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2023
IoT, WIRELESS, 5G
EMC GUIDE

INTERFERENCE TECHNOLOGY GUIDE SERIES | interferencetechnology.com

© Copyright 2023 Interference Technology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 TECHNICAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

7 IOT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC SUPPLIERS MATRIX

9 FEATURED ARTICLES

9 A Short Perspective on our Industry:

IoT, Wireless and Security
MIKE VIOLETTE, P.E.
Washington Labs

11 Techniques for Mitigating Intrapair Skew-Induced

EMI with Shielded Connectors
ZACH PETERSON
Northwest Engineering Solutions

13 REFERENCE SECTION

13 IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Standards

14 IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC Groups & Organizations
16 Useful Wireless References

19 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

interferencetechnology.com | 3 | Interference Technology Guide Series

TECHNICAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Meet the 2023 Editorial Board

GHERY PETTIT | PRESIDENT, PETTIT EMC CONSULTING LLC

Ghery S. Pettit received the BSEE degree from Washington State University in 1975. He has
worked in the areas of TEMPEST and EMC for the past 47 years. Employers were the US Navy,
Martin Marietta Denver Aerospace, Tandem Computers and Intel Corporation, prior to retiring
from industry in 2015 and becoming an independent consultant.

Mr. Pettit is presently serving as Chair of CISPR SC I and is one of CISPR’s representatives on
the Advisory Council on EMC (ACEC) within the IEC. He has been involved in CISPR activities
since 1998, both as a member of the US Technical Advisory Groups to CISPR SC G and CISPR
SC I and as an active member of CISPR SC I and its maintenance teams, CISPR SC I MT7 (CISPR 32 maintenance) and
CISPR SC I MT8 (CISPR 35 maintenance). He is also a member of the working groups preparing the next editions of
ANSI C63.4, C63.9 and C63.16.

ZACHARIAH PETERSON | NORTHWEST ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

Zachariah Peterson received multiple degrees in physics from Southern Oregon University
and Portland State University, and he received his MBA from Adams State University. In 2011,
he began teaching at Portland State University while working towards his Ph.D. in Applied
Physics. His research work originally focused on topics in random lasers, electromagnetics in
random materials, metal oxide semiconductors, sensors, and select topics in laser physics;
he has also published over a dozen peer reviewed papers and proceedings. Following his
time in academia, he began working in the PCB industry as a designer and technical content
creator. As a designer, his experience focuses on high-speed digital systems and RF systems
for commercial and mil-aero applications. His company also produces technical content for major CAD vendors and
consults on technology strategies for these clients. In total, he has produced over 2,000 technical articles on PCB
design, manufacturing, simulation, modeling, and analysis. Most recently, he began working as CTO of Thintronics,
an innovative PCB materials startup focusing on high-speed, high-density systems.

He is a member of IEEE Photonics Society, IEEE Electronics Packaging Society, American Physical Society, and the
Printed Circuit Engineering Association (PCEA). He previously served as a voting member on the INCITS Quantum
Computing Technical Advisory Committee working on technical standards for quantum computing and quantum
electronics. He now sits on the IEEE P3186 Working Group focused on Port Interface Representing Photonic Signals
Using SPICE-class Circuit Simulators.

interferencetechnology.com | 4 | Interference Technology Guide Series

TECHNICAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Meet the 2023 Editorial Board

MIKE VIOLETTE | iNARTE CERTIFIED EMC ENGINEER

Mike is President of Washington Laboratories and Director of American Certification Body. He

has over 35 years of experience in the field of EMC evaluation and product approvals and has
overseen the development of engineering services companies in the US, Europe and Asia. Mike
is currently on the Board of Directors of the IEEE EMC Society.

He is a Professional Engineer, registered in the State of Virginia. He has given numerous

presentations on compliance topics and is a regular contributor to technical and trade magazines.

DAVID A. WESTON | iNARTE EMC ENGINEER

David A. Weston is an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) consultant and certified National

Association of Radio and Telecommunications Engineers (iNARTE) EMC engineer at EMC
Consulting Inc. Merrickville, Ontario, Canada. A life member of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Weston has worked in electronic design for 55 years, specializing in
the control, prediction, measurements, problem solving, analysis, and design aspects of EMC
for the last 44 years.

