Scribd
Upload
10 views

1. Introduction to Force Systems Students Copy

The document provides an overview of mechanics, focusing on Newton's Laws of Motion, types of mechanics (statics and dynamics), and their applications in engineering fields. It explains vector operations, equilibrium of particles, and the use of free-body diagrams to analyze forces acting on objects. Additionally, it includes examples demonstrating the principles of force addition, resultant forces, and equilibrium conditions.

Uploaded by

kentdarunday38
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

1. Introduction to Force Systems Students Copy

The document provides an overview of mechanics, focusing on Newton's Laws of Motion, types of mechanics (statics and dynamics), and their applications in engineering fields. It explains vector operations, equilibrium of particles, and the use of free-body diagrams to analyze forces acting on objects. Additionally, it includes examples demonstrating the principles of force addition, resultant forces, and equilibrium conditions.

Uploaded by

kentdarunday38
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Engineering Mechanics

EE - 2
Engr. Jayson Ferolin
Mechanics
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of
physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the
subsequent effects of these bodies on their environment.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law: Law of Inertia

An object at rest will remain at


rest, and an object in motion
will remain in motion at a
constant velocity unless acted
upon by an external force
Second Law: Law
of Acceleration

The force acting on an


object is equal to the
mass of that object
times its acceleration
(F = ma).
Third Law: Action & Reaction

For every action, there is an


equal and opposite
reaction.
Application of Mechanics
Structural Mechanical Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering
In designing buildings, bridges, In designing machines, Mechanics is used to analyze
and other structures. engines, and various forces from magnetic fields on
Understanding force mechanical systems. It helps materials, crucial for designing
distribution helps engineers in optimizing performance and transformers, inductors, and
ensure stability and safety efficiency. magnetic actuators.
Types of Mechanics
Statics
Statics is the study of forces in systems
that are equilibrium, meaning the objects
are at rest and moving at a constant
velocity.

Dynamics
Dynamics is the study of forces and the
resulting motion of objects. It includes the
analysis of velocity, acceleration, and the
forces that cause these changes.
STATICS
Scalars Vectors
Quantities that have only Quantities that have both
magnitude, with no magnitude and direction
direction
Vectors
Any physical quantity that
requires both a magnitude and a
direction
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar

If a vector is multiplied or divided by


a positive scalar, its magnitude is
changed by that amount. Multiplying
or dividing by a negative scalar will
also change the directional sense of
the vector.
Vector Addition
Parallelogram law of addition

To add two vectors A and B, place them at the same point and form a
parallelogram with A and B as sides. The diagonal from the point where they
start represents the sum of the vectors, A + B. Note that this sum isn't just the
sum of their lengths. Also, since the order of A and B doesn't matter, vector
addition is commutative, meaning A + B = B + A.
Triangle Rule

The triangle rule for adding two vectors is a simpler version of the
parallelogram law. To use this method, place the vectors A and B tip-to-tail, then
draw a line from the tail of A to the tip of B. This line represents the sum of the
vectors. This method works because the opposite sides of the parallelogram are
equal, showing that vector addition is commutative.
If two vectors A and B are collinear (both have the same line of action),
the parallelogram law reduces to an algebraic or scalar addition
Vector Subtraction
The resultant of the difference between two vectors A and B of the
same type may be expressed as:
R’ = A – B = A + (-B)
Example
Two forces are applied at point B of beam AB. Determine graphically the magnitude and
direction of their resultant using (a) the parallelogram law, (b) the triangle rule.
Example
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Resultants of Force Systems
The effect of a system of forces on a body is usually expressed in terms of a resultant. The
value of this resultant determines the motion of the body. As we shall see, if the resultant is
zero, the body will be in equilibrium and will not change its original state of motion. This is the
province of statics. If the resultant of a force system is not zero, the body will have a varying
state of motion, thereby creating a problem in dynamics. In this chapter we shall consider the
technique for determining the resultant effect of various types of coplanar force systems.
Forces and Components

