What you already know

Welcome to
1. Electric and
magnetic field

YJU’S 2. Electric and

magnetic flux
3. Magnetic induction

Classes
4. Induced EMF

Electromagnetic What you will learn

WAVES 1. Faraday's Law

2. Displacement Current
3. Maxwell's Equations
4. Intrinsic Properties
S1: Introduction to EM Wave of Matter
and four basic Equations of 5. Motion of Charged
Electricity and Magnetism particle
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
For non-time varying fields:

Gauss’s law for electrostatic

𝑞
Ԧ
ර 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑆 =
𝜀0

Gauss’s law for magnetism

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑆Ԧ = 0

Ampere’s law for electrostatic

ර 𝐸 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 0

Ampere’s law for magnetism

ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝑖
FARADAY’S LAW FOR TIME VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD 𝐵(𝑡)

Electric field ( 𝐸 ) is generated due to time varying

Magnetic field (𝐵(𝑡)). 𝐸 𝐸

It is non – conservative in nature.

𝑑𝜙𝐵
ර 𝐸 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = −
𝑑𝑡
As time varying magnetic field leads to induce emf, time 𝐸 𝐸
varying electric field leads to generate magnetic field.

Electric field inside a capacitor varies as charge on it varies with time when
connected in AC circuit.
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
+ −

Consider two magnetic needles placed in a + −

circuit as shown. As the current flowing + −

through conductor produces magnetic 𝑖 + 2 − 𝑖

+ −
field, needle 1 shows deflection. It is
observed that needle 2 is also deflected
which indicates that magnetic field is 1
present in varying electric field.
𝑖
Ampere’s law for needle at 1:

Valid in non-time varying field. 𝑉 𝑡=0

Ampere’s law for needle at 2:

Magnetic field is present without any current flow as there is time varying electric
field.
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT + −
+ −

Ampere’s law for needle at 2 + −

𝑖 + − 𝑖
+ −
= 𝜇0 𝑖𝑑
2

This magnetic field due to time

varying electric field is given by
𝑖
Maxwell as a modified law:
1

𝜙𝐸 = Electric flux 𝑡=0

𝑉
Here, 𝑖𝑑 = displacement current and it
depends on rate of change of electric
flux.
𝑑𝜙𝐸 Displacement current is not visible but produces due to time
𝑖𝑑 = 𝜀0 varying electric field.
𝑑𝑡
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT + −
+ −
+ −
𝑑𝜙𝐸 𝑖
𝑖𝑑 = 𝜀0 + − 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 + −
𝑖𝑑

Generalization made by Maxwell

The source of a magnetic field is not just 𝑖
the conduction electric current, but also
the time rate of change of electric field.

The total current 𝑖 is the sum of the

conduction current 𝑖𝑐 and the displacement 𝑉
current 𝑖𝑑 .

𝑖 = 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑

Outside capacitor 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑐 , 𝑖𝑑 = 0
Inside capacitor 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑑 , 𝑖𝑐 = 0
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT + −
+ −
+ −
𝑑𝜙𝐸 𝑖
𝑖𝑑 = 𝜀0 + − 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 + −
𝑖𝑑
There are two methods of producing Magnetic
field.
Due to flow of electron which is known 𝑖
as conduction current.
Due to changing electric field which
is known as displacement current.
𝑉
𝑑𝜙𝐸
ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑐 + 𝜇0 𝜀0 = 𝜇0 (𝑖𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 )
𝑑𝑡
Modified Ampere’s law or
Maxwell- Ampere Circuital law
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT CURRENT + −
+ −

Ampere’s law for loop 1: + −

𝑖 + − 𝑖
+ −
2
𝜎 𝑞 𝑞
E.F.= = = 2
𝜖0 𝐴𝜖0 𝜋𝑟 𝜖0
Modified Ampere’s law for loop 2: 𝑖
1
Here,

………(1)
𝑡=0
𝑉
We have,

𝑑𝜙𝐸 1 𝑑𝑞 1 From this analysis, displacement

Differentiating, = = 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝜖0 𝑑𝑡 𝜖0 𝑐 current is same as conduction current.

Putting in (1),we get:

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Unification of theories of electricity and magnetism.