He is the author of the third edition of the 1,157-page book Electromagnetic Compatibility,
Methods, Analysis, Circuits, and Measurement published by CRC press in 2017, as well as numerous papers of a
practical nature.

interferencetechnology.com | 5 | Interference Technology Guide Series

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2023 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE

WIRELESS & IoT EMC SUPPLIERS MATRIX

INTRODUCTION
There are two main categories of equipment in this handy supplier guide: EMI troubleshooting & measurement equipment
and direction finding equipment.

EMI troubleshooting and measurement equipment includes spectrum analyzers, near field probes, current probes, antennas,
and other pre-compliance equipment.

Direction finding (or DFing) equipment usually includes specialized portable, mobile, or base station spectrum analyzers with
custom antennas and mapping software especially designed for locating interfering sources.

Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment

Spectrum Analyzers /
Portable DF Systems
Pre-Compliance Test
Mobile DF Systems
Near Field Probes
Fixed DF Systems
Current Probes
Manufacturer Contact Information - URL Amplifiers

Receivers
Antennas

360Compliance www.360compliance.co/ X

Aaronia AG www.aaronia.com X X X X X X X

Alaris Antennas www.alarisantennas.com X

Anritsu Company www.anritsu.com X X

Avalon Test
Equipment Corp www.avalontest.com X X X X X X X

CommsAudit www.commsaudit.com/products/ X X X X

Doppler Systems www.dopsys.com X X X X

The EMC Shop www.theemcshop.com X X X X X X

Gauss Instruments www.gauss-instruments.com/en/ X

Intertek www.intertek.com X

Kent Electronics www.wa5vjb.com X

interferencetechnology.com | 7 | Interference Technology Guide Series

2023 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE

Wireless & IoT EMC Supplier Matrix Type of Equipment

Spectrum Analyzers /
Portable DF Systems
Pre-Compliance Test
Mobile DF Systems
Near Field Probes
Fixed DF Systems
Current Probes
Manufacturer Contact Information - URL

Amplifiers

Receivers
Antennas
Keysight Technologies www.keysight.com X X X

Morcom International www.morcom.com/direction_finding_systems.html X X

MPB srl www.gruppompb.uk.com X X X X

MVG, Inc www.mvg-world.com/en X X X

Narda/PMM www.narda-sts.it X X X X

Pearson Electronics www.pearsonelectronics.com X

RDF Antennas www.rdfantennas.com X

RDF Products www.rdfproducts.com X X X

Rhotheta America www.rhothetaint.com X X X

Rigol Technologies www.rigolna.com X X X X

R&K Company Limited www.rk-microwave.com X

Rohde & Schwarz USA, www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/ X X X X X X X X X

Inc.

Siglent Technologies www.siglentna.com X X

Signal Hound www.signalhound.com X X

SPX/TCI www.spx.com X X X X X

SteppIR Communication
Systems www.steppir.com X

TechComm www.techcommdf.com X X X X X

Tektronix www.tek.com X X X X X

Teseq www.teseq.com/en/index.php X X X

Thurlby Thandar www.aimtti.us X X

(AIM-TTi)

TMD Technologies www.tmd.co.uk X

UST www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/company/marshall-radio-telemetry/ X X

interferencetechnology.com | 8 | Interference Technology Guide Series

A SHORT PERSPECTIVE ON OUR INDUSTRY:
IoT, WIRELESS AND SECURITY
Mike Violette, P.E
President, American Certification Body and Washington Labs

Progress works out to be about 20 dB/decade, a familiar slope in our trade.1

INTRODUCTION
The term “The Internet of Things” is a concept that went decade indicating an exponential increase in operating
from a novel (like Bitcoin or Streaming or something sim- frequencies, which goes with a plethora of design chal-
ilar) to a phrase that is as household as a Spying Siri or lenges, ever higher data rates, spectrum expansion and
an Alert Alexa. the potential for interference, not to mention the need to
making measurements of this stuff.
Way back, when I was a green engineer, the nominal up-
per frequency for testing of PCs and the like was 1 GHz. Staring at the green pre-LED phosphor-painted wiggles
System clocks ticked along at a blistering 25 MHz. Jump on our trusty HP 8568 spectrum analyzer, we didn’t see
a generation and the talk is in the THz, which is a nom- much “up there” as most of the mush from the early ma-
inal 1000-fold increase in frequency, or to the logarith- chines of the x86 family of microprocessors petered out
mically inclined, an increase in 60dBGHz which works above a few hundreds of MHz. (Historical note, initial
out, throughout my career, an increase of about 20dB/ versions of Intel’s offerings appeared as 8086 and 8088.

