero, it prints a message stang that the numberis nega ve. If neither
of these condions is true, it means the number is zero, and it prints
a message indicang thatthe number is zero.

Sample Output 1:

Enter a number: 5

The number is posive.

Sample Output 2:

Enter a number: -3.5

The number is negave.

18) Name any three different data types in Python and explain each.
Soluon:

In Python, there are several built-in data types. Here are three commonly
used data types:

1) Integer (int):
Integers are used for numeric computaons and represent whole numbers.

The integer data type represents whole numbers without any decimal points.

Examples: -5, 0, 10, 100

Integers can be posive or negave and have no limit on their size.

2) String (str):
Strings are used to store and manipulate textual data, such as words
or sentences.
The string data type represents a sequence of characters enclosed in single
quotes ('') or double quotes ("").

Examples: "Hello", 'Python', "12345"

Strings are used to store textual data and can contain leers, numbers,
symbols, and whitespace.

3) Boolean (bool):
Booleans are used for logical operaons and help determine the truth value
of an expression.

The boolean data type represents a logical value that can be either True or
False.

Examples: True, False

Booleans are oen used in condional statements and logical opera ons to
control the ow of a program.

Python is a dynamically typed language, hence we don't need to explicitly

declare the data type of a variable. Pythondetermines the data type based
on the value assigned to the variable.

19) Critique the importance of indentation in Python and how it

affects program execution.
Soluon:

In Python, indentaon is used to indicate the grouping and hierarchy of

statements within control structures such asloops, condi onals, and func on
denions. Indentaon in Python is important because:

Readability and Code Organizaon:

•Indentaon improves the readability of the code by visually represenng

the logical structure of the program.

•Proper indentaon makes the code more organized and easier to maintain,
debug, and collaborate on.

Block Delimiters:

• In many programming languages, curly braces or keywords are used to

delimit code blocks. However, inPython, indentaon is used as a
block delimiter.
•Blocks of code with the same indentaon level are considered part of
the same block, while a decrease inindentaon marks the end of a block.

Program Execuon:

•Indentaon directly aects the execuon of the program. Incorrect

indentaon can lead to syntax errors oralter the logic of the code.

Code Flow and Control Structures:

Indentaon is essenal for control structures such as if-else statements, for

loops, while loops, and funcondenions.

Proper indentaon is necessary to accurately dene the body of

these control structures.

20) How does a function differ from a variable in Python? Name

some built-in functions in Python.
Solution:
Dierence between a funcon and a variable:

A variable is used to store and manipulate data. It holds a value that can be
accessed, modied, or reassignedthroughout the program.

A funcon, on the other hand, is a block of code that performs a specic

task or set of operaons. It can takeinputs (parameters), perform ac ons,
and oponally return a result.

Hence we can say that variable stores data, while a func on performs
acons or computaons.

Built-in funcons in Python:

Python comes with a rich set of built-in funcons that are readily available
for use.Some commonly used built-in funcons in Python include:

1.
print(): Used to display output on the console.

2.

input(): Takes user input from the console.

3.

len(): Returns the length of an object (e.g., string, list).

4.

type(): Returns the type of an object.

5.

range(): Generates a sequence of numbers.

6.

sum(): Calculates the sum of elements in an iterable.

7.

max(): Returns the maximum value from a sequence.

8.

min(): Returns the minimum value from a sequence.

9.

abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.

10.

round(): Rounds a oang-point number to a speci ed decimal place.

21) Define a variable in Python and give an example.

Soluon:

In Python, a variable is a named container that can hold a value. It allows

you to store and manipulate data within yourprogram. To de ne a variable
in Python, you simply choose a name for the variable and assign a value to it
using theassignment operator (=).
Here's an example of dening a variable in Python:

# Define a variable named 'message' and assign a string value to itmessage = "Hello,
world!"# Print the value of the variableprint(message)
In the above example, a variable named 'message' is de ned and assigned
the value "Hello, world!". The equal sign (=)is used to assign the value to the
variable. Then, the value of the 'message' variable is printed using the
'print()'funcon, which will output "Hello, world!" to the console.

Variable names must follow certain naming rules such as star ng with a
leer or underscore and consisng of leers,digits, or underscores.
Variables can hold various types of data, including numbers, strings, lists,
diconaries, and more.

22) Explain the difference between a string and a number in Python.

Soluon:

In Python, a string is a sequence of characters enclosed in either single

quotes ('') or double quotes (""). Strings areused to represent textual data
and are treated as a series of individual characters. They can contain le ers,
numbers,symbols, and whitespace.

Here's an example of a string in Python:

For example,

my_string = "Hello, World!"

In the above example, my_string is a variable that holds a string value

"Hello, World!".

On the other hand, a number in Python represents numerical values and can
be of dierent types, such as integers(whole numbers), oa ng-point
numbers (decimal numbers), or complex numbers.

Here are a few examples of numbers in Python:

my_integer = 42

my_oat = 3.14

my_complex = 2 + 3j
The main dierence between strings and numbers in Python is their
representaon and the operaons that can beperformed on them.
Strings are treated as text and support various string-specic operaons
like concatenaon, slicing,and string methods. Numbers, on the other hand,
are used for mathemacal operaons and support arithme copera ons
such as addion, subtracon, mulplicaon, and division.