Gauss’s law for electrostatic

𝑞
Ԧ
ර 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑆 =
𝜀0

Gauss’s law for magnetism

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑆Ԧ = 0 (1831-1879)

Faraday’s law of emf

𝑑𝜙𝐵
Ԧ
ර 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 = −
𝑑𝑡

Ampere - Maxwell law

𝑑𝜙𝐸
ර 𝐵 . 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑐 + 𝜀0 𝜇0
𝑑𝑡
 In charging a parallel plate capacitor of capacity 10 𝜇𝐹, rate of change of
potential is 100 𝑉/𝑠. If plate area of the capacitor is 10 × 10−2 𝑚2, then find:
(i) Average conduction current at that time.
(ii) Average displacement current at that time.

SOLUTION
Given, Displacement current,
EXAMPLE

……..(1)
We have,
Ele. Flux,

Differentiating,

Putting in (1), we get,

𝑖𝑐 = 10−3 𝐴, 𝑖𝑑 = 10−3 𝐴
 A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates of radius 1 𝑚 has a capacitance
of 1 𝑛𝐹. At 𝑡 = 0, it is connected for charging in series with a resistor 𝑟 = 1 𝑀Ω
across a 2 𝑉 battery. Calculate the magnetic field at a point 𝑃, halfway between
the centre and the periphery of the plates, after 𝑡 = 10−3 𝑠.Take 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉[1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 ]

SOLUTION 𝑟 = 1 𝑚 𝐶 = 1 𝑛𝐹 𝑡 = 10−3 𝑠
Applying modified Ampere’s law at point 𝑃, 𝑃
+𝑞 −𝑞
EXAMPLE

… . . (1)
𝑃 𝑟 𝑂
Here, electric flux,

1 𝑀Ω

2𝑉
 Displacement current, 𝑟 = 1 𝑚 𝐶 = 1 𝑛𝐹 𝑡 = 10−3 𝑠 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉[1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 ]

(∵ )
𝑃
+𝑞 −𝑞
Given, 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉[1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 ]
Time constant, 𝜏 𝑂
𝑟

𝑠
SOLUTION

Charge at 𝑡 = 10−3 𝑠, These are the value of

charge and current after
one time constant
1 𝑀Ω

Now, equation (1) becomes, 2𝑉

𝑅 𝑖 𝑅 1 2
𝐵 ∙ 2𝜋 = 𝜇0 𝐵 ⋅ 2𝜋 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 × × 0.37 ×
2 4 2 4 1 × 106

𝐵 = 0.74 × 10−13 𝑇
|𝐵| = 0.74 × 10−13 𝑇
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
For free space(vacuum) there are no charges and no conduction current.

Gauss’s law for electrostatic

=0

Gauss’s law for magnetism

Faraday’s law of emf

Ampere - Maxwell law

ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 0
INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Mass Charge

𝑚 +
Produces and experiences Produces and experiences
gravitational effect. both electric and magnetic
effect.
MOTION OF A CHARGE PARTICLE
At rest 𝑣Ԧ = 0
Produces only electrostatic electric
field.

Charge

+ Uniform Motion 𝑣Ԧ = Constant

Produces both electric and magnetic field.

Accelerated Motion 𝑣Ԧ ≠ Constant

Produces time varying electric and
magnetic field.
ACCELERATED MOTION OF A CHARGE PARTICLE

Time varying 𝐸Ԧ Faraday’s law

𝑘 Ԧ
Time varying 𝐵(curly)

Ampere-Maxwell
Time varying 𝐵Ԧ
law

Ԧ
Time varying 𝐸(curly)
ACCELERATED MOTION OF A CHARGE PARTICLE
The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
thus regenerate each other, and electromagnetic
energy starts propagating through the space,
which is called ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.

The energy associated with the propagating wave comes at the expense of the energy
of the source.
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS

The equation of electric field and magnetic field that satisfies above
differential equations are:
𝑥
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔 𝑡 −
𝑐
𝑥
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑍 = 𝐵0 sin 𝜔 𝑡 −
𝑐

𝐸0
In this case, wave or energy is
𝐵0 propagating in 𝑥-direction.