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linux-essentials-commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of essential Linux commands categorized into file and directory management, file viewing and editing, user and permission management, system monitoring and process management, networking commands, archiving and compression, package management, and other useful commands. Each command is accompanied by a brief description and an example of its usage. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to efficiently navigate and manage their Linux systems.

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Mahmoud Ibrahim
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

linux-essentials-commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of essential Linux commands categorized into file and directory management, file viewing and editing, user and permission management, system monitoring and process management, networking commands, archiving and compression, package management, and other useful commands. Each command is accompanied by a brief description and an example of its usage. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to efficiently navigate and manage their Linux systems.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Ibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Essential Commands

### File and Directory Management

1. `ls` - Lists files and directories in the current directory. Example: `ls -la`

2. `cd` - Changes the current directory. Example: `cd /var/log`

3. `pwd` - Prints the current directory path.

4. `mkdir` - Creates a new directory. Example: `mkdir myfolder`

5. `rmdir` - Deletes an empty directory. Example: `rmdir myfolder`

6. `cp` - Copies files or directories. Example: `cp file1.txt file2.txt`

7. `mv` - Moves or renames files or directories. Example: `mv oldname.txt newname.txt`

8. `rm` - Deletes files or directories. Example: `rm -r folder/`

9. `find` - Searches for files and directories. Example: `find / -name "file.txt"`

### File Viewing and Editing

10. `cat` - Displays file content. Example: `cat file.txt`

11. `less` - Views file content one page at a time. Example: `less file.txt`
12. `nano` or `vim` - Opens text editors to modify files. Example: `nano file.txt`

13. `head` / `tail` - Displays the beginning (`head`) or end (`tail`) of a file. Example: `tail -n 10 log.txt`

14. `touch` - Creates an empty file. Example: `touch newfile.txt`

### User and Permission Management

15. `whoami` - Shows the current user.

16. `id` - Displays user ID (UID) and group ID (GID). Example: `id username`

17. `chmod` - Changes file permissions. Example: `chmod 755 file.txt`

18. `chown` - Changes file ownership. Example: `chown user:group file.txt`

19. `sudo` - Executes a command as another user, typically the superuser. Example: `sudo apt

update`

20. `passwd` - Changes the user password. Example: `passwd username`

### System Monitoring and Process Management

21. `top` - Displays running processes and system usage.

22. `ps` - Shows current processes. Example: `ps aux | grep process_name`

23. `kill` - Terminates a process. Example: `kill 1234` (where 1234 is the process ID).

24. `df` - Displays disk usage. Example: `df -h`

25. `du` - Displays directory or file size. Example: `du -sh folder/`

26. `free` - Shows memory usage. Example: `free -m`

27. `uptime` - Displays system uptime.

### Networking Commands

28. `ping` - Tests network connectivity. Example: `ping google.com`

29. `ifconfig` or `ip` - Displays or configures network interfaces. Example: `ifconfig`

30. `netstat` - Displays network connections. Example: `netstat -tuln`

31. `curl` / `wget` - Fetches files from the web. Example: `curl http://example.com`
32. `traceroute` - Traces the route packets take to a destination. Example: `traceroute google.com`

33. `nslookup` - Queries DNS for domain information. Example: `nslookup example.com`

### Archiving and Compression

34. `tar` - Archives files. Example: `tar -cvf archive.tar folder/`

35. `gzip` / `gunzip` - Compresses or decompresses files. Example: `gzip file.txt`

36. `zip` / `unzip` - Creates or extracts zip files. Example: `unzip archive.zip`

### Package Management (for Ubuntu/Debian)

37. `apt` - Manages packages. Example: `sudo apt update && sudo apt install package-name`

38. `dpkg` - Installs or removes .deb packages. Example: `sudo dpkg -i package.deb`

### Other Useful Commands

39. `history` - Displays command history.

40. `alias` - Creates command shortcuts. Example: `alias ll='ls -la'`

41. `echo` - Prints a message or variable. Example: `echo "Hello, World!"`

42. `man` - Displays manual pages for commands. Example: `man ls`

43. `clear` - Clears the terminal screen.

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