Here's an example that showcases the dierence between a string and a

number in Python:

my_string = "42"

my_number = 42

print(my_string + my_string) # Concatenates two strings: "4242"

print(my_number + my_number) # Adds two numbers: 84

In the above example, when the + operator is used with strings,

it concatenates the two strings together, whereaswhen it is used
with numbers, it performs addion.

23) Explain the concept of an "expression" in Python with example.

Soluon:

In Python, an expression is a combinaon of values, variables, operators,

and funcon calls that evaluates to a singlevalue. Expressions can be as
simple as a single value or as complex as a combinaon of mulple
operaons.

Here's an example of an expression in Python:

x=5

y=3

result = x + y * 2

print(result)

The expression result = x + y * 2 assigns the value of the expression x + y

* 2 (which is 11) to the variable result.
The expression print(result) calls the print() func on with the value of the
variable result as an argument. It outputsthe value 11 to the console.

Expressions can also involve other operators, func on calls, and more
complex combinaons of values and variables.They are the building blocks
of any program and are used to perform calculaons, manipulate data, and
make decisionsbased on the evaluated results.

24) Identify and explain the components of a Python statement.

Soluon:

In Python, a statement is a line of code that performs a specic acon or

operaon. A statement typically consists ofone or more components as
follows:

1) Keywords:
Keywords are reserved words in Python that have predened meanings
and cannot be used as variablenames. Examples of keywords include if, for,
while, def, class, import, etc. Keywords dene the structure and ow ofthe
program.

2) Variables:
Variables are used to store and manipulate data. They are named containers
that hold values of dierenttypes, such as integers, strings, lists, etc.
Variables are assigned values using the assignment operator (=) and can
beused in expressions and statements.

3) Operators:
Operators are symbols or special characters that perform specic
operaons on one or more values.Python supports various types of
operators, such as arithmec operators (+, -, *, /), comparison operators (>,
<, ==, !=),assignment operators (=, +=, -=), logical operators (and, or,
not), etc. Operators help in performing calculaons,comparisons, and logical
operaons.

4) Funcons:
Funcons are reusable blocks of code that perform specic tasks. They
take input arguments (if any),perform operaons, and may return a value.
Python provides built-in funcons like print(), len(), input(), etc.Addi onally,
you can dene your own funcons to modularize and organize your code.

5) Control Flow Structures:

Control ow structures determine the order in which statements are
executed. Commoncontrol ow structures include if-else statements, loops
(for and while), and funcon calls. They allow you to makedecisions, repeat
code blocks, and control the ow of your program based on certain
condions.

These components come together to form complete Python statements that

instruct the interpreter on what acons toperform.

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Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B

1
Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

Module 1
Question
Bank
1)
What are the
different flow
control
statements
supported in
Python? Explain
all the flow
controlstatements
with example
code and syntax.

Soluon:

Python provides
several flow
control statements
that allow you to
control the
execution flow of
your
program.These
flow control
statements allow
you to make
decisions, iterate
over sequences,
and control the
executionflow of
your Python
programs.The
main flow control
statements in
Python are:
1. if...elif...else
statement
: This statement is
used for
conditional
execution. It
allows you to
perform
differentactions
based on different
conditions.

Example:

age = 25

if age < 18:

 print("You are
underage.")

elif age >= 18 and

age < 65:

print("You are an
adult.")
else:

print("You are a
senior citizen.")

In this example,
the `if...elif...else`
statement checks
the value of the
`age` variable and
prints
acorresponding
message based on
the condition.

2. for loop:
 The `for` loop is
used to iterate
over a sequence
(such as a string,
list, or tuple) or
other
iterableobjects.

Example:
fruits = ["apple",
"banana",
"cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)
This code iterates
over each
element in the
`fruits` list and
prints them one by
one.

3. while loop:
 The `while` loop
is used to
repeatedly execute
a block of code as
long as a certain
condition istrue.

Example:
count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)
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Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT
count += 1

This loop prints

the value of
`count` and
increments it by 1
until the condition
`count < 5`
becomes false.

4. break
statement
: The `break`
statement is used
to exit a loop
prematurely.
When
encountered, it
terminatesthe
current loop and
transfers control
to the next
statement after the
loop.
Example:

numbers = [1, 2,
3, 4, 5]

for number in
numbers:
if number == 3:

break

print(number)

In this example,
the loop stops
executing when
the value `3` is
encountered, and
the control flow
moves tothe next
statement after the
loop.

5. continue
statement
: The `continue`
statement is used
to skip the rest of
the current
iteration of a loop
andmove to the
next iteration.

Example:
numbers = [1, 2,
3, 4, 5]

for number in
numbers:

if number == 3:
continue

print(number)

In this example,
when the value `3`
is encountered,
the `continue`
statement skips
the rest of the
currentiteration.
The loop
continues with the
next iteration,
printing all the
numbers except
`3`.
2) Define
exception
handling. How
exceptions are
handled in
python? Write a
program to solve
divideby zero
exception.
Soluon:

Exception
handling is a
mechanism in
programming that
allows you to
handle and
respond to errors
orexceptional
events that occur
during the
execution of a
program.
Exception
handling provides
a way togracefully
handle error
situations and
prevent the
program from
crashing.

In Python,
exceptions are
handled using the
`try` and `except`
statements. The
`try` block
contains the
codethat may
potentially raise
an exception,
while the `except`
block specifies the
code to be
executed if
anexception
occurs. The
`except` block
defines the type of
exception it can
handle. If the
raised
exceptionmatches
the specified type,
the code inside the
`except` block is
executed.

