केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

शिक्षा एवं प्रशिक्षण का आं चशिक संस्थान, चंडीगढ़

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH

अध्ययन सामग्री / STUDY MATERIAL

कऺा / Class – बारहवीीं/ TWELVE(XII)

ववषय / Subject – अनुप्रयुक्त गणित/ APPLIED MATHEMATICS
ववषय कोड / Subject Code - 241

तैयारकताा / Prepared By
ऩी.जी.टी (गणित )
चंडीगढ़, दे हयादन
ू ,ददल्री , गुरुग्राभ एवं जम्भू संबाग
अनप्र
ु मक्
ु त गणित के लरए अध्ममन साभग्री औय भॉड्मर
ू
के ववकास ऩय 3 ददवसीम कामयशारा के दौयान
01 नवम्फय से 03 नवम्फय 2022 तक

PGT(MATHEMATICS)
CHANDIGARH, DEHRADUN, DELHI, GURUGRAM & JAMMU REGION
DURING 3 DAY WORKSHOP ON DEVELOPMENT OF STUDY MATERIAL
& MODULES FOR APPLIED MATHEMATICS
From 01 November to 03 November 2022

लशऺा एवं प्रलशऺि का आंचलरक संस्थान , चंडीगढ़

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH
सेक्टय-33 सी, चंडीगढ़ / SECTOR-33C, CHANDIGARH
वेफसाइट / Website : zietchandigarh.kvs.gov.in
ई-भेर / e-mail :[email protected] दयू बाष / Phone : 0172-2621302, 2621364
 हभाये संयऺक

श्रीभती ननधध ऩांड,े आईआईएस Mrs. NIDHI PANDEY, IIS

आमुक्त COMMISSIONER

श्री एन. आय. भुयरी Mr. N R MURALI

संमक्
ु त आमक्
ु त (शैक्षऺक) JOINT COMMISSIONER(ACADEMICS)

श्री सत्म नायामि गुलरमा Mr. SATYA NARAIN GULIA

संमक्
ु त आमक्
ु त (ववत्त) JOINT COMMISSIONER (FINANCE)

श्रीभती अजीता रोंग्जभ Mrs. AJEETA LONGJAM

संमुक्त आमुक्त (प्रशासन-I) JOINT COMMISSIONER (ADMIN-I)

डॉ. जमदीऩ दास Dr. JAIDEEP DAS

संमक्
ु त आमक्
ु त (प्रशासन) JOINT COMMISSIONER (ADMIN)

डा. ऩी दे वाकुभाय Dr. P. DEVAKUMAR

संमक्
ु त आमक्
ु त (कालभयक) JOINT COMMISSIONER (PERS)

सश्र
ु ी चंदना भंडर Ms. CHANDANA MANDAL
संमुक्त आमुक्त (प्रलशऺि) JOINT COMMISSIONER (TRAINING)
 शनदे िक महोदय का संदेि

ववद्माधथयमों की शैक्षऺक प्रगनत को ध्मान भें यखते हुए उऩमोगी अध्ममन साभग्री उऩरब्ध
कयाना हभाया भहत्त्वऩि
ू य उद्दे श्म है । इससे न केवर उन्हें अऩने रक्ष्म को प्राप्त कयने भें सयरता
एवं सुववधा होगी फल्ल्क वे अऩने आंतरयक गुिों एवं अलबरुधचमों को ऩहचानने भें सऺभ होंगे। फोडय
ऩयीऺा भें अधधकतभ अंक प्राप्त कयना हय एक ववद्माथी का सऩना होता है । इस संफंध भें तीन
प्रभुख आधाय स्तंबों को एक कड़ी के रूऩ भें दे खा जाना चादहए- अवधायिात्भक स्ऩष्टता, प्रासंधगक
ऩरयधचतता एवं आनुप्रमोधगक ववशेषऻता।

याष्रीम लशऺा नीनत 2020 के उद्दे श्मों की भूरबूत फातों को गौय कयने ऩय मह तथ्म स्ऩष्ट
है कक ववद्माधथयमों की सोच को सकायात्भक ददशा दे ने के लरए उन्हें तकनीकी आधारयत सभेककत
लशऺा के सभान अवसय उऩरब्ध कयाए जाएं। फोडय की ऩयीऺाओं के तनाव औय दफाव को कभ कयने
के उद्दे श्म को प्रभख
ु ता दे ना अनत आवश्मक है ।

मह सवयभान्म है कक छात्र-छात्राओं का बववष्म उनके द्वाया वतयभान कऺा भें ककए गए

प्रदशयन ऩय ही ननबयय कयता है । इस तथ्म को सभझते हुए मह अध्ममन साभग्री तैमाय की गई है ।
उम्भीद है कक प्रस्तुत अध्ममन साभग्री के भाध्मभ से वे अऩनी ववषम संफंधी जानकायी को सभद्
ृ ध
कयने भें अवश्म सपर होंगे।

शब
ु काभनाओं सदहत।

भक
ु े श कुभाय
उऩामक्
ु त एवं ननदे शक
 COURSE DIRECTOR

Shri MUKESH KUMAR

DEPUTY COMMISIIONER & DIRECTOR, ZIET, CHANDIGARH

COURSE COORDINATOR

Shri RAJIV RANJAN

TRAINING ASSOCIATE(Maths), ZIET, CHANDIGARH

RESOURCE PERSON

Shri ATUL KUMAR YADAV

PGT(Maths) , K V SECTOR 31, CHANDIGARH

PARTICIPANTS
S.No. Name of PGT(Maths) Name of KV Region
1 Mrs NAVNEET KAUR Sec. 29 Chandigarh Chandigarh
2 Mr SURAJ BHAN SINGH RANA 3 BRD Chandigarh Chandigarh
3 Mr. AMIT CHANDAN Pathankot No. 3 Chandigarh
4 Mr ROHIT KUMAR Ferozpur No. 2 Chandigarh
5 Ms. MONU SEHGAL Jalalabad Chandigarh
6 Mr. YOG RAJ SHARDA Gurdaspur Chandigarh
7 Mr. SHIV KUMAR Nangal Chandigarh
8 Sh. MANISH SEMWAL Uttarkashi Dehradun
9 Mr CHANDRA PRAKASH JOSHI ALMORA Dehradun
10 Smt KUSUM LATA NEGI Bageshwar Dehradun
11 Mr VIMAL KISHORE PANDEY Bhimtal Dehradun
12 Shri RAJESH KUMAR ARYA HALDWANI(S-2) Dehradun
13 Mr PERVASH KUMAR HARDWADAR BHEL Dehradun
14 Mrs RENU MUSSORIE Dehradun
15 Dr. ITI GUPTA Andrewsganj (1st Shift) DELHI
16 Shri VIJAYANT GAUR Delhi Cantt. No.2(1st Shift) DELHI
17 Mr R D SHARMA Rohini Sec - 8 (2nd Shift) DELHI
18 Mr. RAVINDER SINGH Shalimar Bagh (1st Shift) DELHI
19 Mr. SATISH KUMAR Shalimar Bagh (2nd Shift) DELHI
20 Mrs NIRPESH KUMARI Ambala No.2 Gurugram
21 Mr. O P SWAMI Gurgaon AFS I Shift Gurugram
22 Mr. BHARAT BHUSHAN Sirsa AFS No.1 Gurugram
23 Smt CHARU SHARMA Rohtak Gurugram
24 Mr A P SINGH Ambala No.3 Gurugram
25 Mrs EKTA Hisar Cantt Gurugram
26 Smt KAVITA YADAV Rewari Gurugram
27 Mr AMARJIT SINGH Palampur Gurugram
28 Mr VEERJI KOUL NO.I Udhampur Jammu
 GROUP INFORMATION AND WORK ALLOCATION

GROUP 1
S. Name of Members Designation
No.
1 Mr VEERJI KOUL PGT(MATHS)
2 Mr AMARJIT SINGH PGT(MATHS)
3 Mr. AMIT CHANDAN PGT(MATHS)
4 Sh. MANISH SEMWAL PGT(MATHS)
5 Mr SURAJ BHAN SINGH RANA PGT(MATHS)
6 Mr. YOG RAJ SHARDA PGT(MATHS)
7 Mr ROHIT KUMAR PGT(MATHS)
GROUP 2
S. No. Name of Members Designation
1 Mr R D SHARMA PGT(MATHS)
2 Mr A P SINGH PGT(MATHS)
3 Mr RAVINDER SINGH PGT(MATHS)
4 Mr SATISH KUMAR PGT(MATHS)
5 Mr KAVITA YADAV PGT(MATHS)
6 Ms EKTA PGT(MATHS)
7 Ms CHARU SHARMA PGT(MATHS)
GROUP-3
S. No. Name of Members Designation
1 Mr CHANDRA PRAKASH JOSHI PGT(MATHS)
2 Shri RAJESH KUMAR ARYA PGT(MATHS)
3 Mr VIMAL KISHORE PANDEY PGT(MATHS)
4 Mr. SHIV KUMAR PGT(MATHS)
5 Mr PARVESH KUMAR PGT(MATHS)
6 Ms NAVNEET KAUR PGT(MATHS)
7 Ms NIRPESH KUMARI PGT(MATHS)
GROUP-4
S. No. Name of Members Designation
1 Dr ITI GUPTA PGT(MATHS)
2 Ms. MONU SEHGAL PGT(MATHS)
3 Smt KUSUM LATA NEGI PGT(MATHS)
4 Ms RENU PGT(MATHS)
5 Mr VIJYANT GUPTA PGT(MATHS)
6 Mr BHARAT BHUSHAN PGT(MATHS)
7 Mr O P SWAMI PGT(MATHS)

Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications Group-1

Matrices &Determinants Group-1
Differentiation and its Applications Group-2
Integration and its Applications Group-3
Differential Equations and Modeling Group-4
Probability Distributions Group-3
Inferential Statistics Group-2
Index Numbers and Time Based Data Group-3
Financial Mathematics Group-4
Linear Programming Group-4
 INDEX
ITEM PAGE NO.
From To
1. Syllabus 2022-23 2 2

2. Study Material : Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications 3 10

3. Study Material : Matrices & Determinants 10 13

4. Study Material : Differentiation and its Applications 14 18

5. Study Material : Integration and its Applications 18 22

6. Study Material : Differential Equations and Modeling 22 24

7. Study Material : Probability Distributions 24 29

8. Study Material : Inferential Statistics 29 31

9. Study Material : Index Numbers and Time Based Data 21 36

10. Study Material : Financial Mathematics 36 40

11. Study Material : Linear Programming 41 44

 APPLIED MATHEMATICS (241)
CLASS XII 2022-23
UNIT-1: NUMBERS, QUANTIFICATION AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS
Modulo Arithmetic, Congruence Modulo. Alligation and Mixture, Boats and Streams (upstream and
downstream), Pipes and Cisterns, Races and Games. Numerical Inequalities.

UNIT-2: ALGEBRA
Matrices and types of matrices, Equality of matrices, Transpose of a matrix, Symmetric and Skew symmetric matrix,
Algebra of Matrices, Determinants, Inverse of a matrix, Solving system of simultaneous equations using matrix
method, Cramer’s rule .

UNIT- 3 : CALCULUS
DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Higher Order Derivatives, Application of Derivatives, Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue using derivatives,
Increasing /Decreasing Functions, Maxima and Minima.
INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Integration, Indefinite Integrals as family of curves, Definite Integrals as area under the curve, Application of
Integration.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MODELING
Differential Equations , Formulating and Solving Differential Equations, Application of Differential Equations.

UNIT- 4 : PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Probability Distribution, Mathematical Expectation, Variance, Binomial Distribution, Poison Distribution,
Normal Distribution.

UNIT – 5 : INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Population and Sample, Parameter and Statistics and Statistical Interferences, t-Test (one sample t-test and two
independent groups t-test).

UNIT – 6 : INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME BASED DATA

Time Series, Components of Time Series, Time Series analysis for univariate data, Secular Trend, Methods of
Measuring trend.

UNIT – 7 : FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

Perpetuity, Sinking Funds, Calculation of EMI, Calculation of Returns, Nominal Rate of Return, Compound Annual
Growth Rate, Linear method of Depreciation.

UNIT – 8 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Introduction and related terminology, Mathematical formulation of Linear Programming Problem, Different types of
Linear Programming Problems, Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, Feasible and Infeasible
Regions, Feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solution.