1
For the mathematically pure, this is not a correct use of the decibel. The next decade, in years, is 10X the current year or about the year 20220,
but what the hey, mixing meanings here, is the author’s prerogative.

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2023 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE

**The 4044 being the first commercially-available 4-bit government. One common link to these activities is the
µP** As the speeds/densities increased, Intel released mmWave Coalition https://mmwavecoalition.org/ which
models numbered 80286, 80386 and 80486 and finally is an advocacy group for spectrum access for industry
said “Heck with it, let’s stop at ‘5’ and call it PENTIUM.) and academia. Incumbents include government users
Of course, this was about 26 dByears ago (refer to pre- and space-exploration advocates. Careful accommoda-
vious footnote regards liberal use of the dB acronym), as tion of the various users of the spectrum is a key goal.
many advances in processor technology have occurred.
Currently, the Pentium product is nominally an entry- to The tricky part of these frequencies are the milli-meter
mid-range processor—Intel’s “Core” offerings are the wave measurements that need to be quantified (for per-
current high-end data workhorses. formance and regulatory purposes). As a test lab, we
are continuously challenged to make the most-accurate
Now, embedded designs, agile software-defined radios, measurements possible. The real tricky part of these
multi-function chipsets and networked solutions are the measurements are the very fine-beamwidths that are af-
norm. filiated with the physics of the propagation of small-wave-
length signals (and noise). Tiny displacements of device
Interference Technology’s IoT, Wireless, 5G EMC arrangement and measurement probes make a huge
Guide, at it’s surface covers a few topics, namely some difference in performance and quantification. I think of
thoughts on the Internet of Things, Wireless, and Secu- these subtleties as the precision needed to focus a mag-
rity—all things that designers, test houses/compliance nifying glass to a fine point to scorch a leaf or burn a
professional/systems planner have to contend with. The piece of paper. Millimeters matter.
convergence of these ideas and notions has happened
amazingly quickly. Layered atop these implementations of IoT and wireless
application are the real concerns about security. The ac-
The current generation of IoT consists of numerous ap- tions of bad-actors, state-sponsored and sophisticated
plications, from asset-tracking to inventory control, Earth bandits, lays a heavy cold blanket atop the promise of
sensing and geo-location. We have a client that uses more access and functionality of our data-driven world.
low-data rate array of sensors to communicate with a
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation. The ground- For device suppliers with a European market (CE Mark-
based sensors use Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ing, UKCA), a cyber-requirement is emerging under the
to image the dirt underneath. These data are relayed Radio Equipment Directive (RED). The implementation
to the satellite to provide the image data to geo-phys- of cyber-protections is emerging and will require com-
icists for research and exploration (beats digging up pliance with Article 3.3(d), (e) and (f). A useful guide
the planet, I guess, and is nominally less intrusive than can be found here: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/
explosive-based seismic monitoring or brute-force pros- documents/33162.
pecting). This particular application uses a very low bit
rate and burst communications to the satellites, a good CONCLUSION
example of “Internet of Space” and the application of EMC, in its traditional sense, has morphed to cover
sensing to IoT. layers of the physical and software world. As the world
becomes more complex and intertwined, the EMC en-
On the opposite end of the “spectrum of use” so-to- gineer needs to be a “Swiss-Army” engineer with multi-
speak are the SATCOM networks used for broad-access ple tools to assist clients and maintain proficiency in our
broadband internet communications, useful in our busy fast-changing industry.
e-commerce environment and appealing to Tik-Tokers
the world-over (and yes, I am guilty of hours of “swiping
up” to the next silly video). Various contenders use LEO
and GEO orbits for data delivery.

IoT is a medium of many forms and, really, has been

around for many decades. Expect more…

Wireless Applications are proliferating profusely. 5G is

pretty common nowadays and rapidly spreading. 6G is
next (and being adopted in various guises)—the “G” hav-
ing nothing to do with frequency, but about performance
metrics, data delivery and access, and marketing. The
exciting part of this area of technology is the upper-push
into the GHz+ space. Various stakeholders are working
and competing in this arena are across the industry and