Here's the basic

syntax:
try:

# Code that may

raise an exception

# ...
except
ExceptionType:
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ming

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3

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

# Code to handle
the exception

# ...
 Now, let's write a
program to solve
the divide-by-zero
exception using
exception
handling:

try:
numerator = 10

denominator = 0

result = numerator
/ denominator

print(result)
except
ZeroDivisionError
:

print("Error:
Division by zero
is not allowed.")
In this example,
we attempt to
divide
`numerator` by 0.
Since dividing by
zero is an invalid
operation
andraises a
`ZeroDivisionErro
r`, we handle this
exception in the
`except` block.
Instead of
crashing the
program,the
exception is
caught, and the
error message
"Error: Division
by zero is not
allowed"
is printed.

3) Explain Local
and Global
Scopes in Python
programs. What
are local and
global variables?
How canyou
force a variable
in a function to
refer to the
global variable?

Soluon:
In Python, local
and global
variables are used
to store
values within a
program. The
main difference
betweenthem is
their scope, which
determines where
the variable can
be accessed and
modified.

Local
Variables:
Local variables
are defined within
a function or
a block of code.
They have a local
scope, which
means theyare
only accessible
within the specific
function or block
where they are
defined. Local
variables cannot
beaccessed
outside of their
scope.
Example of a
local variable:

def
my_function():
x = 10 #
Local variable

print(x)

my_function()
# Output: 10
 print(x)
# Error:
NameError:
name 'x' is not
defined

In this example,
`x` is a local
variable defined
within the
`my_function()`
function. It can
only be
accessedwithin
the function's
scope. Attempting
to access `x`
outside of the
function results in
a `NameError`
since itis not
defined in the
global scope.

Global
Variables:
Global variables,
as the name
suggests, are
defined outside of
any function or
block of code.
They have aglobal
scope, meaning
they can be
accessed and
modified from
anywhere in the
program,
including
insidefunctions.
Example of a
global variable:

x = 10 #
Global variable
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Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT
def
my_function():

print(x)

my_function()
# Output: 10
 print(x)
# Output: 10

In this example,
`x` is a global
variable defined
outside the
function. It can be
accessed and
printed both
insideand outside
the function
because of its
global scope.

Forcing a
Variable in a
Function to
Refer to the
Global
Variable:

We can force a
variable in a
function to refer
to the global
variable using the
`global` keyword.

Example:

x = 10 #
Global variable
def
my_function():

global x

x = 20

print(x)
my_function()
# Output: 20

print(x)
# Output: 20

In this example,
the `global`
keyword is used
to indicate that the
variable `x` inside
`my_function()`
refers tothe global
variable `x`.
Therefore, when
we modify `x`
inside the
function, it affects
the global variable
itself.
4) Write a
program that
generates a
random
number
between 1
and 100. The
program
should
prompt
theuser to
guess the
number and
provide
feedback if
the guess is
too high or
too low. The
game
shouldcontin
ue until the
user correctly
guesses the
number.
Soluon:
# Program to
guess a random
number
between 1 and
100

import random
# Generate a
random secret
number

secret_number
=
random.randint(
1, 100)
# Inialize the
user's guess

guess = 0

# Connue the
game unl the
user guesses
the correct
number

while guess !
= secret_numbe
r:

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ming

BPLCK205B

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT
# Prompt the
user to guess a
number

guess =
int(input("Guess
a number
between 1 and
100: "))

# Check if the
guess is too
high, too low, or
correct
if guess
> secret_numbe
r:

print("Too
high!")
elif guess
< secret_numbe
r:

print("Too low!")

else:
print("Congratul
aons! You
guessed the
correct
number.")

Descripon:
This program
generates a
random number
between 1
and 100 as the
secret number.
It prompts the
user to
guess thenumb
er and provides
feedback if the
guess is too
high or too low.
The game
connues unl
the user
correctly
guessesthe
number.

Sample Output:

Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 50
Too high!

Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 25

Too low!
Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 35

Too high!

Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 30
Too low!

Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 33

Too high!
Guess a number
between 1 and
100: 32

Congratulaons
! You guessed
the correct
number.
5) Write a
program that
prompts
the user to
enter
a positive
integer and
prints its
multiplication
table from1
to 10 using a
while loop.
Soluon:

# Program to
print the
mulplicaon
table of a
posive integer
using a while
loop

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Introduction to
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ming

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6

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

number =
int(input("Enter
a posive
integer: "))#
Prompt the user
to enter a
posive integer

count = 1#
Inialize the
count variable
to 1
while count <=
10:# Iterate
while the count
is less than or
equal to 10

result = number
* count#
Calculate the
result by
mulplying the
number and
the count