Grade XII (2022-23)

Number of Paper : 1 Total number of Periods : 240 (35 Minutes Each)
Time : 3 Hours Max Marks : 80
No. Units No. of Periods Marks
I Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications 30 11
II Algebra 20 10
III Calculus 50 15
IV Probability Distributions 35 10
V Inferential Statistics 10 05
VI Index Numbers and Time-based data 30 06
VII Financial Mathematics 50 15
VIII Linear Programming 15 08
Total 240 80
Internal Assessment 20
 NUMBERS, QUANTIFICATION AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
Modulo Arithmetic:
Eular’s Division Lemma:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎, 𝑏(≠ 0), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞, 𝑟 ∈ Ζ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑟 < |𝑏|
Modulo Arithmetic is the arithmetic of remainders.
𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑟
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒃 = 𝟎
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒃 = 𝒂
Congruence Modulo:
Let R be a relation on the set of integers Z defined as
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛)∀, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ Ζ, 𝑛 ∈ Ν, 𝑛 > 1}

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write the value of 21 mod 8?
2. Write the value of 3⨁8 12 ?
3. Find 11 ⊝8 3?
4. If 24 = 8(mod x), then what are the possible values of x?
5. Find the equivalence class of 2(mod3).
6. Find (576 + 789)mod 9.
7. If 57 = x (mod5), Find least positive value of x.
8. If it is 6:00pm currently. What time (in A.M or P.M) will be in next 1500 hours.
9. Find −6(𝑚𝑜𝑑7).
10. Find subtraction modulo 8 if a and b are 15 and 4 respectively.
ANSWERS
1. 5 5. {… , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, 11, … } 9. 1
2. 7 6. 6 10. 3
3. 0 7. 2
4. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 8. 06:00 am

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

12 (𝑚𝑜𝑑7).
1. Find 6
2. Find the last digit 1717.
3. Find the last two digits of 220.
4. Using modulo Find the remainder when 672+541 + 383+295 +101+86 is divided by 3
5. Find all the positive integers less than 30 forming the equivalence class of 5 for modulo 7
6. There are 81 boxes with 21 articles in each. When we rearrange all of the articles so that each box
has 5 articles, how many articles will be left out without a box?
ANSWERS
1. 1 3. 76 5. {5, 12, 19, 26}
2. 7 4. 2 6. 1
Allegation and Mixture:
𝑪. 𝑷. 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒓 (𝒅) − 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆(𝒎) 𝒅 − 𝒎
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐(𝑹) = =
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆(𝒎) − 𝑪. 𝑷. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒓(𝒄) 𝒎 − 𝒄
𝒚 𝒏
 Quantity of Pure Liquid is 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 − 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In what ratio must rice at 70/kg be mixed with rice 100/kg so that the mixture is worth 80/kg?
2. A certain quantity of water is mixed with milk priced at Rs 50 per litre. The price of mixture is Rs 40
per litre. Find out the ratio of water and milk in the new mixture.
3. In what ratio should a kind of sugar at 8 Rs/kg be mixed with another kind of sugar at 10 Rs/kg so
that the mixture be worth 9 Rs/kg?
4. The cost of Type 1 rice is Rs. 15 per kg and Type 2 rice is Rs. 20 per kg. If both Type 1 and Type 2
are mixed in the ratio of 2 : 3, then the price per kg of the mixed variety of rice is
5. In what ratio must water be mixed with milk costing Rs. 12 per litre to obtain a mixture worth of Rs.
8 per litre?
6. A container contains 40 litres of water. From this container 4 litres of water was taken out and
replaced by milk. This process was repeated further two times. How much water is now contained by
the container?
7. A vessel is filled with liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 5 parts syrup. How much of the mixture
must be drawn off and replaced with water so that the mixture may be half water and half syrup?
8. A mixture of certain quantity of milk with 8 L of water is worth 45 Rs per litre. If pure milk be worth 54 Rs
per litre, how much milk is three in the mixture?
9. 600 g of sugar solution has 40% sugar in it. How much sugar should be added to make it 50% in the
solution?
10. In what ratio must a grocer mix rice worth Rs. 30 per kg, so that by selling the mixture at Rs. 34.10 per kg,
he may gain 10%?
ANSWERS
1. 2: 1 5. 1:2 9. 120 gram
2. 1: 4 6. 29.16 litres 10. 3:2
3. 1:1 7. 1/5
4. Rs 18 8. 40 litre

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A container has 60 L of milk, from his container, 4 L of milk is taken out and replaced with water. If this
process is repeated 3 times, then quantity of milk in container left.
2. In what ratio, water must be added to dilute honey costing 240 per litre so that the resulted syrup
would be worth 200?
3. A dishonest milkman professes to sell his milk at cost price but he mixes it with water and thereby
gains 25%. The percentage of water in the mixture is:
4. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water in the ratio of 5:2 and 2:3. When these mixtures are mixed to
form a new mixture containing half milk and half water, they must be taken in the ratio :
5. Copper and Zinc are in the ratio 2 : 3 in 200 gms of an alloy. The quantity (in grams) of copper to be added
to it to make the ratio 3 : 2 is:
6. Tea worth Rs. 126 per kg and Rs. 135 per kg are mixed with a third variety in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2. If the
mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, the price of the third variety per kg will be:
7. How many litres of water should be added to a 35-litre mixture of HCl and water containing HCl and water
in the ratio of 4 : 3 such that the resultant mixture has 60% water in it?
8. A shopkeeper deals in milk and 45 litre mixture is to be distributed in Milk & Water in the ratio of 4:1. If 4
litre milk & 3 litre water will be added in the mixture then what will be the new ratio of water and milk?
ANSWERS
1. 48.78 L 4. 7 :15 7. 15 litres
2. 1:5 5. 100 gram 8. 3:10
3. 20% 6. Rs. 175.50
Boats and Streams:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑦 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝒖) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝒗) = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
2 2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Ratio between speed of boat in still water to speed of stream is 5 : 2. If 224 km is travelled by
downstream in 4 hours then find the difference between speed of boat in still water and speed of
stream?
2. Sita can row upstream at 30 km/hr and downstream at 34 km/hr. Find the average of Sita’s rate in
still water and rate of the current.
3. A boat goes 360 km upstream and returns to the same point in 35 hours. If the speed of current is
3km/h, how much distance boat will cover in still water in 6 hours?
4. A boat can travel 9.6 km upstream in 36 min. If speed of the water current is 20% of the speed of the
boat in upstream, then how much time will the boat take to travel 24.64 km downstream?
5. A boat can travel from point A to point B and return back to point A in 9 hours. Speed of the boat in
still water is 8 km/h and the speed of the stream is 4 km/h. Find the distance between A and B.
6. The ratio of speed of A and B in still water is 5 : 7. If A and B both start from the same point
simultaneously and travel downstream, the distance between them 4 hours later will be 24 km. What
will be the distance between them after 6 hours, when they travel in opposite directions
simultaneously from the same point in still water?
ANSWERS
1. 24km/h 3. 126 5. 27m
2. 17 km 4. 1.1 hours 6. 216

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The ratio of speed of A and B in still water is 3 : 2. A and B start from the same point in the river, A
goes upstream and B goes downstream. After 3 hours the stream stops flowing and A starts rowing in
the opposite direction to meet B. How much time after the stream stops flowing does A meet B?
2. A steamer can go 12 km in still water in 25 minutes. One day, it went 11.25 km upstream and
returned the same distance in downstream. If the difference between the time taken to travel
upstream and downstream was 12.5 minutes, then what was the speed of stream in km per hour?
3. A boat goes a certain distance upstream and comes back downstream to the starting point in 144
min. If the speed of the boat in still water becomes 66.67% of the original, time taken for the same
journey will be 224 min. What is the ratio of the speed of boat in still water and speed of current?
4. A man rows to a place 46 km distance and back in 11 hours 30 minutes. He found that he can row 5
km with the stream in the same time as he can row 4 km against the stream. Find the rate of the
stream.
5. A man can row 30 km downstream in 3 hours 45 minutes and 11 km upstream in 2 hours 12
minutes. What is the difference between the speed of the man in still water and the speed of the
stream?
6. There are 3 points P, Q and R in a straight line, such that point Q is equidistant from points P and R.
A man can swim from point P to R downstream in 24 hours and from Q to P upstream in 16 hours.
Find the ratio of speed of man in still water to speed of stream?
ANSWERS
1. 15 hours 3. 6:1 5. 5
2. 7.2 km per hour 4. 0.9 km/h 6. 70 km/h
Pipes and Cisterns:
A pipe connected to a tank or cistern which fills it is known as inlet pipe and the pipe connected to the
tank which drains or empties it is known as outlet pipe. When a tank is connected to many pipes (inlets
and outlets), then the difference between the sum of the work done by inlets and the sum of the work
done by outlets gives the filled part of the tank.

 Let a pipe fill a tank in x number of hours, then it can fill (1/x) th portion of the tank in one hour.
 If a pipe can empty a tank in y number of hours,
 then it can empty out (1/y)th portion of the tank in one hour.
1 1
 The portion of tank they can fill together in one hour = ( − )th
𝑥 𝑦
1
 If a pipe fills part of a tank in 1 hour, then the time taken by the pipe to fill the tank completely is x
𝑥
hours
 Two pipes can fill a tank in x and y hours respectively. If both the pipes are opened simultaneously, then
𝑥𝑦
time taken by both the pipes to fill the tank is hours.
𝑥+𝑦
 If two pipes A and B together can fill a tank in x hours and the pipe A alone can fill the tank in y hours,
𝑥𝑦
then time taken by pipe B alone to fill the tank is hours.
𝑦−𝑥
 If a pipe A can fill a tank in x hours and a pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours (where y > x), then
𝑦−𝑥
net part filled in 1 hour is .
𝑥𝑦
 If a pipe A can fill a tank in x hours and a pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours (where x > y ), then
𝑥−𝑦
net part emptied in 1 hour .
𝑥𝑦
 Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in x y, and z hours respectively. If all the three pipes are opened
𝑥𝑦𝑧
simultaneously, then time taken by all the pipes to fill it is hours.
𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥
 If two pipes are filing a tank at the rate of x hours and y hours respectively and a third pipe is emptying it
1 1 1
at the rate of z hours, then in one hour the part of the tank filled is + − .Time taken to fill the tank
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥−𝑥𝑦
is .
𝑥𝑦𝑧

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A cistern is filled by Pipe A and Pipe B together in 2.4 hours. Pipe A alone can fill the cistern at the rate
of 100 litres per hour. Pipe B alone can fill the cistern in 4 hours. What is the capacity of the cistern?
2. A cistern can be filled in 6 hours by taps P and Q. If tap R also joins them, then cistern is filled in 5
hours. Tap P can fill the cistern at twice the rate of tap Q. In what time tap Q and R fill the cistern?
3. A cistern is normally filled with water in 10 hours but takes 5 hours longer to fill because of a leak in
its bottom. If the cistern is full, the leak will empty the cistern in
4. A pipe can fill a tank in 6 hours. Another pipe can empty the tank in 12 hours. If both pipes are opened
simultaneously, the part of tank filled by both pipes in 1 hour is?
5. A tap having diameter 'd' can empty a tank in 84 min. How long another tap having diameter '2d' take
to empty the same tank?
6. A pump can fill a tank with water in 20 minutes and another pump can fill the same tank m 30 minutes.
If both the pumps are opened together, then how much time will be taken to fll the tank completely?
7. Two pipes A and B together can fill a tank in 10 minutes. If pipe A takes 15 minutes less than B to fill
the tank alone, then find the time taken by pipe B to fill the tank alone.
8. Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 6 hours and 8 hours respectively. Pipe C can empty it in 12 hours. If all
the three pipes are opened together, find the time in which the tank can be filled.
9. A pipe can fill a tank in 40 minutes. Due to a leakage in the bottom it took 60 minutes to fill the tank.
How much time will it take for the leakage to empty the full tank?
10. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in ½ hour and 1 hour respectively. A pipe C can empty the tank in 2
hours. If all three pipes are opened simultaneously, how long does it take to fill the empty tank?
ANSWERS
1. 600 litres 5. 21 minutes 9. 2 hours
2. 11.25 hours 6. 12 minutes 10. 24 minutes
3. 30 hours 7. 30 minutes
4. 1/12 th part 8. 4 hours
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. A cistern can be filled by two pipes A and B in 12 minutes and 15 minutes respectively. Another tap
C can empty the full tank in 20 minutes. If the tap C is opened 5 minutes after the pipes A and B are
opened, find when the cistern becomes full?
2. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 30 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. Both pipes A and B
are opened together for some time and then pipe B is turned off. If the tank is filed in 20 minutes,
then find after how many minutes the pipe B is turned of ?
3. A tap can fill a cistern in 8 hours and another tap can empty it in 16 hours. Find the time taken to fill
the tank, if both the taps are open.
4. A cistern has three pipes A B, and C . A and B can fill it in 3 hours and 4 hours respectively while C
can empty the completely filled cistern in 1 hour. If the pipes are opened in order at 3 P.M., 4 P.M.
and 5 P.M. respectively, at what time will the cistern be empty ?
5. A tap can fill a tank in 40 minutes and another outlet pipe can empty it in 24 minutes. If the tank is
already two-fifths full and both the taps are opened together, will the tank be filled or emptied? How
long will it take before the tank is either filled completely or emptied completely, as the case may
be?
6. A cistern can be filled by an inlet pipe in 20 hours and can be emptied by an outiet p 25 hours. Both
the pipes are opened. After 10 hours, the outlet pipe is closed, find the total time taken fill the cistern.
7. Three pipes A, B and C are installed to fill a tank. Pipes A and B opened together can fill the tank in
the same time in which C can alone fill the tank. If pipe B can fill the tank 15 minutes faster than
pipe A and 5 minutes slower than pipe C, then find the time required by pipe A to fill the tank alone.
8. Two pipes can fill a tank in 20 minutes and 24 minutes respectively and a waste pipe can empty 3
gallons of water per minute. If all the three pipes working together can fill the tank in 15 minutes,
find the capacity of the tank.
9. A tank is filled by three pipes with uniform flow. The first two pipes operating simultaneously fill
the tank in the same time during which the tank is filled by third pipe alone. The second pipe fills the
tank 5 hours faster than the first pipe and 4 hours slower than the third pipe. Find the time required
by first pipe to fill the tank alone.
10. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in 72 minutes. If all the three pipes remain opened tor 36
minutes and then pipe C is closed it took 1 hour more to fill the tank by pipes A and B. Find the time
required to fill the tank by pipe C alone.
ANSWERS

1. 7 min 30 sec. 6. 28 hours

2. 15 minutes 7. 30 minutes
3. 16 hours 8. 120 gallons
4. 7 : 12 pm 9. 15 hours
5. Empty in 24 minutes 10. 3 hours
Races and Games:
 Suppose X and Y are participating in a race.
“X gives Y a start of x metres” means Y starts the race x metres ahead of X.
“X gives Y a start of t-minutes” means X will start t minutes after B starts the race.
“X beats Y by x metres” means when X reach the finishing point, Y is x metres behind X.
“X beats Y by t minutes” means Y finish t minutes after X.
“X beats Y by x metres and t minutes” means Y is x-metres behind X and finish race t-
minutes after X.
 A game of 100 means that the person among the participants who scores 100 points first is the
winner.
“ X beats Y by 25 points” or “X can give Y 25 points” means X scores 100 while Y scores
only 75points (100-25).

