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3 views

Functions

Uploaded by

elsandripelser88
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHS WORKSHOP

FUNCTIONS
STRAIGHT LINE, PARABOLA AND
HYPERBOLA

8 – 10 APRIL 2022
ERRORS AND MISCONCEPTIONS
2b
➢ Use incorrect formula for calculating axis of symmetry for parabola e.g x = −
a
➢ Failure to find axis of symmetry when given 2 x-intercepts
➢ Candidates fail to find values of a, b and c when given f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
➢ Misunderstanding of decreasing and increasing function
➢ Writing notation and inequality signs incorrectly
➢ Incorrect equation of asymptotes for hyperbola e.g vertical asymptote = 1 or
p = 1 instead of x = 1
➢ Wrong sketched graphs and forgetting to label intercepts, TP and asymptotes,
➢ Wrong equation of the axis of symmetry for hyperbola, mostly use wrong gradient

➢ Failing to write domain and range correctly e.g y  −5 instead of y  −5


or y  ¡ ; y = 1 instead of y  ¡ ; y  1
➢ Incorrect interpretation of intersecting graphs
ERRORS AND MISCONCEPTIONS: POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

❖Teachers should pay attention to the concepts and definitions


a
❖ In hyperbola, start with the basic graph y = and develop the general hyperbola
a x
y= + q . This will enable learners to understand effects of a, p and q.
x+ p
❖Teachers need to illustrate how transformation influence the equation of a graph.
There should be a good understanding of how the graph changes when the equation
changes and vice versa.
❖Teach learners both formats of the equation of the parabola, namely y = a ( x + p ) + q
2

and y = ax 2 + bx + c . Also finding equation when given a graph.

❖Inequalities need to be taught properly as Paper 1 had inequalities in most questions.


STRAIGHT LINE

shape

a a0 a=0 a0 undefined


domain x¡ x¡ x¡
range y¡ y=q y¡
Increasing/ decreasing Increasing
decreasing
PARABOLA

SHAPE

for a  0 for a  0

Graph has maximum value Graph has minimum value


y = ax + q y = a ( x + p ) + q y = ax 2 + bx + c
2
y = ax 2 2

Y-intercept y=0 y=q y = a. p + q 2 y=c


Axis of
x=0 x=0 x = −p x=−
b
symmetry 2a
Turning ( 0;0 ) ( 0; q ) ( − p; q )  b 4ac − b 2 
− ; 
Point  2 a 4 a 
Domain x¡ x¡ x¡ x¡
Range 4ac − b 2
y0 yq yq y
(a > 0) 4a
Range yq yq 4ac − b 2
y0 y
(a < 0) 4a

The roots/ x-intercepts are determined by letting y = 0 and solve for x.


FINDING EQUATION OF A GIVEN PARABOLA

• Given two roots and a point use y = a( x − x1 )( x − x2 )

y = a ( x + p) + q
2
• Given turning point and a point use
HYPERBOLA

SHAPE

a0 a0

Dotted lines represent asymptotes


a a a
y= y = +q y= +q
x x x+ p
Vertical x=0 x=0 x = −p
Asymptotes
Horizontal y=q y=q
y=0
Asymptotes
Axis of y = x y = x + q y = ( x + p) + q
symmetry
Domain x¡ ;x  0 x¡ ;x  0 x¡ ;x  −p
Range y¡ ; y  0 y¡ ; y  q y¡ ; y  q

• For x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x.


• For y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y.
TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPHS
TRANSFORMATION EFFECT ON THE GRAPH VALUES AFFECTED
f ( x) + q Shift graph of f q units
Upward (vertical shift)
Only y values are affected

f ( x) − q Shift graph of f q units


downward (vertical shift)
Only y values are affected

f ( x + p) Shift graph of f p units to


Only x values are affected
the left (horizontal shift)
Shift graph of f p units to
f ( x − p) the right (horizontal shift)
Only x values are affected

Reflect graph of f about x-


− f ( x) axis or line y = 0. Only y values are affected

f (− x) Reflect graph of f about y-


axis or line x = 0. Only x values are affected
INTERSECTING GRAPHS

For which value(s) Point(s) or interval on the given graphs


of x is:
f ( x) = g ( x) x-coordinates of the point(s) of intersection.

f ( x)  g ( x) Interval where the graph of f is above the graph of g.

f ( x)  g ( x) Interval where the graph of f is below the graph of g.

f ( x).g ( x)  0 Interval where the graph of f and g are both above x-axis/ both below x-axis.
f ( x).g ( x)  0 Interval where the graph of f is above x-axis and graph of g is below x-axis or
vice-versa

For  or  remember to include critical value(s) in your interval unless critical


value(s) are the asymptotes.
Thank you very much

The end

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