print(result)#
Print the result
count = count +
1# Increment
the count by 1

Descripon:This
program
prompts the
user to enter a
posive integer
and then uses a
while loop
to print the
mulplicaon
table ofthat
number from 1
to 10. It starts
by taking user
input and
storing it in the
`number`
variable.Sample
Output:

```

Enter a posive
integer: 7
7

14

21

28
35

42

49

56

63
70

6) Write a
Python
function
called
"calculate_fac
torial" that
takes a
positive
integer as
input and
returns
thefactorial
of that
number.
Solution:
# Funcon to
calculate the
factorial of a
posive integer

def
calculate_factori
al(n):
factorial = 1

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Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B

7
Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

for i in range(1,
n + 1):

factorial =
factorial * i
return factorial

# Main program

number =
int(input("Enter
a non-negave
number:"))#
prompt the user
to enter a non-
negave
number.

result
= calculate_fact
orial(number)
print("The
factorial
of", number,
"is:", result)

Descripon:

This program
denes a
funcon called
"calculate_facto
rial" that
calculates the
factorial of a
posive integer
using a forloop.
The user is
prompted to
enter a non-
negave
number, and
the factorial of
that number is
calculated and
printedas the
output.
OUTPUT:

Enter a non-
negave
number:10The
factorial of 10
is: 3628800
7) Give one
example each
for if-else
statements
and while
loops.
Compare and
contrast
Python's
if
 statement
and
while
loop.
Soluon:

Example of an
if-else
statement:
x=5

if x > 10:

print("x is
greater than
10")
else:

print("x is not
greater than
10")

Example of
while loop:
count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

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Introduction to
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ming

BPLCK205B

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT
The if statement
and while loop
are both control
ow structures
in Python that
allow you to
control the
execuon
ofcode based on
certain
condions.
The if statement
is suitable for
making
decisions based
on a condion,
while the
whileloop is
useful for
performing
iterave tasks
as long as a
condion
remains true.
Following is the
comparison for
ifstatement and
while loop:

1) Purpose:

if statement:
The if
statement is
used for
condional
execuon. It
allows you to
specify
a condion, and
if thecondion
evaluates to
true, the
code block
indented under
the if statement
is executed.

while loop:
The while loop
is used for
repeve
execuon. It
allows you to
repeatedly
execute a block
of code as
longas a
specied
condion
remains true.
Condion:

if statement:
The if
statement
checks a
condion only
once. If the
condion is
true, the
indented code
block
isexecuted. If
the condion
is false, the
code block is
skipped.
while loop:
The while loop
checks a
condion
before each
iteraon. As
long as the
condion
remains true,
the codeblock is
executed. If the
condion
becomes false,
the loop
is exited, and
the program
connues with
the
nextstatement.

Execuon:

if statement:
The code block
under the if
statement is
executed only
once, if the
condion is
true.
while loop:
The code block
under the while
loop is executed
repeatedly unl
the condion
becomes false.
Control Flow:

if statement:
The if
statement can
be followed by
oponal else
and elif clauses
to provide
addional
branching
basedon
dierent
condions.

while loop:
 The while loop
does not have
built-in
branching
capabilies like
else and elif.
However, you
can use
controlow
statements like
break and
connue to
control the
execuon
within the loop.

8) Develop a
program to
read
the name and
year of birth
of a person.
Display
whether the
person is
asenior
citizen or not.
Soluon:

# Program to
determine if a
person is
a senior cizen
based on their
name and year
of birth
from dateme
import date

def
check_senior_ci
zen(name,
year_of_birth):
# Get the
current year

current_year =
date.today().yea
r

# Calculate the
person's age
age =
current_year -
year_of_birth

# Check if the
age is 60 or
above

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9
Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

if age >= 60:

return True

else:
return False

# Main program

name =
input("Enter
person's name:
")
year_of_birth =
int(input("Enter
year of birth: "))

# Call the
funcon
to check if the
person is
a senior cizen
is_senior_cizen
=
check_senior_ci
zen(name,
year_of_birth)

# Display the
result based on
the return value
of the funcon

if
is_senior_cizen
:
print(name, "is
a senior
cizen.")

else:

print(name, "is
not a senior
cizen.")
Descripon:

This program
prompts the
user to enter a
person's name
and year of
birth. It uses the
current year
obtained from
the`date`
module to
calculate the
person's age.
The
`check_senior_c
izen` funcon
takes the name
and year of
birth asinput
and determines
whether the
person is a
senior cizen
based on their
age (60
or above).
Output:

Sample 1:

Enter person's
name: SanyoEnter
year of birth:
1978Sanyo is not
a senior citizen.
Sample 2:

Enter person's
name: SarojEnter
year of birth:
1960Saroj is a
senior citizen.

9) What are
functions?
Explain Python
function with
parameters and
return
statements.

Soluon:

A function is a
block of reusable
code that
performs a
specific task.In
Python, functions
are defined using
the `def` keyword,
followed by the
function name,
parentheses
for parameters (if
any), a colon, and
an indented block
of code that
constitutes the
function body.

Here's an example
of a Python
function with
parameters and
a return statement:

def greet(name):
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10

Mrs. Annie
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greeting = "Hello,
" + name + "!"

return greeting