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. In a 100 m race, A can give B 10 m and C 28 m. In the same race B can give C.
2. A and B take part in 100 m race. A runs at 5 kmph. A gives B a start of 8 m and still beats him by 8
seconds. Find the speed of B
3. In a 500 m race, the ratio of the speeds of two contestants A and B is 3 : 4. A has a start of 140 m.
Then, A wins by
4. In a 100 m race, A beats B by 10 m and C by 13 m. In a race of 180 m, B will beat C by
5. In 100 m race, A covers the distance in 36 seconds and B in 45 seconds. In this race A beats B by
6. In a game of 100 points, A can give B 20 points and C 28 points. Then, B can give C
7. A can run 22.5 m while B runs 25 m. In a kilometre race B beats A by
8. In a 300 m race A beats B by 22.5 m or 6 seconds. B's time over the course is
9. In a 50 m race, A can give a start of 5 m to B and a start of 14 m to C. In the same race, how much
start can B give to C?
10. In a 500 m race, A reaches the final point in 28 s and B reaches in 35 s. By how much distance does
A beat B?
ANSWERS
1. 20 metres 5. 20 m 9. 10 m
2. 4.14 km/h 6. 10 points 10. 100 m
3. 20 m 7. 100 metres
4. 6 m 8. 80 seconds
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In a 10 km race. A, B, and C, each running at uniform speed, get the gold, silver, and bronze medals,
respectively. If A beats B by 1 km and B beats C by 1 km, then by how many metres does A beat C?
2. A and B run a km race A wins by 1 minute. A and C run a km race and A wins by 375 metres. B and
C run a km race and B win By 30 seconds. Find the time that C takes to run a km race.
3. Two men A and B walk around a circle 1500 metres in circumference. A walks at the rate of 140
metres, and B at the rate 80 metres per minute .if they start from the same point, and walk in the
same direction, when will they be together again?
4. In a race of 200 metres, A can give a start of 10 metres to B, C give a start of 20 metres to B. The
start that C can give to A, in the same race is
ANSWERS
1. 1900 m
2. 4 minutes
3. 25 minutes
4. 30 metres
Numerical Inequalities:
 Any two real number associated by <, >, ≤ 𝑜𝑟 ≥ forma numerical inequality
 If a, b are positive numbers and AM and GM are their arithmetic mean and geometric mean
𝒂+𝒃
respectively, then 𝑨𝑴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑮𝑴 = √𝒂𝒃
𝟐
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2√𝑎𝑏 (√𝑎 − √𝑏)
𝐴𝑀 − 𝐺𝑀 = − √𝑎𝑏 = = ≥0
2 2 2
∴ 𝑨𝑴 ≥ 𝑮𝑴
 Properties of Linear Inequalities
For three real numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 > 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ± 𝑐 > 𝑏 ± 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0 (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐.
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0 (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 (𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠)
1 1
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 <𝑏 (𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠)
𝑎

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Insert appropriate sign of inequality:
√3(√50 + √32)_______________2√54 + 3√24
2. Insert appropriate sign of inequality:
(√3 + √8)_______________√90
3. Solve the inequality for real x:
4 − 2𝑥 ≥ 3𝑥 + 19
4. Solve the following inequality, and graph the solution on number line.
2𝑥 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 + 2 < 3𝑥 + 8
5. 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑒 need to be stored and transported at +2° 𝑡𝑜 + 8° 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 temperature. What is
5
the range of temperature in degree Fahrenheit if the conversion is given by 𝐶 = 9 (𝐹 − 32) where C
and F are temperature in degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit respectively? Is it safe to transport the
vaccine in a temperature-controlled truck, which maintains temperature between40℉ 𝑡𝑜 45℉?

ANSWERS
1. < 𝟗√𝟔 < 𝟏𝟐√𝟔
2. > √3 + √8 ≥ 2√24 = √96 > √90 ⟹ √𝟑 + √𝟖 > √𝟗𝟎
3. 𝒙 ≤ −𝟑 𝑶𝑹 (−∞, −𝟑]
4. −𝟑 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟕; (−𝟑, 𝟕]
5
5. 2 < 𝐶 = 9 (𝐹 − 32) < 8 ⟹ 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 < 𝑭 < 𝟒𝟔. 𝟒.
Yes, it’s safe to transport the vaccine by truck.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎).
2. How many litres of water should be added to 120 litres of 60% solution of acid so that the resulting
mixture will contain more than 20% but less than 30% of acid content?
3. How many litres of 25% solution of acid, should be added to 600 litres of 10% solution of acid so
that the resulting mixture will contain more than 12% but less than 15% of acid content?
 ANSWER
1. 8abc
𝐴𝑀 ≥ 𝐺𝑀 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐 ≥ 2√𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑎 ≥ 2√𝑐𝑎
⟹ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎) ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏. 2√𝑏𝑐. 2√𝑐𝑎 = 𝟖𝒂𝒃𝒄
2. Let 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of water is added to 120 litres of solution, then the total mixture is (𝑥 + 120) 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
20% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 120) < 60% 𝑜𝑓 120 < 30% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 120)
20 60 30
⟹ (𝑥 + 120) < × 120 < (𝑥 + 120)
100 100 100
⟹ 2(𝑥 + 120) < 6 × 120 < 3(𝑥 + 120)
⟹ 2𝑥 + 240 < 720 < 3𝑥 + 360
⟹ 2𝑥 + 240 < 720 𝑎𝑛𝑑 720 < 3𝑥 + 360
⟹ 2𝑥 < 480 𝑎𝑛𝑑 360 < 3𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 < 240 𝑎𝑛𝑑 120 < 𝑥 𝑖𝑒. 𝟏𝟐𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 120 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 240 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
3. Let 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of 25% solution of acid is added to 600 litres of solution, then the total mixture is(𝑥 +
600) 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
12% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 600) < 25% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 10% 𝑜𝑓 600 < 15% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 600)
12 25𝑥 10 15
⟹ (𝑥 + 600) < + × 600 < (𝑥 + 600)
100 100 100 100
⟹ 12(𝑥 + 600) < 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15(𝑥 + 600)
⟹ 12𝑥 + 7200 < 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15𝑥 + 9000
⟹ 12𝑥 + 7200 < 25𝑥 + 6000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15𝑥 + 9000
⟹ 1200 < 13𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10𝑥 < 3000
1200 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
⟹ < 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 300 𝑖𝑒. ≈ 𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟑𝟎𝟎
13 𝟏𝟑
1200
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
13
MATRICES
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
1. Definition: A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns.
2. Order of a Matrix: (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠) × (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
3. Types of Matrices:
3.1 Row Matrix: A matrix with only one row (ie. Order = 1 × 𝑛).
3.2 Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column (ie. Order = 𝑚 × 1.
3.3 Square Matrix: A matrix with number of rows equal to number of column (m=n).
3.4 Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix with 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗.
3.5 Lower Triangular matrix: A square matrix with 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗
3.6 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix with all non-diagonal elements equal to zero.( 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗).
3.7 Scalar Matrix: A diagonal Matrix with all diagonal elements equal. (𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑘)
3.8 Identity Matrix: A diagonal Matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1. (𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1)
3.9 Zero, Null Matrix: A matrix will all elements equal to zero. (𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗)
4. Equality & Operation of Matrices:
4.1 Equal Matrix: 𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓𝑓
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 & 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∀𝑖, 𝑗
4.2 Addition & Subtraction of Matrix: If matrices A=(aij) and B=(bij) are of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then the
sum/difference of matrices 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝐶 = (𝑐𝑖𝑗 ) is also of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗
 4.3 Multiplication of Matrices: If matrix A=(aij) is of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and B=(bij) is of order 𝑛 × 𝑝,
then the product of matrices AB = C =(cij) is of order 𝑚 × 𝑝 where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗
5. Transpose of a Matrix: The matrix obtained by interchanging its row and columns.
The transpose of matrix Am x n =(aij) is given by Atmxn= (aji).
Properties: (i) (𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴 (ii) (𝐴 ± 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ± 𝐵 ′ (iii) (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′
6. Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A = (aij) is said to be symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 . (𝑖𝑒. 𝐴′ = 𝐴)
A square matrix A = (aij) is said to be skew-symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 . (𝑖𝑒. 𝐴′ = −𝐴)
*The diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are Zero.(𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0)
Any matrix A can be written as sum of a symmetric matrix P and skew symmetric matrix Q, where
𝐴 + 𝐴′ 𝐴 − 𝐴′
𝑃= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = ;𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑄
2 2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If the order of the matrix is m×n, then how many elements will there be in the matrix?
2 1 −1
2. What is the order of the matrix A= [ ]?
3 0 0
3. Find the total number of possible matrices of order 2 × 3 with each entry -1, 0 or 1.
4. If matrix A is of order 2 3 and matrix B is of order 3 2 , then what is the order of matrix AB?
𝑎 −2 2 𝑐
5. Find the values of a,b,c and d if [ ]=[ ]
𝑏 7 3 2𝑐 + 𝑑
3 4 1 𝑦 7 0
6. Find x and y such that 2 [ ] + [ ] = [ ]
5 𝑥 0 1 10 5
1 4 3 2
7. If [ ] + 2𝑀 = 3 [ ], then find the matrix M.
−2 3 0 −3
0 5 −3
8. If A= [−5 0 𝑎 ] is a skew symmetric matrix of order 3, then find the values of a and b.
𝑏 2 0
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
9. If A = [ ] then find .𝐴𝐴′
−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
10. If A is any square matrix of order n then (A+A’)I is

ANSWERS
1. mn 5. a=2, b=3, c=−2,d=11 1 0
9. 𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐼 = [ ]
2. 2x3 6. x=2, y=−8 0 1
3. 36 = 729 4 1 10. Symmetric Matrix
7. 𝑀 = [ ]
4. 2x2 1 −6
8. 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 3
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
3 −2 2𝑥 −4 2
1. Find x and y, if [ ] [ ] + 2[ ] = 4[ ]
−1 4 1 5 𝑦
−1 5 𝑝 − 𝑞 2𝑝 + 𝑟
2. If the matrix X=[ ] is equal to the matrix Y=[ ] then find value p,q,r and s
0 13 2𝑝 − 𝑞 3𝑟 + 𝑠
1 2 3
3. Express the matrix A = [3 −2 1] as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
4 2 1
1 −3 2 −4
4. If A = [ ] and B = [ ],then verify (𝐴 + 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ + 𝐵 ′
−2 4 −1 3
−1
5. If A=[ 2 ]and B=[−2 −1 −4] ,verify that (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′
3
 ANSWERS
1. x = 3, y=2
2 5 7 0 −1 −1
1 1
2. p=1,q=2,r=3,s=4. 3. P = 2 [5 −4 3], Q=2 [1 0 −1]
7 3 2 1 1 0

DETERMINANTS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
1. Determinant of a square matrix A is a real number associated with the matrix.
1.1 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [𝑎] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
1.2 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
1.3 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
|𝐴| = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | = 𝑎11 |𝑎22 𝑎23 | − 𝑎12 |𝑎21 𝑎23 | + 𝑎13 |𝑎21 𝑎22 |
𝑎
32 33 31 33 31 32
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
2. Minor and Cofactor
Minor of an element is the determinant obtained by deleting the row and column of the element. The
order of minor is one less than the order of the matrix. It is represented by Mij.
Co-factor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏
3. Adjoint of 𝑨 = [ ] 𝑖𝑠 [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 ′ 𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31
4. 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] = [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33
𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31
−1 1 1
5. 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 = 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ]
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33
6. For a square matrix A of order n,
6.1 |𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛 |𝐴|
6.2 |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴|. |𝐵|
6.3 |𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
1
6.4 |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|
7. Solution of System of equations:
7.1 Matrix Method: Let the system of equation is given by
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝑦
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 ⟹ [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [ ] = [𝑑2 ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 =𝐵
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
−𝟏
𝑿= 𝑨 𝑩
7.2 Cramer’s Rule: Let the system of equation is given by
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 ⟹ [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [𝑦] = [𝑑2 ] ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 =𝐵
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
Compute ∆= |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | , ∆𝑥 = |𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | , ∆𝑦 = |𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 | , ∆𝑧 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

∆𝒙 ∆𝒚 ∆𝒛
𝒙= , 𝒚= , 𝒛=
∆ ∆ ∆
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If 𝐴 = [−5] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| =?
7 −3
2. If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| =?
−5 2
3 2 −4
3. If A = [ 6 −1 −2] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 cofactor of 𝑎23 .
−7 1 2
4. A is a scalar matrix with scalar k ≠ 0 of order 3 then find A-1.
5. The square matrices A, B, C, D and E are of same order and I is an identity matrix .If
the product 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 = 𝐼 then find C-1 .
6. A and B are two square matrices of same order. If AB = B-1 then find A-1.
7. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = −7then find the |𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴|.
8. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = −5then find the |−2𝐴|.
9. If A is a matrix of order 4 and |𝐴| = −3 then find the |𝐴−1 |.
10. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = −2then find the |𝐴 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)|.
ANSWERS
−1
1. −5 5. DEAB 9. 3
2. −1 6. 𝐵 2
10. −8
3. −17 7. 49
1 8. −40
4. 𝐼 𝑘
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2 −1
1. For the matrix A=[ ] ,Show that A2 – 4A + 7I = 0. Hence find A-1.
3 2
1 0 −4
2. Find the inverse of a matrix A= [−2 2 5 ].
3 −1 2
2 3 4
3. Find the inverse of a matrix A= [4 3 1]
1 2 4
4. Solve the following system of equations.
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 33
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = −3
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
5. Rajiv, Rahul and Raj went for shopping vegetables. Rajiv brought 500gm tomato, 2
kg potatoes and 1 kg apples. Rahul brought 1kg tomato, 1 kg potatoes and 2 kg
apples. Raj brought 1 kg tomatoes, 2 kg potatoes only. Rajiv, Rahul and Raj paid
Rs.200, Rs.310 and Rs.140 respectively. Find the cost of 1 kg tomatoes, 1 kg
potatoes and 1 kg apples.
ANSWERS
1 2 1
1. 7 [ ]
−3 2
9 4 8
1
2. 25 [ 19 14 3]
−4 1 2
−2 4/5 9/5
3. [ 3 −4/5 −14/5]
−1 1/5 6/5
4. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −2
5. 1 kg tomatoes = Rs.80
1 kg potatoes = Rs.30
1 kg apples = Rs.100
 DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS:

Increasing Function: Function f(x) is increasing on (a, b) if
x1  x2  f x1   f x2  for all x1 , x2  a, b

Decreasing Function: Function f(x) is decreasing on (a, b) if

x1  x2  f x1   f x2  for all x1 , x2  a, b

Critical Points are the points on the curves where curve changes its direction i.e. tangent to the curve
on these points are parallel to x-axis.
Monotone Function is the function which is either increasing or decreasing in whole of its domain i.e.
no critical point exists on it.
Algorithm to solve the problems:
(1)To show y = f(x) is increasing or decreasing on (a, b), find f x & show that for
increasing function f x > 0 and for decreasing function f x < 0
(2) To find intervals in which y = f(x) is increasing or decreasing in (a, b)
(i) Find f x ; (ii) put f x = 0 to find critical points like x1 & x2 etc.
(iii) With critical points construct intervals of increasing and decreasing e.g.
a, x1 , x1 , x2 , x2 , b
(iv) For each interval check value of f x by substituting values from the intervals.
If f x >0 function is increasing on the interval and if f x < 0 function is
decreasing on the interval.