The components Fx and Fy are considered positive if they act in the positive
directions of the X and Y axis and negative if directed in the negative sense of
the reference axis.
Example: Rectangular Components
A force of 800 N is exerted on a bolt A as shown. Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of the force.
Example: Rectangular Components
A man pulls with a force of 300 N on a rope attached to 29 a building as shown. What are
the horizontal and vertical components of the force exerted by the rope at point A?
Example: Addition of Forces
Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the forces on the bolt.
Example: Addition of Forces
Determine the x and y components of the forces shown in the Figure.
Equilibrium of a Particle
In earlier sections, we discussed how to find
the total force (resultant) on a particle when multiple
forces act on it. Sometimes, the resultant force can
be zero, meaning the forces cancel each other out.
When this happens, the particle is in equilibrium.
For example, if two forces acting on a particle
have the same strength and direction but are opposite
in sense, they cancel each other, and the particle
remains in equilibrium
෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑹 = ෍𝑭 = 𝟎
෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
Example: Equilibrium of a Particle

Σ𝐹𝑥 = 300 𝑙𝑏 − 200 𝑙𝑏 sin 30° − 400 𝑙𝑏 sin 30°


= 300 𝑙𝑏 − 100 𝑙𝑏 − 200 𝑙𝑏 = 0

Σ𝐹𝑦 = −173.2 𝑙𝑏 − 200 𝑙𝑏 cos 30° + 400 𝑙𝑏 cos 30°


= −173.2 𝑙𝑏 − 173.2 𝑙𝑏 + 346.4 𝑙𝑏 = 0
Another example of a particle in equilibrium
is shown where four forces act on point A.
The resultant of these forces is found using
the polygon rule. By arranging the forces tip-
to-tail, we see that the tip of the last force,
F4, meets the starting point, O, forming a
closed shape. This means the total force is
zero, and the particle is in equilibrium.

The closed polygon visually represents the


equilibrium of point A.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS

In engineering mechanics, problems usually come from real-life


situations. To understand these problems, we start with a drawing that
shows the physical setup, called a space diagram.
Many complex problems can be simplified by focusing on a key
part, or particle, and considering the forces acting on it. We represent
this by drawing a separate, simpler diagram called a free-body diagram.
This diagram shows just the particle and all the forces acting on it,
making it easier to analyze the problem.
Let's consider a 75-kg crate that is
being lifted onto a truck. The crate is supported
by a vertical cable connected at point A to two
ropes that pass over pulleys attached to
buildings.

To find the tension in each rope, we


use a free-body diagram focused on point A.
This diagram shows the forces acting on A: the
downward force from the crate's weight and
the forces from the two ropes. The weight of
the crate, calculated as
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = (75 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 ) = 736
is shown in the diagram as the force exerted by
the cable. The tensions in the ropes are the
other forces we need to determine.
The forces from the two ropes, which we
don't know, are equal to the tensions in ropes AB and
AC. We label these forces as TAB and TAC and draw
them pointing away from point A in the directions
shown in the space diagram. The free-body diagram
focuses only on these forces.

Since point A is in equilibrium, the three


forces acting on it (including the downward force
from the crate) must form a closed triangle when
drawn tip-to-tail. This force triangle is shown. The
tensions TAB and TAC can be found by either drawing
the triangle to scale or using trigonometry,
specifically the law of sines.
𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝐴𝐶 736 𝑁
= =
sin 60° sin 40° sin 80°

𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 647 𝑁 𝑇𝐴𝑐 = 480 𝑁


FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS

When a particle is in equilibrium under three forces, you


can solve the problem by drawing a force triangle. For a
particle in equilibrium under more than three forces, use a
force polygon for a graphical solution. For an analytical
approach, solve the equilibrium equations:
•∑Fx=0 (sum of forces in the x-direction)
•∑Fy=0 (sum of forces in the y-direction)
Example:
Determine the resultant of the concurrent forces shown for the system to be in
equilibrium.
Example:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the smallest force F which will maintain the package shown in
equilibrium. Note that the force exerted by the rollers on the package is perpendicular to the incline
Example:
As part of the design of a new sailboat, it is desired to determine the drag force which may be
expected at a given speed. To do so, a model of the proposed hull is placed in a test channel and three
cables are used to keep its bow on the centerline of the channel. Dynamometer readings indicate that for a
given speed, the tension is 40 lb in cable AB and 60 lb in cable AE. Determine the drag force exerted on the
hull and the tension in cable AC.

You might also like