# Calling the
function
result =
greet("Alice")

print(result)
Output:
Hello, Alice!

In the above
example, we
define a function
called `greet` that
takes a single
parameter `name`.
To use
thefunction, we
call it with an
argument, in this
case, "Alice". The
function executes
its code with the
providedargument
and returns the
result. The
returned value is
then assigned to
the `result`
variable. Finally,
we printthe value
of `result`, which
outputs "Hello,
Alice!" to the
console.

Functions with
parameters
 allow us to create
more flexible and
reusable code. By
accepting
differentargument
s, the same
function can be
used to perform
similar operations
on various inputs.

The `return`
statement
is used to specify
the value that
should be sent
back from the
function to
the caller.
Itterminates the
function execution
and provides the
output. The
returned value can
be stored in a
variable, usedin
an expression, or
passed as an
argument to
another function.

10) What will

be the output
of the
following
Python code?
a)

def update_glob
al_variable():

global eggs
eggs = 'spam'

# main
programeggs =
'bacon'

print("Before
funcon call -
eggs:", eggs)
update_global_v
ariable()

print("Aer
funcon call -
eggs:", eggs)

OUTPUT:
Before
funcon call -
eggs:
baconAer
funcon call -
eggs: spam
b)

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11
Mrs. Annie
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def
funcon_bacon(
):

eggs =
'bacon'print("Ins
ide the funcon
- eggs:", eggs)

# main program

eggs =
'spam'print("Bef
ore funcon call
- eggs:", eggs)
funcon_bacon(
)

print("Aer
funcon call -
eggs:", eggs)

OUTPUT:
Before
funcon call -
eggs:
spamInside
the funcon -
eggs:
baconAer
funcon call -
eggs: spam
c)

def
quiz_example_
1():
global
variable_1

variable_1 =
10

variable_2 =
20
# main
program

variable_1 = 5

variable_2 =
15
quiz_example_
1()

print(variable_
1)

print(variable_
2)
OUTPUT:

b) 10 15

d)

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Mrs. Annie
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def
quiz_example_
2():

variable_1 = 5
print("Inside
funcon:",
variable_1)

# main
programvariab
le_1 = 10
quiz_example_
2()

print("Outside
funcon:",
variable_1)

OUTPUT:
Inside
funcon:
5Outside
funcon: 10

e)
def
quiz_example_
3():

global
variable_1

variable_1 = 5
def another_fu
ncon():

variable_2 =
10

print("Inside
another
funcon:",
variable_2)

# main
program

variable_1 =
10
variable_2 =
20

quiz_example_
3()

another_func
on()
print("Outside
funcons:",
variable_1)

print("Outside
funcons:",
variable_2)

OUTPUT:
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13
Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

Inside another
funcon:
10Outside
funcons:
5Outside
funcons: 20
f)

def
update_list():

global my_list
my_list.append
(4)

# main
program

my_list = [1, 2,
3]
print("Before
funcon call -
my_list:",
my_list)

update_list()

print("Aer
funcon call -
my_list:",
my_list)

OUTPUT:

Before funcon
call - my_list: [1,
2, 3]
Aer funcon
call - my_list: [1,
2, 3, 4]

11) Write a
Python
function
called
"calculate_av
erage" that
takes a list of
numbers as
an input and
returnsthe
average
(mean) of
those
numbers.
Solution:
# This is
a funcon to
calculate the
average of a list
of numbers.
def calculate_av
erage(numbers)
:

total =
sum(numbers)#
Calculate the
sum of the
numbers in
the list.

count
= len(numbers)
# Determine
the count of
numbers in the
list.
average =
total / count#
Calculate the
average by
dividing
the total by the
count.
return average#
Return
the calculated
average.

# Main program

numbers_list =
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]#
Example list
of numbers

result = calculat
e_average(num
bers_list)#
Call the
calculate_avera
ge funcon
print("The
average is:",
result)# Print
the calculated
average.

Descripon:
The program
denes a
funcon called
"calculate_aver
age" that
calculates the
average of a list
of numbers. It
uses thesum()
funcon to
calculate the
total sum of the
numbers and
the len()
funcon to
determine the
count
of numbers.The
n, it divides the
total by
the count to get
the average.
OUTPUT:

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14

Mrs. Annie
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The average is:
6.0
12) Explain
string
concatenation
and string
replication with
one suitable
example for each.
Soluon:

String
concatenation
refers to the
process of
combining two or
more strings into a
single string. This
can bedone using
the `+` operator,
which joins the
strings together.

Example of string
concatenation:
first_name =
"John"

last_name =
"Doe"
full_name =
first_name + " " +
last_name

print(full_name)
Output:
John Doe
In this example,
the variables
`first_name` and
`last_name` store
the strings "John"
and "Doe"
respectively.By
using the `+`
operator, we can
concatenate
these strings with
a space in
between, resulting
in the string"John
Doe". The
`print()` function
is then used to
display the
concatenated strin
g.

String replication,
on the other hand,
involves creating
a new string by
repeating an
existing string a
certainnumber of
times. This can be
achieved using the
`*` operator.

Example of
string
replication:
message =
"Hello!"

repeated_message
= message * 3
 print(repeated_m
essage)
Output:
Hello!Hello!
Hello!

In this example,
the variable
`message`
contains the string
"Hello!". By using
the `*` operator
and specifyingthe
number 3, we
replicate the string
three times. The
resulting string is
"Hello!Hello!
Hello!", which
is then printed
using the `print()`
function.

13) What are

Comparison and
Boolean
operators? List
all the
Comparison and
Boolean
operators
inPython and
explain the use of
these operators
with suitable
examples.
Soluon:

Comparison
operators are used
to compare two
values or
expressions and