Y Y

O a b X O a b X
Increasing function Decreasing function

Y Y

O X O X
Monotone function Neither increasing nor decreasing function

TANGENT AND NORMAL

Slope of a line is denoted by m and defined as m = tan  here  is angle inclination of the line.
Points to remember:
1. Slope of a line parallel to X-axis is 0.
1
2. Slope of a line parallel to Y-axis is  i.e.
0
3. Slope of a line equally inclined to the axes is  1 .
4. Two lines having slopes m1 & m2 are
(i) Parallel if m1  m2 (ii) perpendicular if m1.m2  1

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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 a
5. Slope of a line ax + by + c = o is m =  .
b
y 2  y1
6. Slope of a line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
x 2  x1
Slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point A x1 , y1  lying on it is m  dy / dx A
Also slope of normal is given by m = -1 / (slope of tangent)

Equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point A x1 , y1  on the curve
y  y1  m ( x  x1 )

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

Minimum: Function f(x) attains local minimum value at x = a if there exist a neighborhood
(a - h, a + h) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 − ℎ) < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + ℎ) > 0
Maximum: Function f(x) attains local maximum value at x = a if there exist a neighborhood
(a - h, a + h) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 − ℎ) > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + ℎ) < 0
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
Minimum: Function f(x) attains local minimum value at x = a if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0
Maximum: Function f(x) attains local maximum value at x = a if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0
Algorithm to solve the problems: (i) Find𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ; (ii) put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)= 0 to find points of maximum and
minimum; (iii) find 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥); (iv) Use second derivative test to find points of max. and min.; (v) Substitute
points of max./min. in f(x) to get local max/min values.

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES IN COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS:

COST FUNCTION: If c is the total cost incurred in producing and marketing x units of a certain
commodity, then a function relating C and x is called a cost function.
Fixed cost: It is the sum of all costs that are independent of the level of production.
Variable cost: It is the sum of all costs that are dependent on the level of production.
Supply function: A relation between the price per unit and the quantity supplied by the producer in the
market at that price is called the supply function.
Total Revenue Function: If R is the total revenue collected by a company when it sells x units of a
product at price p per unit , then R is given by R = px
Profit function : If R(x) is the total revenue received and c(x) is the total cost incurred in the production
of x units of a commodity, then the function p(x) given by p(x) = R(x)- C(x).
Break –Even Point: The breakeven point is the level production where the revenue from sale is equal
to the cost of production and marketing.
Average cost: It is the cost of producing and marketing each unit of the product.
Marginal cost: It is defined as the rate of change of the total cost with respect to each unit of product.
Average Revenue: Revenue per unit is known as average revenue.
Marginal Revenue: It indicates the rate at which the total revenue changes with respect to units sold.

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
15
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the interval in which the function f given by f ( x)  4 x 3  6 x 2  72 x  30 is decreasing
2. Find the interval in which the function f ( x)  e 2 x is increasing.

3. Find the interval in which f ( x)  x 2 e  x is increasing.

4. Let f have second derivative at c such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and

𝑓 ′′ (𝑐)> 0, then c is a point of ______
5. Find the value of ‘a’ for which f (x) = x 3 – ax is an increasing function of R.
6. Find the value of ‘b’ for which f (x) = x 2 + b x + 1 is an increasing on [1, 2].
7. Show that function f x   x 3  x 2  7 x  3 do not have any maximum or minimum value.
8. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose square is minimum.
9. Show that among the rectangle of given perimeter, the square has the greatest area.
10. It is given that at x = 1, the function x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 attains its maximum value, on the interval [0,
2]. Find the value of a .

ANSWERS

1. [-2,3] 2. All real numbers R 3. (0, 2) 4. Local Minima 5. a  0 6. b   2 8. 9, 6

10. a = 52

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

2x
1. Show that y  log(1  x)  , x  1, is an increasing function throughout its domain.
2 x
2. Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on (0, ) .
3. Prove that the function f ( x)  x 3  3x 2  3x  100 is increasing in R.
log x
4. Show that the function given by f ( x)  has maximum at x=e.
x
5. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting off
squares from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible.?
6. Find the point at which the tangent to the curve y  4 x  3  1 has its slope 2/3.

7. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y 2 = 4 a x at (at 2, 2at)

8. Find the points on the curve y = x 3 at which slope of the tangent is equal to the ordinate of the
point.
9. If the line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the curve y 2 = 4x find the value of m.
10. Prove that the curves x  y 2 and xy  k cut at right angles if 8k 2  1
11. For manufacturing a certain item the fixed cost is Rs 9000 and the variable cost of producing
each unit is Rs 30. The average cost of producing 60 units is
(a)Rs 150 (b) Rs 180 (c) Rs 240 (d) Rs 120
(a) If the selling price of a commodity is fixed at Rs 45 and the cost function is C(x) = 30x+240,
then the break even point is X=10 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 16
12. The demand function of a monopolist is given by x= 100-4p .The quantity at which the marginal
revenue will be zero
(a) 25 (b) 10 (c) 50 (d) 40
13. If the total cost function is given by c(x)= 10x-7x +3x3 , then marginal average cost is given by
2

(a) 10-14x +9x2 (b) 10-7x +3x2 (c) -7+6x (d) -14+18x

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
16
 80−𝑥
14. If the demand function for a product is p= 4 , where x is the number of units and p is the
price per unit , then the value of x for which the revenue will be maximum is
(a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 80
15. A company has fixed cost of Rs 26000 . The cost of producing one item is Rs 30. If this item
sells for Rs 43 , find the break-even point.

ANSWERS

5. 5 6. (3, 2) 7. t y – x = a t 2 8. (0,0),(3,27) 9. m =1 11. (c) Rs 240 12. (d) 16

13. (c) 50 14. (c) -7+6x 15. (a)40 16. 2000 items

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a function f given by f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x +1
on the interval [1, 5].
2. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so that its
depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq metres for the base and Rs 45
per square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank?
3. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
4. The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is k, where k is some constant. Prove that the sum of
their areas is least when the side of square is double the radius of the circle.
5. Show that the height of cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘a’ is
2a
.
3
8
6. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of the
27
volume of the sphere.
7. Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume is
Sin-1(1/3).

8. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal to √2
time the radius of base.
9. Show the height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular cone of
height h and semi vertical angle  is one third that of the cone and the greatest volume of cylinder is
4 3
h tan 2 
27
10. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total perimeter of
the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit max light through the whole
opening.
1
11. The cost function for a certain commodity is 𝐶(𝑥) = 12 + 3𝑥 − 3 𝑥 2 . 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 Fixed
cost, variable cost and average cost when 3 units are produced.
12. A company is selling a certain product. The demand function for the product is linear. The company
can sell 2000 units when the price is Rs. 8 per unit and it can sell 3000 units when the price is Rs. 4
per unit. Determine: (i) the demand function (ii) the total revenue function
13. The price of selling one unit of a product when x units are demanded is given by the equation 𝑝 =
4000 − 2𝑥. The fixed costs of product are Rs. 20000 and Rs. 1484 per unit as the cost of
production.Find the level of sales at which the company can expect to cover its costs.

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
17
 50
14. For a monopolist’s product , the demand function is 𝑝 = and average cost function AC=0.5 +
√𝑥
2000
.Find the profit maximising level of output. At this level , show that the marginal revenue and
𝑥
marginal cost are equal.
15. If 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 represent the total cost function ,find : (i) Slope of average cost curve (ii)
slope of marginal cost curve
16. A manufacturer produces computers data storage floppies at the rate ox x units per week and his total
𝑥3
cost of production and marketing is 𝐶(𝑥) = 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 30.Find the optimal number of
floppies produced per week at which the marginal cost and average variable cost attain their
respective minima.
17. There are 60 newly built apartments. At a rent of Rs. 450 per month all will occupied. However, one
apartment will be vacant for each Rs. 15 increase in rent. An occupied apartment requires Rs 60 per
month for maintenance. Find the relationship between the profit and number of unoccupied
apartments. What is the number of vacant apartments for which profit is maximum?

ANSWERS:

1. absolute maximum value 56, absolute minimum value 24 2. Rs. 1000

20 10
10. Length = m, breadth m
 4  4
11. TC =Rs. 18,FC= Rs. 12 ,VC =Rs 6, AC= Rs 6
𝑥 𝑥2
12(i) p= 16 − 250 (ii) R(x)= 16𝑥 − 250
13. Breakpoint points are x= 8, 1250.Hence, the company must produce at least 8 units to cover its cost.
14. P(x) is maximum when x=2500, MR=MC when x =2500
𝑐
15. (i) 𝑎 − 𝑥 2 (ii) 2a
16. AVC is minimum when 15 floppies are produced and marketed.
17. Maximum profit is obtained when 17 apartments remain vacant.
INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
x n 1
*  x dx 
n
C dx 1 x a
n 1 *  log  C, if x > a
* 1.dx  x  C x a 2
2
2a xa
dx 1 ax
*
1
n
1
dx   n  C 
* 2 2  log
a x 2a ax
 C, if x > a
x x dx
1 *  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
* 2 x C a x
2 2
x
dx
1
*  dx  log e x  C *  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
x x a2 2

*  ex dx  ex  C x 2 2 a2
*  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
ax 2 2
*  a dx 
x
C x 2 2 a2
log e a *  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2

*  u.v dx  u. v .dx    v.dx du
dx
.dx *  f1 (x)  f 2 (x)  ..........f n (x)dx

*   f (x) dx    f (x) dx  C =  f1 (x)dx   f 2 (x)dx  ..........  f n (x)dx

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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 DEFINITE INTEGRALS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
b b b
*  f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a), where F(x) =  f(x) dx , *  f ( x ) dx =  f ( t ) dx
a a a
b b b c b
*  f ( x ) dx = –  f ( x ) dx *  f ( x ) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx
a a a a c
b b a a
*  f(x) dx =  f(a + b  x) dx *  f(x) dx =  f(a  x) dx
a a 0 0

a  a

*  f(x) dx = 2 f(x)dx, if f(x) is an even function of x.

0
a 
 0 if f(x) is an odd function of x

 a
*  f(x) dx =  
if f(2a  x)  f(x).
2a
2 f(x)dx,
0
.
0 
 0 if f(2a  x)  f(x)
* Cost Function, C(x) = ∫ MC(x)dx where MC is Marginal Cost
* Revenue Function, R(x) = ∫ MR(x)dx where MR is Marginal Revenue
𝑥
* Consumers’ Surplus, CS = ∫0 0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥– p0x0 where f(x) is the demand curve
𝑥
* Producers’ Surplus, PS = p0x0 – ∫0 0 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , where g(x) is the supply curve
* The equilibrium price is the price where the amount of the product that consumers want to buy
(quantity demanded) is equal to the amount producers want to sell (quantity supplied). This mutually
desired amount is called the equilibrium quantity.
Indefinite Integration

Short Answer Type Questions

1 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑥 𝑒 6𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 −𝑒 5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

Q1.∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 Q2.∫ log 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q4.∫ 𝑒 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 −𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q5.∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥−1 1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 1
Q6.∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q7.∫(√𝑥 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 Q8.∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q9.∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 √ √𝑥 √(𝑥+1)+√𝑥
1
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q11.∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥 Q12.∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑥+3)−√(𝑥+2)

1
Q13.∫ (2−7𝑥)4dx Q14.∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 Q15.∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 Q16.∫(𝑥 + 3)√𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
3
(𝑥−1) 1 3
Q17.∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q18.∫ (𝑒 𝑥 +1)(𝑒 −𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 Q19.∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q20.∫ 𝑥 5 (1 + 𝑥 6 )2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+1
(1+√𝑥)𝑛 ) 𝑥+1 1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
Q21.∫ 𝑑𝑥 Q22.∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 Q23. ∫ 𝑥(1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Q24.∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 2
Q25.∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q26. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q27.∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q28.∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
Q29.∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q30.∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Answers
3 5
−2 𝑥3 2 2 𝑥3
Q1. +𝑐 Q2. 𝑥 + 𝑐 Q3.2√𝑥 + 𝑐 Q4. + 𝑐 Q5.3 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 Q6. +𝑥+𝑐
√ 𝑥 3 3

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 5 3 3 3
𝑥2 2 2 2 2
Q7. 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐 Q8. 5 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 2 − 4√𝑥+c Q9. 3 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

3 3 5 3
2 2 2 4
Q10. 3 (𝑥 + 3)2 + 3 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐 Q11. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3/3+c Q12. 5 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐
5 3
1 𝑒 2𝑥+3 1 1 2 2
Q13.21(2−7𝑥)3 + 𝑐 Q14. + 𝑐 Q15.2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 Q16. 5 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 3 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐
3
3 1 3 5
2 −1 𝑒𝑥 1
Q17. 3 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐 2 Q18. (𝑒 𝑥 +1) + 𝑐 Q19. + 𝑐 Q20.15 (1 + 𝑥 6 )2 + 𝑐
3
2(1+√𝑥)𝑛+1 ) 1 (𝑥+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)3
Q21. + 𝑐 Q22.2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐 Q23. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑐 Q24. + 𝑐 Q25.
(𝑛+1) 3
1 2
log(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑐 Q26.2 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 Q27.𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 Q28.(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1
Q29. 𝑛+1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − (𝑛+1)2 + 𝑐 30. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 1) + 𝑐

Long Answer Type Questions:

1 2𝑥−1 1−𝑥 5𝑥+4
Q1.∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 Q2. ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥 Q3.∫ 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Q4. ∫ (𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥−2 2𝑥 3𝑥+2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 1
Q5. ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥 Q6.∫ (𝑥 2 +1)+(𝑥 2 +2) 𝑑𝑥 Q7.∫ 𝑥 2 +5𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥 Q8.∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−3)
Q10.∫ (𝑥−1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Answers:
1 1 −1 1 1
Q1.4 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 1) − 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐 Q2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 1) − 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 2) + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑐
6

1 3 1 −5
Q3.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑐 Q4. 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 1) + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 1) − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐 Q5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 +
9
5 4 (𝑥 2 +1) 5 16
1) + 9 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 2) − 3(𝑥−2) + 𝑐 Q6.𝑙𝑜𝑔 ((𝑥 2 +2)) + 𝑐 Q7. 7 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 6) + 𝑐
7
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑒𝑥
Q8.(𝑥+1) + 𝑐 Q9.𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑐 Q10.(𝑥−1)2 + 𝑐
𝑒𝑥

Definite Integral

Short Answer type

4 2𝑥+3 1 4 1 1 1 2
Q1. ∫3 𝑑𝑥 Q2.∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q3.∫1 (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 Q4.∫0 𝑑𝑥 5.∫1 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 √ 𝑥 √𝑥+1−√𝑥
𝑒2 1 1 7 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1 𝑥 ∞ 1
Q6.∫𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q7.∫0 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 Q8.∫5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q9.∫0 𝑒 √1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10.∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1+𝑥 2 )

Answers

3 63 4√2 3 1 1 7
Q1.𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 Q2. 1 Q3. Q4. Q5.2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 4 Q6.log2 Q7.3 Q8.2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔35
8 3
3
2 4 1
Q9.3 (1 + 𝑒)2 − 3 √2 Q10.2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2

Properties Based Definite Integral

1 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 3 √𝑥 1
Q1.∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q2.∫0 𝑑𝑥 Q3.∫2 𝑑𝑥 Q4.∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥) √5−𝑥+√𝑥
4 𝑎 √𝑥 8 1 (1−𝑥)
Q5.∫1 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 Q6. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Q7. ∫2 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 Q8.∫−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎−𝑥+√𝑥

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 1 1
Q9. ∫0 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Q10.if [𝑥] stands for integral part of 𝑥 then show that ∫0 [5𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Answers
1 1 1 15 𝑎 4
Q1. 1 Q2. 2 Q3. 2 Q4. (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
Q5. Q6. 2 Q7. 9 Q8. 0 Q9.
2 15

INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the consumers’ surplus for the demand function p = 25 - x – x2 when p0= 19.
10
2. The demand function for a commodity is p = 𝑥+1. Find the consumers’ surplus when the prevailing
market price is 5
3. The supply function for a commodity is p = x2 + 4x + 5 where x denotes supply. Find the producers’
surplus when the price is 10.
4. If the demand function for a commodity is p = 25- x2, find the consumers’ surplus for p0 = 9.
5. If the supply function is p = 3x2 + 10 and x0 = 4, find the producers’ surplus.
6.The marginal cost of production of x units of a commodity is 30+2x. It is known that fixed costs are
Rs.120. Find the total cost of producing 100 units.
6
7.The marginal revenue function of a commodity is MR = 7 - (𝑥+2)2 ,find the revenue function. Also find
the revenue obtained on selling 4 units of the product.
8.Determine the cost of increasing output from 100 to 200 units if the marginal cost MC = 0.003x2-
0.01x+2.5.
500
9. A manufacturer’s marginal cost function is . Find the cost involved to increase production from
√2𝑥+25
100 units to 300 units.
10. The marginal revenue function of a commodity is MR = 9+6x2, find the revenue function. Also, find
the revenue obtained on selling 5 units of the product.

ANSWERS
22 8 128
1. 3 2. 10 log2 – 5 3.3 4. 3

6
5.128 6.C(x)= 120+30x+x2 7.R(x)= 7x+𝑥+2 − 3 8. Rs. 7100

9. 500√2𝑥 + 25 10. R(x)=9x+2x3

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. The demand and supply functions are p= 50-8x and p = 5+x respectively. Determine the consumer’s
surplus and producer’s surplus at equilibrium price.
2. The demand and supply functions are pd= 25-x2 and ps = 2x+1 respectively. Determine the
consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus at equilibrium price.
x2
3. For a particular commodity the demand function D(x) = 26 -100 and the supply function is S(x)=
x2
+ 6. Determine to the nearest rupee the consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus if the market is at
400
equilibrium.

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
21
4. Find the consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus under pure competition for demand function p =
8 1
− 2 and supply function p = (x+3) where p is the price and x is the quantity.
𝑥+1 2
5.Suppose that demand is given by the equation xd = 500-50p where xd is quantity demanded and p is
the price of the good. Supply is described by the equation xs= 50+25p where xs is quantity supplied.
What is the equilibrium price and quantity?
6.If the demand and supply curve for the computers is D = 100-6p , S = 28+3p respectively where p is
the price of the commodity. What is the quantity of computers bought and sold at equilibrium?
7. The marginal cost of product in x units of a commodity in a day is given as MC = 16x – 1591. The
selling price is fixed at Rs.9 per unit and the fixed cost is Rs.1800 per day. Determine
(i) Cost function (ii) Revenue function (iii) Profit function (iv) Maximum profit that can be obtained
in a day.
8.Suppose when x units of a commodity are produced, the demand is p(x) = 58 −𝑥 2 rupees per unit and
1
the marginal cost is MC = 6+4 𝑥 2 . Assume that there is no overhead. Find the(i)total revenue and
marginal revenue (ii) the value of x that maximizes profit
9.The marginal cost and marginal revenue of a firm are given as MC= 3𝑥 2 − 118𝑥 + 1315 and MR
=1000 – 4x. Determine the maximized profit using definite integrals, assuming fixed cost is Rs 595.
10. The marginal cost and marginal revenue of a firm are given as MC= 14+x and MR =36-24x+3𝑥 2 .
Determine the maximized profit using definite integrals, assuming fixed cost is zero.

ANSWERS
128 16 32 1
1.CS= , PS = 16 2.CS= , PS = 3. CS= 427, PS = 107 4. CS= 8 log 2 −4, PS = 4
3 3 3
5. p= 6 and x = 200 6. p = 8, S = 52
7.(i)C(x) = 8𝑥 − 1591𝑥 + 1800 (ii)R(x) = 9x (iii) P = -8𝑥 2 + 1600𝑥 − 1800
2
(iv) ₹78,200
8.(i) R = 58𝑥 − 𝑥 3 MR = 58−3𝑥 2 (ii) x = 4 9. 15,330. 10. 10.5

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MODELING

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
An equation involving derivative(s) of the dependent variable with respect to the independent
variable(s) is called a differential equation.
A differential equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to only one
independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
+ 𝑥 = x3 …… (i) + 𝑥 2 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = 0 …… (ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: The order of differential equation is defined as the

highest ordered derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable involved in
the differential equation.

DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

For the degree of a differential equation to be defined it must be a polynomial equation in its derivatives.
The degree of a differential equation, when it is a polynomial equation in its derivatives is the highest
power (positive integral index) of the highest order derivative involved in the differential equation.

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING: Differential equations
play a pivotal role in modern world ranging from, engineering to ecology and from economics to
biology.
Many real-world problems involve rate of change of a quantity. These problems can be described by
mathematical equations. In many natural phenomenon and real life applications a quantity changes at a
rate proportional to the amount present.
GROWTH AND DECAY MODELS The mathematical model for exponential growth or decay is
given by f(t) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 or y= 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡
Where: t represents time , A the original amount y or f(t) represents the quantity at time t ;k is a
constant that depends on the rate of growth or decay If k > 0, the formula represents exponential growth
; If k < 0, the formula represents exponential decay
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Find the order and degree of D.E. + 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑2 𝑦
2. Find the product of order and degree of D.E. (𝑑𝑥 ) + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0
3. Find the (a + b) where a and b are order and degree of D.E. (𝑦 ′′′ )2 + (𝑦 ′′ )3 + (𝑦 ′ )4 + 𝑦 5 = 0
Respectively.
4. Find the number of arbitrary constants in general solution of above 3 questions.
5. Find the number of arbitrary constants in particular solution of above 3 questions.
𝑑𝑦
6. Verify that y= a𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
7. Check whether y = (a+bx) 𝑒 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦2 − 4𝑦1 + 4𝑦 = 0?
𝑑𝑦
8. Find the solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦
9. Find the solution of differential equation 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 5
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
10. Find the solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2−𝑦
11. Find the differential equation of the family of circles having centre at origin.
12. Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on y-axis and passing through
origin.
𝑑𝑦
13. Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
14. Solve the differential equation: 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
15. Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In a certain culture of bacteria, the number of bacteria increased 5 times in 10 hours. How long did
it take for the number of bacteria to double?
2. In a culture the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how
many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the
number present?
3. The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its
inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25,000 in
the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009?
4. The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N. The value of N was initially
100 and increased to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N after 112 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠?
𝑑𝑦
5. Find the particular solution of the differential equation = 𝑥(2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 1)𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥

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 ANSWERS: -
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1.2,1 2. 2 3. 5 4. 2,2,35. 0,0,0 6.yes 7. Yes 8. ln|y|= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 9. 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 𝑐𝑥 4 𝑦 4
10. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 11. X+4y1=0 12. (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑦1 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥3
13. 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑘 14. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 15. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 + =𝑐
3
LONG ANSWER TYPE

2 log 2
1. 4.3 hours 2. 11 hours 3. 31250 4. 604.9 (appx) 5 . 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 − 4 log 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
10

CASE STUDY

A rumour on WhatsApp spreads in a population in 5000 people at a rate proportional to the product
of the number of people who have heard it and the number of people who have not. Also, it is given
the 100 people initiate the rumour and a total of 500 people know the rumour after 2 days.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(1) If y (t) denote the number of people who know the rumour at an instant t, then what
is the maximize value of y(t).
(2) What will be the value of y (2)?
(3) What will be the value of y at any time instant t?

ANSWERS

5000
(i) 5000 (ii) 500 (iii) 𝑦 = 49𝑒 −5000𝑘𝑡+1

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
PROBABILITY/ BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
1. Then the mathematical expectation is the weighted average of the possible values of X given
by E(X) = x1 p1+ x2 p2+x3 p3, …+ xn pn =∑𝑛𝑖=1( xi pi)
2.Let 𝜇 = E (X) be the mean of X. Then the variance of X, denoted by Var (X) is given by
Var(X) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1( xi2 pi) – [∑𝑛𝑖=1( xi pi)]2
3.The standard deviation denoted by 𝜎x =√𝑉𝑎𝑟 (𝑋)
4. Probability of ‘r’ successes in ‘n’ Bernoulli trials is given byP (‘r’ successes) = 𝐶𝑟𝑛 pr qn-r ,Where n =
number of trials
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r = number of successful trials = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n
p = probability of a success in a trial
q = probability of a failure in a trial
And, p + q = 1
5. In a binomial distribution having ‘n’ number of Bernoulli trials where p denotes the probability of
success and q denotes the probability of failure, then
i. Mean = np
ii. Variance = npq
iii. Standard Deviation =√𝑛𝑝𝑞
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Let X be the discrete random variable which represents the number occurrence of events over
a period of time. If X follows the Poisson distribution, then the probability of occurrence of
‘k’ number of events over a period of time is given by
λk 𝑒 −𝜆
P(X =k) = f (k) = 𝑘!
Where e is Euler’s number (e = 2.71828…)
‘k’ is the number of occurrences of the event such that k = 0, 1,2, …
And 𝜆 = E(X) = Var(X) = np , is a positive real number

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1.A continuous random variable X is defined in terms of its probability density function
also known as PDF as well
2. A continuous random variable X is designed to follow normal distribution with constant
parameters = E(X) and Var(X) = 𝜎 2and written as X~ N (µ , 𝜎 2 )
f(x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈(- ∞. ∞) , where y = f(x) is probability density function of X
−1 𝑥−µ 2
1 ( )
such that f(x) =𝜎√2𝜋 𝑒 2 𝜎 -————— (i)
where µ ∈(- ∞. ∞) is the mean of normal distribution and is the standard deviation
3. When a random variable can take on any value within a given range where the probability
distribution is continuous, it is called a normal distribution .
4. The mean, median and mode of the sample space are exactly the same.
5. In a normal distribution curve the total area below the curve is always equal to 1 unit;
∞
i.e.∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) =1
𝑥− µ
6. In a standard normal distribution of data, the Z-score is given by Z = 𝜎
7. The standard normal curve also represents the probability. We calculate three types of probabilities:
Case (i)P(Z< z) = F(z) Case (ii)P(z1<Z< z2) = F(z2) – F(z1) Case (iii) P(Z > z) = 1 - F(z)
The value of F(z) are given in the form of a standard normal distribution table

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.In a binomial distribution, the probability of getting success is ¼ and standard deviation is 3. Calculate
its mean.
2. A random variable X has the following probability function
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
P(X) 0 a 2a 2a 3a 𝑎 2 2𝑎 7𝑎2 + 𝑎

Find P(X< 3)
3. Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs. Find the
probability that there is at least one defective egg.
4. What is the probability of guessing at least 8 correct answers out of 10 true/false question.

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5. A box contains 100 bulbs of which 10 are defective. Find the probability that out of a sample of 5
bulbs drawn one by one with replacement none is defective.
6. A random variable ‘X’ has the following probability distribution:
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) K K 2K K
Find the value of P(X=1) + P(X=2)+ P(X=3)
7. In a binomial distribution, the sum of its mean and variance is 1 & 8. Find the probability of two
successes if the event was conducted 5 times.
8. If the mean and standard deviation of a binomial distribution are 12 and 2 respectively, then find the
value of its parameter p.
9.The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where k is some
number:
𝑘 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
P(X=x) ={ 2𝑘 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
3𝑘 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(i) Determine the value of k (ii) Find P(X ≤ 1)
10.Find the probability distribution of X , the number of heads in two tosses of a coin (or a simultaneous
toss of two coins )
11. For the following probability distribution:
X -4 -3 -2 -1 0
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
Find the value of E(X).
12. What is the mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1on three faces, 2 on
two faces and 5 on one face?
13. For Binomial distribution B (4, 2/3) , find the value of variance.