interferencetechnology.com | 10 | Interference Technology Guide Series

TECHNIQUES FOR MITIGATING INTRAPAIR
SKEW-INDUCED EMI WITH SHIELDED
CONNECTORS

Zachariah Peterson
Owner, Northwest Engineering Solutions LLC

INTRODUCTION
EMI stands for electromagnetic interference. There are cro-Coaxial Cable and shielded twisted pair. Shielding
several methods of EMI transmission from the source to the cable helps with direct radiated emissions from the
the victim. Two of them are radiated EMI and conducted cable, but mismatches in differential pairs also exacer-
EMI. Radiated EMI happens when an electrical device bate EMI. This is referred to as intrapair skew.
produces an RF signal that is picked up and causes un-
wanted effects. Conducted EMI is unintentional energy Intrapair skew is the timing difference between the pos-
carried out of the source via signal cables or PCB traces. itive and negative signal lines within a differential pair. It
Common sources include antennas, RFICs, power sup- is caused by mismatches in electrical length or unequal
plies, and transmission lines. propagation delays. Shown in Figure 1 are E-field plots
of a cable assembly. The left has a match differential pair
Adverse effects of EMI include passing or failing regu- and the right has a four millimeter mismatch within the
latory emissions tests and neighboring antenna sensi- pair. The length mismatch causes intrapair skew and a
tivity. Common solutions include shield coverings, EMI much larger electric field.
absorbing materials, ferrite chokes, and grounding clips.
The disadvantages of these solutions include cost, ZENSHIELD CONNECTOR
space, and increased time on labor and assembly. What is the solution? Using a fully-shielded connector.
Not all connectors that have a shell or shield will work.
Over the past 40 years, EMC requirements have The shield needs to completely surround the signal con-
evolved. In 1985, Cray made the world’s most power- tacts in order to contain the electric fields.
ful supercomputer. Today, that computing power resides
in today’s smartphones, tablets, and portable comput- At I-PEX, this type of connector is called a ZenShield
ers. In 1985, system-level shielding for a typical desktop connector. A connector is only rated as ZenShield if it
computer was sufficient. Today, that computing power has the following three characteristics. One, the entire
resides in your hand. External cables have been cut and connector is covered by 360 degree shielding for both
radiating structures, like antennas, have been added. In the plug and the receptacle. Two, the shield-to-shield
1985, we did not see much need for component-level interface between the plug and receptacle is effective-
shielding for interconnects. Today, many devices require ly connected at multiple points. Three, the connector
fully shielded solutions to isolate radiating sub-sections shield-to-board interface is properly grounded at multiple
from one another. points on the board.

CABLE ASSEMBLIES Shielded connectors block EMI generated by intrapair

How do cable assemblies specifically affect EMI? To an- skew from leaking outside of the connector. As you can
swer that question, we will need to investigate the com- see on the left of Figure 2, EMI radiates freely without
ponents of the cable assembly, namely the cable con- the aid of a shield. The shielded connector on the right
struction and the connectors on the ends. There are two blocks unwanted radiation from the signal contacts.
common types of unshielded cables, discrete wire and
twisted pair. Since neither has shielding around the con- We simulated the effect of length mismatch within a
ductors, the EMI radiation is unhindered. differential pair on EMI. We also compared the use of
unshielded connectors in one assembly and shielded
Shielded cables mitigate EMI by wrapping a shield connectors in another assembly. We ran several side-
around the conductors. Two common examples are Mi- by-side comparisons of shielded versus unshielded

www.interferencetechnology.com | 11 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 Figure 1

Figure 2

connectors. We compared matched lengths, a slight the area where the signal contact is soldered to the
mismatch of one millimeter, and a larger mismatch of PCD. This shows that shielded connectors provide an
four millimeters. additional margin for assembly tolerances as EMI from
intrapair skew can be mitigated.
The simulated effective intrapair skew values for the
three conditions are as follows. Matched length, 0.2 pi- CONCLUSION
coseconds. Mismatched length of one millimeter, 3.5 I-PEX offers various types of fully shielded wire-to-board
picoseconds. And mismatched length of four millime- connectors. We offer vertical or horizontal options along
ters of 16.6 picoseconds. As we can see from the mode with multiple pin counts and pitches. ZenShield connec-
conversion simulation, the more mismatches we have, tors give board designers more flexibility for designing
the worse the mode conversion results. This is expect- the board by allowing the connectors to be placed close
ed as the differential pair is no longer balanced. to sensitive subsystems, such as transmit receive an-
tennas commonly found in high-performance wireless
To illustrate the E-fields, we looked at the top view, 0.5 communication systems. I-PEX also provides ZenShield
millimeters above the connector. Here we see larg- connectors for other applications like antennas or board-
er E-fields as the mismatch increases. However, the to-board and FFC-to-board connections.
shielded connector in the bottom row has significantly
less emissions compared to the unshielded connector For more information, please visit https://www.i-pex.com/.
in the top row. We also looked at the E-fields from the
side view or cross-section of the connector. You can REFERENCES
see that in the shielded connector, all of the E-fields 1. https://www.i-pex.com/
remain contained within the connector. Whereas in the
unshielded connector, some of the E-fields leak from

www.interferencetechnology.com | 12 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC STANDARDS