determine the
relationship
betweenthem.
These operators
evaluate to either
True or False,
indicating whether
the comparison is
true or false.
The following are
the comparison
operators in
Python:

1. `==` (Equal to):

Checks if two
values are equal.
2. `!=` (Not equal
to): Checks if two
values are not
equal.

3. `>` (Greater
than): Checks if
the left operand is
greater than the
right operand.
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15

Mrs. Annie
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4. `<` (Less than):

Checks if the left
operand is less
than the right
operand.

5. `>=` (Greater
than or equal to):
Checks if the left
operand is greater
than or equal to
the right operand.
6. `<=` (Less than
or equal to):
Checks if the left
operand is less
than or equal to
the right operand.
Example of
comparison
operators:

x=5

y = 10
print(x == y) #
Output: False

print(x != y) #
Output: True

print(x > y) #
Output: False
print(x < y) #
Output: True

print(x >= y) #
Output: False

print(x <= y) #
Output: True
In this example,
we compare the
values of `x` and
`y` using different
comparison
operators. Each
comparisonevalua
tes to either True
or False,
depending on the
relationship
between the
values.

Boolean
operators, also
known as logical
operators, are
used to combine
or manipulate
Boolean values
(Trueor False).
These operators
allow you to
perform logical
operations on the
results of
comparison
operations.

The following are

the Boolean
operators in
Python:
1. `and`: Returns
True if both
operands are True.

2. `or`: Returns
True if either of
the operands is
True.
3. `not`: Returns
the opposite
Boolean value of
the operand.

Example of
Boolean
operators:
x=5

y = 10

z=3

print(x < y and y

< z) # Output:
False
 print(x < y or y <
z) # Output: True

print(not x < y) #
Output: False

These operators
are fundamental
in controlling the
flow of programs,
making decisions,
and
performinglogical
operations in
Python.
14) Explain
importing of
modules into an
application in
Python with
syntax and a
suitableprogram
ming example.
Soluon:

Importing
modules in
Python
programming
allows us to use
the functionalities
present in external
codelibraries.
Here's an
explanation of
how to import
modules into your
application with
syntax and a
suitable program
ming example:
Syntax for
importing a
module:

import
module_name
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Example:

Let us

write a Python
program that
generates a
random number
between 1 and
100. The program
should prompt the
user to guess the
number and
provide feedback
if the guess is too
high or too low.
The gameshould
continue until the
user correctly
guesses the
number.

import random
secret_number =
random.randint(1,
100)

guess = 0

while guess !=
secret_number:
guess =
int(input("Guess a
number between 1
and 100: "))

if guess >
secret_number:
 print("Too
high!")

elif guess <

secret_number:

print("Too low!")

else:
 print("Congratula
tions! You
guessed the
correct number.")

OUTPUT:
15) What is a
function in
Python?
Write the
syntax for
defining a
function.
Solution:
A funcon
in Python is a
reusable block
of code that
performs a
specic task.
It allows you to
break down
your codeinto
smaller,
modular pieces,
making it easier
to read,
understand, and
maintain.

The syntax for

dening a
funcon in
Python is as
follows:

def funcon_na
me(parameters)
:
# Funcon
body

# Code to be
executed

# ...
#
Oponal return
statement

return value

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•

The keyword
def is used to
indicate the
start of a
funcon
denion.
•

funcon_name
is the name
given to the
funcon. It
should follow
the naming
convenons for
variables.
•

parameters
(oponal)
are inputs that
the
funcon can
accept. Mulple
parameters are
separated by
commas.If there
are
no parameters,
empty
parentheses are
used.
•
The colon (:)
marks the
end of the
funcon header
and the start of
the funcon
body.
•
The funcon
body is
indented,
typically with
four spaces,
and contains
the code that
will be executed
when
thefuncon is
called.
•

Within the
funcon body,
you write the
logic and
operaons that
the funcon
performs.
•

Oponally, a
return
statement can
be used to
specify the
value or values
that the
funcon will
output. If
thereis no
return
statement, the
funcon will
return None by
default.

For example,
let's dene a
simple funcon
called greet
that takes a
name as
a parameter
and prints
a greengmess
age:

def
greet(name):
print("Hello, " +
name + "! How
are you?")

# Calling the
funcon

greet("Alice")
16) What are
try and
except
statements
used for in
exception
handling in
Python?
Soluon:
In excepon
handling, the
try and except
statements are
used to handle
errors in a
program. The
code that is
likely
togenerate an
error is
enclosed within
the try clause. If
an error occurs
during the
execuon of
the code inside
the tryclause,
the program
moves to
the start of the
statements in
the except
clause to handle
the error. This
helps indetecn
g errors,
handling them,
and
allowing the
program to
connue
running without
terminang
abruptly.
In the
given example,
the funcon
`spam()`
is dened to
perform
division.
However, a
ZeroDivisionErr
or can occur
ifthe second
argument is 0.
To handle
this potenal
error, the try-
except block is
used. Inside
the try
block, the
`spam()`funco
n is called
mulple mes
with dierent
arguments. If a
ZeroDivisionErr
or occurs during
the execuon
of`spam()`, the
program jumps
to the except
block, which
prints 'Error:
Invalid
argument.'
Instead of
terminang
theprogram
abruptly, it
connues to
execute the
subsequent
statements.

Example:
def spam(num1,
num2):

return
num1/num2

try:
print(spam(12,
2)) # Normal di
vision, no error

print(spam(48,
12)) # Normal d
ivision, no error
print(spam(12,
0)) # ZeroDivisi