ANSWERS

3 9 10 7 9 5 128
1. 6 2.10 3. 1- (10) 4. 128 5. (10) 6. 0.8 7.625

2
8.p = 3 9.(i) k =1/6 (ii) ½ 10.P(X=0)=1/4, P(X=1)=1/2, P(X=2)= ¼ 11. -1.8
12. 2 13.0.89

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A random variable X has the following probability distribution :
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) a 4a 3a 7a 8a 10a 6a 9a
(i) Determine the value of a.
(ii) Find P(X<3), P(X>=4), P(0<X<5)
2. A coin is tossed twice ( or two coins are tossed simultaneously).
(i) Find the probability distribution of X, the number of heads.
(ii) If a random variable Y is defined on this sample space as the number of tails, then find
the probability distribution of Y .
3. Four bad oranges are mixed accidentally with 16 oranges. Find the probability distribution of the
number of bad oranges in a draw of two oranges.
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 4. Three balls are drawn one by one without replacement from a bag containing 5 white and 4 red
balls. Find the probability distribution of the number of white balls drawn.
5. A random variable X has the probability distribution:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X) .15 .23 .12 .1 .2 .08 .07 .05
If events E= { X is a prime number} and F= { X<4}, then find P (EUF)
6. Suppose 2% of the people on the average are left handed. Find the probability of 3 or more left
handed among 100 people.
7. Six dices are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect at least three dice to show a five
or six?
8. A die is thrown thrice. A success is 1 or 6 in a throw. Find the mean and variance of the number
of successes
9. The sum of mean and variance of a binomial distribution is 15 and the sum of their squares is
117. Determine the value of n .

ANSWERS
1. (i) 1/48 (ii) P(X<3)=1/6, P(X>=4)=33/48, P(0<X<5)=11/24
2. (i)
X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

(ii)
X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

3.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 12/19 32/95 3/95

4.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/21 5/14 10/21 5/42

5. .78 6.0.325 7.233 8. Mean=1 , variance= 2/3 9. n= 27

POISSON DISTRIBUTION
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. For a poisson’s Distribution, find P(2), given 𝜆 = 1
2. If 2% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 books bound at a certain workshop have defective binding, find the probability that 5
books out of 400 books will have defective binding.
2
3. Suppose that X has a Poisson distribution. If P(X=2)= 3P(X=1),evaluate P(X=0).
4. If X has a Poisson distribution such that P(x=1)=P(x=2) and 𝑒 −2 =0.1353, Find P(X = 4).
5. Jobs arrive at a factory at an average rate of 5 in an 8 hours shift. The arrival of the jobs following
Poissions distribution. The average service time of job on the factory is 40 minutes. The service time
follows exponential distribution. What will be the Ideal time ( in hours ) at the factory per shift?
6. If X is a Poisson variable such that P(X=1)=2P(X=2), then find P(X=0) .
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 ANSWERS
−4
1. 0.184 2.0.0928 3.𝑒 3 4. 0.0902
−1
5. 14/3 6. 𝑒

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1.Suppose that a manufactured product has 2 defects per unit of product inspected. using Poisson
distribution, calculate the probabilities of finding a product (1) without any defect (2) 3 defect
93) 4 defect

ANSWERS
1. (1) 0.135 (2) 0.180 (3) 0.09
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. If Z is a standard normal variable then P(0 < Z < 1.7) = ...................

2. What is the range of normal distribution ?
3. The mean of a distribution is 60 with standard deviation 5. Assuming that the distribution is normal,
what percentage of items be between 65 and 75.
4. The monthly salaries of workers in a certain factory are normally distributed. The mean salary is Rs.
4000 and standard deviation is Rs. 450. If 668 workers are getting salary less than Rs. 3325, find the
total number of workers in the factory.
5. If X is a normal distribution random variable with mean μ=10 and standard deviation σ=2,
Then what is the value of P(X< 13) ?
6. If X is normally distributed with mean 20 and standard deviation 4, then what is the value of standard
normal variable Z corresponding to X = 21 ?
7. Given that mean of a normal variate X is 12 and standard deviation is 4, then find the Z-Score of data
point 20.
8. Given that the scores of a set of candidates on an IQ test are normally distributed. If the IQ test has a
mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10, what is the probability that a candidate who takes the test
will score between 90 and 110?
9. The mean of a distribution is 60 with standard deviation 5. Assuming that the distribution is normal,
what percentage of items be between 65 and 75?

ANSWERS
1. F(1.7) – F(0) 2. (−∞ to ∞) 3. 15.74% 4. 10000 5. 0.93
6.0.25 7.2 8. 0.6826 9. 15.74%

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Suppose the temperature during June is normally distributed with mean 200 𝐶 and standard
deviation 3.330C. Find the probability that the temperature is between 21.110C and 26.660C.
2. If X is a normal variable with mean 11 and standard deviation 1.5, find the number m such that
P(X>m)=0.09.

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 3. . In a sample of 1000 items, the mean weight is 450kg with a standard deviation 15 Kg. Assuming
the normality of the distribution, find the number of items weighing between 40 and 60 Kg.
4. 1000 light bulbs with a mean life of 120 days are installed in a new factory; their length of life is
normally distributed with standard deviation 20 days. How many bulbs will expire in less than 90
days?

ANSWERS
1.0.3479 2.m= 13.01 3. 471 4.67

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The records of weights of the male population follows the normal distribution. Its mean and standard
deviations are 70 kg and 15 kg respectively. If researcher considers the records of 50 males , then what would
be the mean and standard deviation of the chosen sample ?
2. A machine makes car wheels and in a random sample of 26 wheels , the test statistics is found to be 3.07. As
per the t-distribution test (of 5% level of significance ) , what can you say about the quality of wheels
produced by the machine ? (use t25(0.05) = 2.06)
3. For the purpose of t-test of significance , a random sample of size (n) 34 is drawn from a normal population ,
then what is the degree of freedom (v) ?
4. In a school , a random sample of 145 students is taken to check whether a students average calory intake is
1500 or not . The collected data of averages calories intake of sample students is presented in a frequency
distribution , what is it called ?
5. If a classroom has seating capacity of 30 students , then what will be degree of freedom for the students ?
6. In a factory producing 2000 electric lamps per day , 20 lamps are picked up randomly to check the quality by
the quality control department. What do you call to no of lamps chosen for inspection ?
7. What do you called to measurable characteristics of a population ?
8. If you have selected a sample of Indian Cricket team fans and found that 75% of your sample are male
,describe the type of sample ?
9. If a TV rating service dials numbers for obtaining sample of households ,then which type of sample is
represented by this ?
10. A news channel conducts pre election survey and predicts that the candidate A will get 30% of the vote .
According to news channel the survey had margin of error of 5%. What will be the confidence interval for the
survey ?
11. A 95% confidence interval for a population mean was reported to be 152 to 160 . If 𝜎 = 15, what sample
size was used in this study ?
12. A company producing steel tubes and in a random sample of 10 tubes the test statistics is 0.476. As per the
t-distribution test (of 5% level of significance), What can you say about the quality of steel tubes ? ( Given t9
(0.05)= 2.262 )
13. What do you called assumed hypothesis which is tested for rejection considering it to be true ?
14. A population consists of four observations 1,3,5,7. What is variance ?
15. A sample of 50 bulbs is taken at random. Out of 50 we found 15 bulbs are of Bajaj, 17 are of Surya and 18 are
of Crompton . What is the point estimate of population proportion of Surya ?

ANSWER KEY

1. Mean = 70 and standard deviation = 2.12 2. n=26 ItI =3.07 > t25(0.05)= 2.06
Inferior quality
3. n=34 ,v= 34-1 =33 4. sampling distribution

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 5. n=30 , v=30-1 =29 6. sample

7. parameter 8. representative sample

9. unrepresentative sample 10. 25% - 35%

11. 𝑥̅ be sample mean , E be margin 12. n=10 ItI =0.476 < t9(0.05)=
error , then 𝑥̅ – 𝐸 = 152 and 𝑥̅ + 2.262
𝐸 = 160 superior quality
Then sample size =54
13. Null hypothesis 14. 5

15. 0.34

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Consider the following hypothesis test: 𝐻𝑂 : µ ≤ 12 𝐻𝑎 : µ > 12, A sample of 25 provided a sample mean 𝑥̅ =
14 and a sample standard deviation S = 4.32
(i) Compute the value of the test statistic.
(ii) Use the t-distribution table to compute a range for the p-value.
(iii) At α = 0.05 what is your conclusion?
Q2 Suppose that a 95% confidence interval states that population mean is greater than 100 and less than
300.How would you interpret this statement?
Q3 A shoe maker company produces a specific model of shoes having 15 months average lifetime. One of the
employees in their R and D division claims to have developed a product that last longer. This latest product was
worn by 30 people and lasted on average for 17 months. The variability of the original shoe is estimated based
on standard deviation of the new group which is 5.5 months. Is the designer’s claim of a better shoe supported
by the findings of the trial? Make your decision using two tailed test using a level of significance of p< 0.05
Q4 An electric light bulbs manufacturer claims that the average life of their bulb is 2000 hours. A random sample
of bulbs is tested and the life (x) in hours recorded. The following were the outcomes: ∑ 𝑥 = 127808
and ∑( 𝑥̅ − 𝑥)2 = 9694.6. Is there sufficient evidence, at the 1% level, that the manufacturer is over
estimating the life span of light bulbs?
Q5 A fertilizer company packs the bags labeled 50kg and claims that the mean mass of bags is 50 kg with a
standard deviation 1 kg. An inspector points out doubt on its weight and tests 60 bags. As a result he finds that
mean mass is 49.6 kg. Is the inspector right in his suspicions?
Q 6 The average heart rate for Indians is 72 beats/minute. To lower their heart rate , a group of 25 people
participated in an aerobics exercise programme. The group was tested after six months to see if the group had
significantly slowed their heart rate. The average heart rate for the group was 69 beats/minute with a standard
deviation of 6.5 .Was the aerobics program effective in lowering heart rate?

ANSWERS
𝑥̅ −µ𝑂
Q1. Given n =25, 𝑥̅ =14,S=4.32, µ𝑂 =12 & 𝑡 = = 10/4.38 = 2.31
𝑆/√𝑛
t=2.31 and degrees of freedom = 25-1=24.
(ii) t = 2.31 > 0
So, p-value of 2.31 = Area under the t-distribution curve to the right of t. From the t-distribution table, we find
that t = 2.31 lies between 2.064 and 2.492 for which area lies between 0.01 and 0.025, so p-value lies between
0.01 and 0.025. since 0.01 <p-value < 0.025
(iii) Given α = 0.05 Since p-value <0.05 So, reject Ho.
Q2 Confidence interval lies between 100 and 300. So, Sample mean (𝑥̅ ) lies between 100 and 300
As µ=𝑥̅ ± 𝐸 , 100=𝑥̅ + 𝐸 and 300=𝑥̅ − 𝐸 Solving 𝑥̅ = 200
Q3 𝐻𝑂 : µ = 15 & 𝐻𝑎 : µ ≠ 15 Given µ𝑂 =15 ,n=30 𝑥̅ = 17 S=5.5

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 𝑥̅ −µ𝑂 17−15
𝑡 = 𝑆/ =5.5/ =1.953 As α = 0.05 , α/2= 0.025 𝑡α/2 =2.045 As 1.953<2.045
√𝑛−1 √30−1
i.e. t< 𝑡α/2 So null hypothesis is accepted.
Q4 Given µ𝑂 = 2000 , ∑ 𝑥 = 127808 and∑( 𝑥̅ − 𝑥)2 = 9694.6.
∑𝑥 ∑𝑥 127800 ∑(𝑥̅ −𝑥)2 9694.6.
𝑥̅ = => 𝑛= = =63.904≈ 64 α =1% =0.01, S =√ =√ =12.4
𝑛 𝑥̅ 2000 𝑛−1 63
𝑥̅ −µ𝑂
t=𝑆/ .As sample mean is not given so the given data is not sufficient to reject null hypothesis.
√𝑛−1

𝑥̅ −µ𝑂 49.6−50
Q 5 Given µ𝑂 =50 ,n=60 𝑥̅ = 49.6 S=1 , t=𝑆/ = 1 =-3
√𝑛−1
√60−1

α =0.05(by default) So As α = 0.05 & α/2= 0.025 , 𝑡α/2 =2.001 df=60-1 =59

For two tail test to reject null hypothesis we should have t≤ 𝑡𝛼/2 , i.e. -3≤ −2.001 null hypothesis is rejected.
So the inspector is right.
Q6 Given µ𝑂 =72 n=25 𝑥̅ = 69 S=6.5 So As α = 0.05, α/2= 0.025, 𝑡α/2 =2.064 df =25-1 =24
𝑥̅ −µ𝑂 69−72
t=𝑆/ = 6.5 =-2.261 (For two tail test to reject null hypothesis we should have t≤ 𝑡𝛼/2 )
√𝑛−1
√25−1

i.e. -2.261≤ −2.064 (null hypothesis is rejected, So the aerobics program is efficient.)
TIME BASED DATA

