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3.3 F D M (FDM) : Requency Ivision Ultiplexing

The document discusses key concepts in analog communications, focusing on Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Carrier Frequency Conversion. It explains how multiple signals can be transmitted using different carrier frequencies and describes the super-heterodyne receiver, which translates incoming signals to a fixed intermediate frequency for easier demodulation. Additionally, it highlights the issue of image frequencies in super-heterodyne receivers and the role of RF amplifiers in mitigating this problem.

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4 views2 pages

3.3 F D M (FDM) : Requency Ivision Ultiplexing

The document discusses key concepts in analog communications, focusing on Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Carrier Frequency Conversion. It explains how multiple signals can be transmitted using different carrier frequencies and describes the super-heterodyne receiver, which translates incoming signals to a fixed intermediate frequency for easier demodulation. Additionally, it highlights the issue of image frequencies in super-heterodyne receivers and the role of RF amplifiers in mitigating this problem.

Uploaded by

elayadi ossama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Modulation Lecture Notes in “Analog Communications & Noise”

by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar

3.3 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)


It is possible to send several signals simultaneously by choosing different carrier frequency for
each signal. These carriers must be chosen so that the signals spectra do not overlapping. This
technique is used basically in the commercial radio and TV stations. In practical AM radio
broad-casting stations, they are allocated 10kHz per station i.e. 5kHz per sideband. Is it
sufficient?

3.4 CARRIER FREQUENCY CONVERSION


Which sometimes referred to as frequency translating, changing, mixing, or heterodyning.
Suppose that we have a modulated wave 𝑠(𝑡) whose spectrum is centered on a carrier
frequency 𝑓1 and the requirement is to translate it upward/downward in frequency such that
its carrier frequency is changed from 𝑓1 to a new value 𝑓2 . This requirement may be
accomplished using the mixer shown in Figure below.

r(t) BPF
fcenter = f2

Where the local oscillator frequency 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓1 ± 𝑓2

If 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡) cos(𝜔1 𝑡) then

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) cos(𝜔𝐿 𝑡)

= 𝑠(𝑡) × cos(𝜔1 𝑡) × cos[(𝜔1 + 𝜔2 )𝑡]


1 1
= 2 𝑠(𝑡) cos(𝜔2 𝑡) + 2 𝑠(𝑡) cos[(2𝜔1 + 𝜔2 )𝑡], the last term removed by the BPF Amplifier.

-39-
Lecture Notes in “Analog Communications & Noise” Analog Modulation
Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy
1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡) cos(𝜔2 𝑡)
2

3.5 SUPER-HETERODYNE RECEIVER


For commercial radio receivers, it is difficult to design a good demodulator for wide range of
frequencies. In this type, the carrier of the incoming signal is translated to a fixed frequency
value (called intermediate frequency 𝑓𝐼𝐹 = 455kHz), and finally demodulated by well designed
system.

y(t) RF Amp. u(t) IF Amp h(t)


r(t) Audio
& & DeMod
Amplifier
BPF @ Fc BPF @ FIF

cos 2π(fc + fIF )t

If 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 then for the moment, let 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑦(𝑡), the frequency convertor results:
1
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) cos(𝜔𝐼𝐹 𝑡)
2
Which represent the main message signal 𝑚(𝑡) re-modulated by new carrier of the value 𝑓𝐼𝐹 .

IMAGE STATION PROBLEM


Now, suppose there is another station with a carrier 𝑓𝐶 + 2𝑓𝐼𝐹 is available at the receiving input,
so:

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑦2 (𝑡)


= 𝑚1 (𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) + 𝑚2 (𝑡) cos[(𝜔𝑐 + 2𝜔𝐼𝐹 )𝑡]
1 1
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑚1 (𝑡){cos(𝜔𝐼𝐹 𝑡) + cos[(2𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝐼𝐹 )𝑡]} + 𝑚2 (𝑡){cos(𝜔𝐼𝐹 𝑡) + cos[(2𝜔𝑐 + 3𝜔𝐼𝐹 )𝑡]}
2 2
1
∴ ℎ(𝑡) = [𝑚1 (𝑡) + 𝑚2 (𝑡)] cos(𝜔𝐼𝐹 𝑡)
2
Which means both m1 and m2 will pass to the demodulator (overlapping). So, in the super-
heterodyne receivers, for each desired station frequency 𝑓𝑐 there is an image station at
frequency = 𝑓𝐶 + 2𝑓𝐼𝐹 which called the image frequency. The RF-Amplifier stage of the super-
heterodyne receiver prevents an image station from passing.
-40-

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