onError occurs

print(spam(5, 1)
) # Normal divis
ion, no error

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Mrs. Annie
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except
ZeroDivisionErr
or:

print('Error:
Invalid
argument.')
In the given
example, the
third call to
`spam(12, 0)`
results in a
ZeroDivisionErr
or, which is
caught by
the except
block.Instead of
terminang the
program, it
executes the
except block
and prints
'Error: Invalid
argument.' This
demonstratesth
e handling
of errors using
try and except
statements in
Python's excep
on handling
mechanism.

OUTPUT:
6.0

4.0

Error: Invalid
argument.

5.0
17) Write a
program that
takes a
number as
input and
determines
whether it is
positive,
negative, or
zero.
Soluon:

# Program to
determine
whether
a number is
posive,
negave, or
zero

number =
oat(input("Ent
er a number:
"))# Input a
number from
the user
# Check if
the number is
greater than
zero and print
the appropriate
message
if number >
0:print("The
number is
posive.")elif
number < 0:#
Check if the
number is less
than zero and
print the
appropriate
message

print("The
number
is negave.")els
e:# If neither
condion is
true, then print
the message
that number is
zero

print("The
number is
zero.")Descrip
on:
This program
takes a number
as input from
the user and
determines
whether it is
posive,
negave, or
zero. It uses
an`if-elif-else`
condional
statement to
check the value
of the input
number. If the
number is
greater than
zero, it prints
amessage
stang that the
number is
posive. If the
number is less
than zero, it
prints a
message
stang that the
numberis
negave. If
neither of these
condions is
true, it means
the number is
zero, and it
prints
a message
indicang
thatthe number
is zero.

Sample Output
1:

Enter a number:
5
The number is
posive.

Sample Output
2:

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Mrs. Annie
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Enter a number:
-3.5

The number
is negave.

18) Name any

three
different data
types in
Python and
explain each.
Soluon:

In Python, there
are several
built-in data
types. Here are
three commonly
used data
types:

1) Integer
(int):
Integers are
used for
numeric comput
aons and
represent whole
numbers.

The integer
data type
represents
whole numbers
without
any decimal
points.

Examples: -5, 0,
10, 100

Integers can be
posive or
negave and
have no limit on
their size.

2) String (str):
Strings are
used to store
and manipulate
textual data,
such as words
or sentences.

The string data

type represents
a sequence of
characters
enclosed in
single quotes
('') or double
quotes ("").

Examples:
"Hello",
'Python',
"12345"
Strings are
used to store
textual data
and can contain
leers,
numbers,
symbols, and
whitespace.
3) Boolean
(bool):
Booleans are
used for logical
operaons and
help determine
the truth value
of an
expression.
The boolean
data
type represents
a logical value
that can
be either True
or False.
Examples: True,
False

Booleans are
oen used in
condional
statements and
logical
operaons to
control the
ow of
a program.

Python is a
dynamically
typed language,
hence we don't
need to
explicitly
declare the data
type of a
variable.
Pythondetermin
es the data type
based on the
value assigned
to the variable.
19) Critique
the
importance
of
indentation
in Python and
how it affects
program
execution.
Soluon:

In
Python, indenta
on is used to
indicate the
grouping and
hierarchy of
statements
within control
structures such
asloops,
condionals,
and funcon
denions.
Indentaon in
Python
is important
because:

Readability
and
Code Organiz
aon:
•

Indentaon
improves the
readability of
the code by
visually
represenng
the logical
structure of the
program.
•

Proper
indentaon
makes the code
more organized
and easier to
maintain,
debug, and
collaborate on.

Block
Delimiters:
•
In many
programming
languages,
curly braces or
keywords are
used to delimit
code blocks.
However,
inPython,
indentaon is
used as a
block delimiter.
•

Blocks of code
with the same
indentaon
level are
considered part
of the same
block, while a
decrease
inindentaon
marks the end
of a block.
Program
Execuon:
•

Indentaon
directly aects
the execuon
of the program.
Incorrect
indentaon can
lead to syntax
errors oralter
the logic of the
code.

ADDownload to read ad-free.

Introduction to
Python Program
ming
BPLCK205B

20

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT
Code Flow
and Control
Structures:
•

Indentaon is
essenal for
control
structures such
as if-else
statements, for
loops,
while loops, and
funcondeni
ons.
•
Proper
indentaon is
necessary to
accurately
dene the
body of
these control
structures.
20) How does
a function
differ from a
variable in
Python?
Name some
built-in
functions in
Python.
Solution:
Dierence
between a
funcon and
a variable:
•

A variable is
used to store
and manipulate
data. It holds
a value that can
be accessed,
modied, or
reassignedthrou
ghout the
program.
•
A funcon, on
the other hand,
is a block of
code that
performs a
specic task or
set of
operaons. It
can takeinputs
(parameters),
perform
acons, and
oponally
return a result.

Hence we can
say that
variable stores
data, while a
funcon
performs
acons or
computaons.
Built-in
funcons in
Python:

Python comes
with a rich set
of built-in
funcons that
are readily
available for
use.Some
commonly used
built-in
funcons in
Python include:

1.
print(): Used to
display output
on the console.

2.

input(): Takes
user input from
the console.
3.

len(): Returns
the length of an
object (e.g.,
string, list).

4.
type(): Returns
the type of an
object.

5.

range():
Generates a
sequence of
numbers.

6.

sum():
Calculates the
sum of
elements in an
iterable.

7.

max(): Returns
the maximum
value from a
sequence.
8.

min(): Returns
the minimum
value from a
sequence.

9.
abs(): Returns
the absolute