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

1.A time series is a sequentially recorded numerical data points for a given variable arranged in a
successive order to track variation
2.The purpose of time series is to show an increasing growth pattern over time for a variable.
3. When data of the variable is collected at distinct time intervals, for a specified period of time, it is
called time series data.
4. When data for one or more variables is collected at the same point in time, it is called cross-sectional
data.
5. When data is collected in a combination of time series data and cross-sectional data, it is called
pooled data.
6. A time series in which data of only one variable is varying over time is called a univariate time series.
7. When a time series is a collection of data for multiple variables and how they are varying over time,
it is called multivariate time series.
8. Secular trend component or simply called trend series, is the smooth, regular and long-term variations
of the series, observed over a long period of time.
9. Seasonal component is a time series captures the periodic variability in the data, capturing the
regular pattern of variability; within one-year periods.
10. Cyclical component is a time series shows an oscillatory movement where period of oscillation is
more than a year where one complete period is called a cycle. The real Gross Domestics Product(GDP)
provides good examples of a time series that displays cyclical behavior.
11. Irregular component is a time series in which fluctuations are unaccountable, unpredictable or
sometimes caused by unforeseen circumstances like – floods, natural calamities, labor strike etc.
12. Trend can be measured using by the following methods:
i. Graphical method
ii. Semi averages method
iii. Moving averages method
iv. Method of least squares
13.Procedure of finding the equation of trend line
Method of least squares is a technique for finding the equation which best fits a given set of bservations.
Suppose we are given n number of observations and it is required to fit a straight line to these data.
Note that n, the number of observations can be odd or even.Recall that the general linear equation to
represent a straight line is:
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y = a + bx, --------------------- (i)
where y is the actual value, x is time; a and b are real numbers.
∑𝑌 ∑ 𝑋𝑌
a = 𝑛 and b = ∑ 𝑋 2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The most commonly used mathematical method for measuring the trend is
(a) Semi Average (b)Moving Average (c)Free Hand Curve (d)Least Squares
2. In the measurement of the secular trend, the moving averages
(a) Smooth out the time series (b)Give the trend in a straight line
(b) Measure the seasonal variations (d) None of these
3. Multiplicative model for time series is O= . .
(a) T × S × C × I (b)T + S + C + I (c) T − S − C – I (d) None of these
4. In moving average method we cannot find trend values of some
(a) End Periods (b)Middle Period (c)Starting and End Periods (d) Starting Periods
5. A set of observations recorded at an equal interval of time is called
(a) Array data (b)Data (c)Geometric Series (d) Time series data

6. A rise in prices before Eid is an example of

(a) Cyclical Trend (b)Secular Trend (c) Irregular Trend (d) Seasonal Trend
7. Prosperity, Recession, and depression in a business is an exampleof
(a) Cyclical Trend (b)Secular Trend (c) Irregular Trend (d) Seasonal Trend
8. Graph of time series is called
(a) Line graph (b)Trend (c) Historigram (d) Histogram
9. A fire in a factory delaying production for some weeks is
(a) Cyclical Trend (b)Secular Trend (c) Irregular Trend (d) Seasonal Trend
10. Seasonal variations are
(a) Short term variation (b)Long term variation (c) Sudden variation (d) None
11. Time series data have a total number of components?
(a) 3 (b)6 (c)5 (d)4

ANSWERS
1. d 2. a 3.a 4.c 5.d 6.d 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.a 11.d

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. (i) Obtain the the three year moving averages from the following series of observations :

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

3.6 4.3 4.3 3.4 4.4 5.4 3.4 2.4
(ii) Obtain five year moving average.

(iii) Construct also the 4 year centred moving average.

2. The average number , in lakhs, of working days lost in strikes during each year of the period (1981-90) :
Calculate the three yearly moving average .

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
1.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.7 2.2 6.4 3.6 5.4
3. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and tabulate the trend values from the following data

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Sales ( in thousands) 26 26 44 42 108 120 166

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4. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and tabulate the trend values from the following data

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Production ( in 40 45 46 42 47 50 46
tones)
5. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and tabulate the trend values from the following data

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Production 346 411 392 512 626 640 611 796
(quintals)
6. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and tabulate the trend values from the following data

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Y 4 7 7 8 9 11 13 14 17
7. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and tabulate the trend values from the following data

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Profit 5 7 9 10 12 17
8. Find the three years moving average For the given values 15,24,18,33,42.
9. Assuming a four year cycle, calculate the trend by the method of Moving average from the following

Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Value 12 25 39 54 70 87 105 100 82 65

10. Calculate the three year moving average of the following data

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value 2 4 5 7 8 10 13

11. Given below are the consumer price index numbers (CPI) of the industrialsworkers.Find the best fitted trend
line by the method of the least squares and tabulatedthe trend value

Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

CPI 154 140 150 190 200 220 230
12. Given below are the data of workers Welfare expenses(In lakh Rs) in steel industries during 2001-2005.
Use the method of the leastsquares to
(a) Tabulate the trend value
(b) Find the best fit for a straight-line trend (c) compute expected sale trend for year 2002

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Welfare expenses(in lakh Rs) 160 185 220 300 510

13. Calculate the 5 yearly moving averages of the following time series of iron production:

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Production (in tonnes) 351 366 361 362 400 419 410 420 450 500
14. Calculate the 3 yearly moving averages from the following time series:

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Earnings: (Rs 3.6 4.3 4.3 3.4 4.4 5.4 3.4 2.4
Lakhs)

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15. Calculate the 3 yearly moving averages of the following time series of cement production by a firm first 1 to 9
years :

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Production(in 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 8 10
tonnes)
16. The profits of a soft drink firm in thousands of rupees during each month of a year were:

Months Jan Feb March April May june July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Profit 1.2 .8 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.6 4.8 3.4 1.8 .8 1.2
Calculate the 3 monthly moving averages

17. In an influenza epidemic the number of cases diagnosed were:

Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Numbers 2 0 5 12 20 27 46 30 31 18 11 5 0 1
Calculate 3-days moving averages.

18. The table given below shows the daily attendance in thousands at a certain conference over a period of two
weeks:

Week 1 52 48 64 68 52 70 72
Week 2 55 47 61 65 58 75 81
Calculate the seven days moving averages.
19. The table below gives details of the electricity generated in million kilowatt hours in each quarter for the year
2018-2020.
Year Quarter
FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH
2018 8 7 6 9
2019 10 7 7 10
2020 11 7 8 10
Calculate the four quarterly moving averages.
20. Calculate five yearly moving averages of the number of students who have studied in a college given below:

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Number of 442 427 467 502 512 515 520 527 515 541
students
21. Construct the 3- yearly moving averages from the following data:

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Imported cotton consumption 129 131 106 91 95 84 93
22. Find out the secular trend by using four quarterly moving averages by using the data :

Year / Quarter 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄4
2018 29 37 43 34
2019 90 42 55 43
2020 47 51 63 53
2021 45 49 60 48

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23. The number of road accidents in the city due to rash driving, over a period of 3 years, is given in the following
table:

Year Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sept Oct-Dec

2010 70 60 45 72
2011 79 56 46 84
2012 90 64 45 82
Calculate four quarterly moving averages.

24. Calculate the four yearly moving averages of the following time series of copper production (2010 to 2019):

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Production (in 12 25 39 54 70 87 105 100 82 65
tonnes)

25. Daily absence from a school during 3 weeks is recorded as follows.Calculate 5 day moving averages.

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY

WEEK 1 23 28 21 33 40
WEEK 2 38 52 43 58 63
WEEK 3 52 54 61 51 51

ANSWERS
1.(i) 4.067,4, 4.03, 4.40,4.40,3.73 (ii) 4,4.36,4.18,3.8 (iii) 4,4.2375,4.2652,4.025
2. 1.73, 1.97, 2.23, 2.83, 2.83, 4.1, 4.07, 5.13 3. y= 76+24x

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year
Trend 4 28 52 76 100 124 148
values
4. y= 45.143+1.036x

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Trend values 42.03 43.07 44.11 45.14 46.18 47.21 48.25
5.y= 541.75+59.62x

Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Trend 333.08 392.7 452.32 511.94 571.56 631.18 690.8 750.42

values
6.y= 10+1.47x

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year
Trend 4.12 5.59 7.06 8.53 10 11.47 12.94 14.41 15.88
values
7.y= 10+2.17x

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Trend 4.58 6.74 8.91 11.09 13.26 15.43
values
8. 19, 25, 31 9. 39.75, 54.75, 70.75, 87.75, 92, 90.75

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 10. 3.667, 5.333, 6.667, 8.333, 10.333 , 11. Y = 152.1 + 16.6 X

Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Trend 102.3 118.9 135.5 152.1 168.7 185.3 201.9
12. Y=275+8.15x

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Trend 4 28 52 76 100 124 148
values
13. 368, 381.6, 390.4, 402.2, 419.8, 439.8
14. 4.067 , 4 , 4.03, 4.40, 4.40, 3.73
15. 4.67,5.33, 6, 7,,8,8.33,9
16. 1.4 ,1.7,2.1,2.8,3.4,3.5,3.1,2.3
17. 2.3,5.6,12.3,19.6,31.0,34.3,26.3,20.0,11.3,5.3,2.0
18. 60.86, 61.28,61.14, 60.17, 60.28, 61.14, 61.86, 63.14
19. 7.75,8,8.125,8.375,8.625,8.75,8.875,9
20. 470,484.6,503.2,515.2,517.8,523.6
21. --- , 122.00, 109.33, 97.33, 90.00, 90.66 , ---
22. 37.125,39.125,41.25,43.875,45.875,47.875,50.00,52.25,53.25,52.75,52.125,51.125
23. 62.875,63.5,63.125,64.75,67.625,70.00,70.875,70.5
24. 39.75, 54.75, 70.75, 84.75, 92, 90.75
25. 29,32,36.8,41.2,46.2,50.8,53.6,54,57.6,56.2,53.8

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
1. (i) Rate of Return /Nominal Rate of Return/ Rate of interest
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
= X 100%
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑫𝟏+(𝑷𝟏−𝑷𝟎)
(ii) Rate of Return /Nominal Rate of Return/ Rate of interest = X 100%
𝑷𝟎
Where Po: price of shares/stocks at the time of Investment
P1: price of S price of shares/stocks at the end of the year
D1: Dividend earned during the year
2. Annual dividend earned = No. of Shares x rate of Dividend x face value of one share
3. Compound Annual Growth Rate

EV = Investment’s ending/Future value

SV = Investment’s starting/Present value
n = Number of investment periods (year)
4. Linear or straight-line method:

Where D = the annual depreciation

C = the original cost of the asset
S = scrap value or salvage value
n = the useful life of asset in years
Remark: In the above formula, C-S is the total depreciation.
5. PERPETUITY: Perpetuity is an annuity where payments continue forever.
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Amount of Perpetuity: Amount of perpetuity is undefined since it increases beyond all bounds as time
goes on.
Present value of Perpetuity: We consider two types of perpetuity which are as follows:
(i) Present value of a perpetuity of R payable at the end of each period, the first being due one
𝑅
period hence37 P= , where R = size of each payment, i = rate per period
𝑖
(ii) Perpetuity of R payable at the beginning of each period, the first payment due on Present
value. This annuity can be considered as an initial payment of R followed by perpetuity of R
𝑅
of above type. Thus, the present value is given by P = R + 𝑖 , where, R = size of each
payment i = rate per period
6. SINKING FUND: It is a fund that is accumulated for the purpose of paying off a financial obligation
at some future designated date.
The periodic payments of R made at the end of each period required to accumulate a sum of
A over n periods with interest charged at the rate i per period is

(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
A=R[ ] or A= R𝑆𝑛̅/𝑖
𝑖

Where R = Size of each instalment or payment

i = rate per period
n = number of instalments
A = lump sum amount to be accumulated.
7. EMI:- EMI stands for equated monthly instalment. It is a monthly payment that we make towards a
loan we opted for at a fixed date of every month.
It can be calculated by two methods
(i)Flat rate method: -Let P, I and n are the principal of the loan, the total interest on the
principal and number of months in loan period respectively.
𝑃+𝐼
EMI is given by the formula EMI = ( )
𝑛
(ii) Reducing balance method:-
𝑃×𝑖 ×(1+𝑖)𝑛 𝑖
EMI=R = or P[(1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛]
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
8. AMORTIZATION PROCESS FORMULAE:-
1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛+𝑘−1
Principal outstanding at the beginning of kth period= R[ ]
𝑖
Total interest paid = nR – P
Where P= amount of the loan
R= size of equal payment
i = rate per period
n = number of equal payments
Very short questions

1. A newspaper printing machine costs ₹4, 80,000 and estimated scrap value of ₹25,000 at the end
of its useful life of 10 years. What is its annual deprecation as per linear method?
2. An investment of ₹10,000 becomes ₹60,000 in four years then finds the CAGR.
3. Mr.Satyaveer Singh invests ₹9600 on ₹100 share at ₹80. If the company pays him 18 %
dividend, find his rate of return.
4. Mr.Anil has an initial investment of ₹50,000 in an investment plan after 2 years it has grown to
₹60,000. Find his rate of interest.
ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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5. Mrs.suman invests ₹10,000 in 10 percent ₹100 share of a company available at a premium of
₹25. Find her rate of return.
6. A person invested ₹2, 00,000 in a fund for 1 year. At the end of the year the investment was
worth ₹ 2, 16,000. Calculate his rate of interest.
7. A machine costing ₹50,000 has a useful life of four years. The estimated scrap value is ₹10,000.
Using straight line method, find the annual depreciation.