value of a
number.

10.
round(): Rounds
a oang-
point number to
a specied
decimal place.

21) Define a
variable in
Python and
give an
example.
Soluon:

In Python, a
variable is a
named
container that
can hold a
value. It allows
you to store and
manipulate data
within
yourprogram.
To dene a
variable
in Python, you
simply choose
a name for the
variable and
assign a value
to it using
theassignment
operator (=).

Here's an
example of
dening a
variable in
Python:

# Define a
variable named
'message' and
assign a string
value to
itmessage =
"Hello, world!"#
Print the value of
the
variableprint(mes
sage)
In the above
example, a
variable named
'message' is
dened and
assigned
the value
"Hello, world!".
The equal sign
(=)is used to
assign the value
to the variable.
Then, the value
of the
'message'
variable
is printed using
the
'print()'funcon,
which will
output "Hello,
world!" to the
console.

ADDownload to read ad-free.

Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B
21

Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

Variable names
must follow
certain naming
rules such as
starng with a
leer
or underscore
and consisng
of leers,digits,
or underscores.
Variables can
hold various
types of data,
including
numbers,
strings, lists,
diconaries,
and more.

22) Explain
the
difference
between a
string and a
number in
Python.
Soluon:

In Python, a
string is a
sequence of
characters
enclosed in
either single
quotes ('') or
double quotes
("").
Strings areused
to represent
textual data
and are treated
as a series
of individual
characters.
They can
contain leers,
numbers,symbo
ls, and
whitespace.
Here's an
example of a
string in Python:

For example,

my_string =
"Hello, World!"
In the above
example,
my_string is
a variable that
holds a string
value "Hello,
World!".
On the other
hand, a number
in Python
represents
numerical
values and can
be of dierent
types, such as
integers(whole
numbers),
oang-point
numbers
(decimal
numbers),
or complex
numbers.
Here are a few
examples of
numbers in
Python:

my_integer = 42

my_oat =
3.14
my_complex =
2 + 3j

The main
dierence
between strings
and numbers in
Python is their
representaon
and the
operaons that
can
beperformed on
them.
Strings are
treated as text
and
support various
string-specic
operaons like
concatenaon,
slicing,and
string methods.
Numbers, on
the other hand,
are used for
mathemacal
operaons and
support
arithmecopera
ons such as
addion,
subtracon,
mulplicaon,
and division.
Here's an
example that
showcases the
dierence
between a
string and a
number
in Python:
my_string =
"42"

my_number =
42

print(my_string
+ my_string) #
Concatenates
two strings:
"4242"

print(my_numb
er
+ my_number)
# Adds two
numbers: 84
In the above
example, when
the + operator
is used
with strings,
it concatenates
the two
strings together
, whereaswhen
it is used
with numbers, it
performs
addion.

23) Explain
the concept
of an
"expression"
in Python
with
example.
Soluon:

In Python,
an expression is
a combinaon
of values,
variables,
operators, and
funcon calls
that evaluates
to a singlevalue.
Expressions can
be as simple as
a single value or
as complex as a
combinaon of
mulple
operaons.

Here's an
example of an
expression in
Python:
ADDownload to read ad-free.

Introduction to
Python Program
ming

BPLCK205B

22
Mrs. Annie
Sujith, CSE, JIT

x=5

y=3

result = x + y *
2
print(result)

The expression
result = x + y *
2 assigns the
value of the
expression x +
y * 2 (which is
11) to the
variable result.

The expression
print(result)
calls the print()
funcon with
the value of the
variable result
as an argument.
It outputsthe
value 11 to the
console.

Expressions can
also involve
other operators,
funcon calls,
and more
complex
combinaons of
values and
variables.They
are the
building blocks
of any program
and are used
to perform
calculaons,
manipulate
data, and make
decisionsbased
on
the evaluated
results.
24) Identify
and explain
the
components
of a Python
statement.
Soluon:
In Python, a
statement is a
line of code that
performs a
specic acon
or operaon. A
statement
typically
consists ofone
or
more componen
ts as follows:

1) Keywords:
Keywords are
reserved words
in Python
that have
predened
meanings and
cannot be
used as
variablenames.
Examples of
keywords
include if, for,
while, def,
class, import,
etc. Keywords
dene
the structure
and ow ofthe
program.

2) Variables:
 Variables are
used to store
and manipulate
data. They are
named
containers that
hold values of
dierenttypes,
such
as integers,
strings,
lists, etc.
Variables are
assigned values
using the
assignment
operator
(=) and can
beused
in expressions
and statements.

3) Operators:
Operators are
symbols or
special characte
rs that perform
specic
operaons on
one or more
values.Python
supports
various types of
operators, such
as arithmec
operators (+, -,
*, /),
comparison
operators (>, <,
==, !
=),assignment
operators (=,
+=, -=),
logical operator
s (and, or, not),
etc. Operators
help in
performing
calculaons,co
mparisons, and
logical
operaons.

4) Funcons:
 Funcons are
reusable blocks
of code that
perform
specic tasks.
They take input
arguments (if
any),perform
operaons, and
may return a
value. Python
provides built-in
funcons like
print(), len(),
input(),
etc.Addionally,
you can dene
your own
funcons to
modularize and
organize your
code.

5) Control Flow
Structures:
Control
ow structures
determine the
order in
which statemen
ts are executed.
Commoncontrol
ow structures
include if-else
statements,
loops (for and
while), and
funcon
calls. They allow
you
to makedecision
s, repeat code
blocks, and
control the
ow of your
program based
on certain
condions.

These
components
come together
to form
complete
Python stateme
nts that instruct
the interpreter
on what acons
toperform.
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