Short answer questions

1. Mitul invested ₹ 3, 50,000 in a fund. At the end of the year the value of the fund is ₹ 4, 37,500.
What is the nominal rate of interest, if the market price is same at the end of the year?
2. Mr. Parteek invested ₹52,000 on ₹100 share at a discount of ₹20 paying 8% dividend. At the end
of the year he sales the share at a premium of ₹20. Find his rate of interest.
3. Mrs. Nidhi invests a sum of money in ₹50 shares paying 10%dividend quoted at 20% discount.
If her annual dividend is ₹600, calculate her rate of return from the investment.
4. ₹100 shares of a company are sold at a discount of ₹20. If the return on the investment is 15%,
find the rate of dividend declared.
5. Mrs. Gupta invested ₹16,500 on ₹100 shares at a premium of ₹10 paying 15% dividend. At the
end of the year she sells the shares at a premium of ₹20, find her rate of return.
6. A dining table costing ₹36,000 has a useful life of 15 years. If annual depreciation is ₹2000, find
its scrap value using linear method.
7. A vehicle costing ₹9, 00,000 has a scrap value of ₹2, 70,000. If annual depreciation charge is
₹70,000, find its useful life in years.
8. A machine has a scrap value of ₹22,500 after15 years of its purchase. If the annual depreciation
charge is ₹8500, find its original cost using linear method.
9. A person invested ₹15000 in a mutual fund and the value of investment at the time of
redemption was ₹25000. If CAGR for this investment is 8.88%, calculate the time period for
which the amount was invested? [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log(1.667) = 0.2219 & log(1.089) = 0.037]
10. Find the present value of perpetuity of ₹600 at end of each quarter if money is worth 8%
compounded quarterly.
11. Find the present value of an annuity of ₹1000 payable at the end of each year for 5 years if
money is worth 6%compounded annually. [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 (1.06) −5 = 0.7473]
12. What is the face value of a sinking fund that yields a dividend of ₹1800 at 10% semi-annually?
13. ₹ 2, 50,000 cash is equivalent to perpetuity of ₹ 7,500 payable at the end of each quarter. What is
the rate of interest convertible quarterly?
14. Mr. Bajrang Lal takes a loan of 2, 00,000 with 10% annual interest rate for 5 years. Calculate
EMI under Flat Rate system.
15. What amount is received at the end of every 6 months forever, if Rs 72000 kept in a bank earns
8% per annum compounded half yearly?
16. What sum of money invested now could establish a scholarship of Rs 5000 which is to be
awarded at the end of every year forever,if money is worth 8% per annum.
17. Rajani takes a personal loan of Rs 50, 0000 at the rate of 12%per annum for 3 years. Calculate
her EMI by using flat rate method.
18. Rahul borrowed Rs 100000 from a co-operative society at the rate of 10% p.a. for 2 years.
Calculate the EMI using flat rate method.
19. Sheetal takes a loan of Rs 250000 from a bank at the rate of 14% p.a. for 5 years . Calculate her
EMI using flat rate method.
ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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 Long answers Questions

1. Mr. Kumar has invested ₹20,000 in year 2014 for 5 years. If CAGR for that investment turned out
to be 11.84%. What will be the end balance?
2. Mr. Anuj has bought 200 shares of a company at ₹100 each in year 2000. After selling them he has
received ₹30,000 which accounts for 22.47% CAGR. Calculate the number of years for which he
was holding the shares.
3. Mr. Rahim invested ₹10,000 in a company’s fund. His yearly investment values are shown in the
table given below:
Year 0 1 2 3
Amount (In ₹) 10000 13000 11000 9400
Calculate CAGR of his investment.
4. Surjeet purchased a new house, costing ₹ 40, 00,000 and made a certain amount of down payment
so that he can pay the balance by taking a home loan from XYZ Bank. If his equated monthly
instalment is ₹ 30,000, at 9% interest compounded monthly (reducing balance method) and
payable for 25 years, then what is the initial down payment made by him? [Use (1.0075) −300 =
0.1062]
5. 10 years ago, Mr Mehra set up a sinking fund to save for his daughter’s higher studies. At the end
of 10 years, he has received an amount of ₹ 10, 21,760. What amount did he put in the sinking fund
at the end of every 6 months for the tenure, which paid him 5% p.a. compounded semi-annually?
[Use (1.025) 20 = 1.6386]
6. A machine costing ₹50,000 is to be replaced at the end of 10 years, when it will have a salvage
value of ₹5000. In order to provide money at that time for a machine costing the same amount, a
sinking fund is set up. If equal payments are placed in the fund at the end of each quarter and the
fund earns 8% compounded quarterly, then what should each payment be? [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 (1.02) 40 = 2.208
]
7. A couple wishes to purchase a house for ₹15, 00,000 with a down payment of ₹4,
00,000. If they can amortize the balance at an interest rate 9% per annum compounded monthly for
10 years, find the monthly instalment (EMI). Also find the total interest paid. [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 (1.0075) −120
= 0.4079 ]
8. In 10 years, a machine costing ₹ 40,000 will have a salvage value of ₹4,000. A New Machine at
that time is expected to sell for ₹52,000. In order to provide funds for the difference between the
replacement cost and the salvage cost, a sinking fund is set up into which equal payments are
placed at the end of each year. If the fund earns interest at the rate 7% compounded annually, how
much should each payment be?
9. A machine cost ₹1, 00,000 and its effective life is estimated to be 12 years. A sinking fund is
created for replacing the machine by a new model at the end of its lifetime when its scrap realises a
sum of ₹5,000 only. Find what amount should be set aside at the end of each year, out of the
profits, for the sinking fund if it accumulates at 5 % effective.
10. A couple wishes to purchase a house for ₹12, 00,000 with a down payment of ₹2,
50,000. If they can amortize the balance at 9% per annum compounded monthly for 20 years
(i) What is their monthly payment
(ii) What is the total interest paid? (𝑎240
̅̅̅̅̅/0.0075=111.1449 )
CASE STUDY

In the year 2000, Ms. Neelam planned to purchase a home. She took a home loan of ₹ 3000000
from the State Bank of India at 7.5% p.a. compounded monthly for 20 years.
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(https://www.google.com/search?q=HOME&source)

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

1. Principal outstanding at the beginning of 193rd month was-

(a) ₹ 385513.82 (b) ₹ 515394.12 (c) ₹ 356432.67 (d) ₹ 410293.41
2. Total interest paid by Ms. Neelam was-
(a) ₹ 2800276.80 (b) ₹ 3141345.96 (c) ₹ 3200147.83 (d) ₹ 3003415.12
3. The equated monthly instalment paid by Ms. Neelam was-
(a) ₹ 35288.82 (b) ₹ 37839.85 (c) ₹ 39437.75(d) ₹ 24167.82
4. Interest paid by Ms. Neelam in the 150th payment was-
(a) ₹ 15712.67 (b) ₹ 9532.76 (c) ₹ 10458.69 (d) ₹ 20132.84
5. Principal paid by Ms. Neelam in 150th payment was-
(a) ₹ 8455.15 (b) ₹ 14635.06 (c) ₹ 4034.98 (d) ₹ 13709.13

Answer:

Very Short Answers

1. ₹ 45,500 2. (61/4 − 1) × 100 3. 22.5% 4. 20%
5. 8% 6. 8% 7. 10,000

Short Answers

1. 25% 2. 60% 3. 12.5 % 4. 12%

8
5. 2211 % 6. ₹ 6000 7. 9 years 8.₹ 1,50,000
9. 5.99 (app. 6 years) 10. ₹ 30,000 11. ₹4211.67 12. ₹36000
13. r=12% p.a. 14. ₹ 5000 15. ₹ 2880 16.₹ 62500
17. EMI= Rs 18888.89 18. ₹ 5000 19. ₹ 7083.33

Long Answers
1. ₹ 35.000 2. 2 Years 3. -2.05 % 4. ₹424800
5. ₹40000 6. ₹ 745.03 7. ₹ 572020 8 ₹. 3474.12
9. ₹ 5968.8 10. (i) ₹ 8547.20 (ii) ₹ 1101376.17
CASE STUDY :- (1) d (2) a (3) d (4) a (5) d

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 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
Feasible Region -The common region determined by all the constraints including non-negative
constraints x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 of an LPP.
Feasible Solutions - Points within and on the boundary of the feasible region for an LPP represent
feasible solutions.
Infeasible Solutions - Any Point outside feasible region is called an infeasible solution.
Optimal Solution - Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value
(maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.

Steps to solve LPP by Corner Point Method:

1. After finding feasible region of the LPP, determine its corner points(vertices).
2. Evaluate the objective function Z=ax+ by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively denote
the largest and smallest values of these points.
3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z.
(ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
(a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax+ by >M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax+ by<m has no
point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.

Steps to solve ISO-Profit/ ISO-Cost Method:

1. As discussed in Corner-Point method, identify the feasible region and extreme (corner) points.
2. Give some convenient values to Z and draw the line so obtained in xy- plane.
3. If the objective function is to be maximized, then draw lines parallel to the line in step 2.
4. Obtain a line which is farthest from the origin and has at least one point common to the feasible
region.
5. If the objective function is to be minimized, then draw lines parallel to the line in step 2 and obtain a
line which is nearest to the origin and has at least one point common to the feasible region.
6. Find the co-ordinates of the common point obtained in step 4(in case of maximum) or step 5(in case
of minimum). The point so obtained determines the optimal solution and the value of the objective
function at these points give the optimal solution.

Short answer questions

1. The feasible region for LPP is shown shaded in the figure.
Let Z = 3 x – 4 y be the objective function, then write the maximum
value of Z .

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
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2. Write the linear inequations for which the shaded area
in the following figure is the solution set.

3. In figure, the feasible region (shaded) for a LPP is shown. Determine the maximum and minimum
value of Z=x+2y.

4. One kind of cake requires 300 g of flour and 15g of fat, another kind of cake requires 150g of flour
and 30g of fat. Find the maximum number of cakes which can be made from 7.5kg of flour and
600g of fat, assuming that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in making the cakes.
Make it as an L.P.P.
5. A book publisher sells a hard cover edition of a book for ₹ 72 and a paperback edition for ₹ 40. In
addition to a fixed weekly cost of ₹ 9,600, the cost of printing hardcover and paperback editions are
₹ 56 and ₹ 28 per book respectively. Each edition requires 5 minutes on the printing machine
whereas hardcover binding takes 10 minutes and paperback takes 2 minutes on the binding
machine. The printing machine and the binding machine are available for 80 hours each week.
Formulate the linear programming problem to maximise the publisher’s profit.

Answers
1. 0 2. 5x+4y≤20, x ≥1, y ≥2 3. Max. Z=9 at point Q, Min. Z=22/7 at point S
4. Max Z=x+y subject to 2x + y ≤ 50, x + 2y ≤ 40, x, y ≥ 0
5. Maximum Z=16x + 12y− 9600 Subject to: x + y ≤ 960, 5x + y ≤ 2400, x, y ≥ 0

Long Answer Questions

1. Solve the following Linear Programming Problems graphically:

Maximise Z = 5x + 3y Subject to 3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

2. Maximize Z = x + y Subject to constraints: x, y ≥ 0, x – y ≤ -1, x ≥ y

3. Minimize Z = 3x + 5y Subject to constraints: x, y ≥ 0, x + 3y – 3 ≥ 0, x + y – 2 ≥ 0.

4. (Diet problem) A dietician has to develop a special diet using two foods P and Q. Each packet
(containing 30g) of food P contains 12 units of calcium, 4 units of iron, 6 units of cholesterol and 6
units of vitamins A. Each packet of the same quantity of food Q contain 3 units of calcium, 20 units
of iron, 4 units of cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A. The diet requires at least 240 units of

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
42
 calcium, at least 460 units of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. How many packets of each
food are used to minimize the amount of Vitamin A in the diet? What is the minimum amount of
Vitamin A?
5. Anil wants to invest at most Rs12,000 in bonds A and B. According to the rules, he has to invest at
least Rs 2,000 in Bond A and at least Rs4,000 in Bond B. If the rate of interest on Bond A is 8% per
annum and on Bond B is 10% per annum, how should he invest his money for maximum interest?
Solve the problem graphically.
6. A cylinder manufacturer makes small and large cylinders from a large piece of cardboard. The large
cylinder requires 4 sq. m and the small cylinder requires 3 sq. m of cardboard. The manufacturer is
required to make at least 3 large cylinders and at least twice as many small cylinders as large
cylinders. If 60 sq. m of cardboard is in stock, and if the profits on small and large cylinders are Rs.
20 and Rs. 30 per cylinders respectively, how many of each type should be made in order to
maximize the total profit?
7. An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs400 is made on each first class
ticket and a profit Rs300 is made on each second class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats
for first class. However, at least four times as many passengers prefer to travel by second class then
by first class. Determine how many tickets f each types must be sold to maximize profit for the
airline. Form an LPP and solve it graphically.
8. There is a factory located at each of the two places P and Q .From these locations, a certain
commodity is derived to each of the three depots situated at A, B and C. The weekly requirements
of the depots are respectively 5 ,5 and 4 units of the commodity while the production capacity of the
factories at P and Q are 8 and 6 units respectively. The cost of transportation per unit is given
below:
From/to Costs (in Rs)
A B C
P 16 10 15
Q 10 12 10
How many units should be transported from each factory to each depot in order that the
transportation cost is minimum? Formulate above as a linear programming problem.
9. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem ISO-Profit method. Maximize Z = 15x + 10y
Subject to 4x + 6y ≤ 360, 3x ≤ 180, 5y ≤ 200, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
10. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem using ISO-Cost method.
Minimize Z = 18x + 10y Subject to 4x + y ≥ 20, 2x + 3y ≥ 30, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
Answers

1. Maximum Z=235/19 at (20/19, 45/19) 2.No possible feasible region hence Z cannot be maximized
3. Minimum value of Z is 7 when x = 3/2, y = 1/2. 4. 150 units (15, 20) 5. (2000, 10000) maximum
profit is ₹1,160
6. Small Cylinders – 12, Large cylinders – 6, Maximum Profit = Rs. 420
7. ₹ 64,000 at (40,160)
8. Minimize Z = x – 7y + 190 Subject to the constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 x + y ≤ 8, x + y ≥ 4, x, y ≤ 5.
9. Maximum Profit obtained is Z = 1100 at x = 60 and y = 20.
10. The minimum value of Z is 134 at x = 3 and y = 8
CASE STUDY

A train can carry a maximum of 300 passengers. A profit of Rs. 800 is made on each executive class and
Rs. 200 is made on each economy class. The IRCTC reserves at least 40 tickets for executive class.
ZIET, CHANDIGARH
43
However, at least 3 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy class, than by executive class.
It is given that the number of executive class ticket is Rs. x and that of economy class ticket is Rs. y.
Optimize the given problem.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

1 The objective function of the LPP is:
(a) Maximise Z = 800x + 200y (b) Maximise Z = 200x + 800y
(c) Minimise Z = 800x + 200y (d) Minimise Z = 200x + 800y
2 Which among these is a constraint for this LPP?
(a) x+y = 300 (b) y ≥ 3x
(c) x ≤ 40 (d) y ≤ 3x
3 Which among these is not a corner point for this LPP?
(a) (40,120) (b) (40, 260)
(c) (30, 90) (d) (75, 225)
4 The maximum profit is:
(a) Rs.56000 (b) Rs. 84000
(c) Rs. 205000 (d) Rs. 105000
5 Which corner point the objective function has minimum value?
(a) (40,120) (b) (40, 260)
(c) (30, 90) (d) (75, 225)
ANSWERS
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a)

ZIET, CHANDIGARH
44
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