ETSI STANDARDS
https://www.etsi.org

Document Number Title

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range

ETSI EN 300 220 Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1,000 MHz frequency
range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband

transmission systems; Data transmission equipment operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM
ETSI EN 300 328
band and using wide band modulation techniques; Harmonized EN covering essential
requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices
ETSI EN 300 330 (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 9 kHz to 25 MHz frequency range and
inductive loop systems in the 9 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices
ETSI EN 300 440
(SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Electromagnetic

ETSI EN 301 489-3 Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 3: Specific conditions
for Short Range Devices (SRD) operating on frequencies between 9 kHz and 40 GHz

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Electromagnetic

ETSI EN 301 489-17 Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 17: Specific
conditions for Wideband data and HIPERLAN equipment

Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); 5 GHz high performance RLAN; Harmonized
ETSI EN 301 893
EN covering essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive

ETSI EN 303 413 GPS receivers

ETSI EN 303 417 Wireless Power Transfer

www.interferencetechnology.com | 13 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC

GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS

MAJOR WIRELESS/5G/IoT
LINKEDIN GROUPS

• Wireless Telecommunications Worldwide • 802.11 Wireless Professionals

• Cellular, Wireless & Mobile Professionals • Wireless Consultant
• Wireless Communications & Mobile Networks • Telecom & Wireless World

MAJOR IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC ETSI - European Telecommunications

Standards Institute
ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS http://www.etsi.org
We produce globally applicable standards for Information
APCO International & Communications Technologies including fixed, mobile,
https://www.apcointl.org radio, broadcast, internet, aeronautical, and other areas.
APCO International is the world’s oldest and largest or-
ganization of public safety communications professionals NAB - National Association of Broadcasters
and supports the largest U.S. membership base of any http://nab.org
public safety association. It serves the needs of public The National Association of Broadcasters is the voice
safety communications practitioners worldwide–and the for the nation’s radio and television broadcasters. As the
welfare of the general public as a whole–by providing premier trade association for broadcasters, NAB advanc-
complete expertise, professional development, technical es the interests of our members in federal government,
assistance, advocacy and outreach. industry and public affairs; improves the quality and prof-
itability of broadcasting; encourages content and technol-
ATIS ogy innovation; and spotlights the important and unique
http://www.atis.org ways stations serve their communities.
In a rapidly changing industry, innovation needs a home.
ATIS is a forum where the information and communica- Satellite Industry Association
tions technology (ICT) companies convene to find solu- http://www.sia.org
tions to their most pressing shared challenges. The Satellite Industry Association (SIA) is a Washington
D.C. based trade association representing the leading
Bluetooth Special Interest Group global satellite operators, service providers, manufac-
https://www.bluetooth.com turers, launch services providers, and ground equip-
Join thousands of the world’s most innovative companies ment suppliers.
already developing and influencing Bluetooth technology.
Telecommunications Industry Association
CTIA - The Wireless Association http://www.tiaonline.org
http://www.ctia.org The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is
CTIA is an international nonprofit membership organiza- the leading trade association representing the global in-
tion that has represented the wireless communications formation and communications technology (ICT) industry
industry since 1984. The association’s members include through standards development, policy initiatives, business
wireless carriers, device manufacturers, suppliers as well opportunities, market intelligence and networking events.
as apps and content companies. With support from hundreds of members, TIA enhances
the business environment for companies involved in tele-
com, broadband, mobile wireless, information technology,
networks, cable, satellite, unified communications, emer-
gency communications, and the greening of technology.

www.interferencetechnology.com | 14 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC

GROUPS & ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED)

Wireless Infrastructure Association (WIA) WiMax Forum

http://wia.org http://wimaxforum.org
The Wireless Infrastructure Association represents the The WiMAX Forum® is an industry-led, not-for-profit orga-
businesses that develop, build, own, and operate the na- nization that certifies and promotes the compatibility and
tion’s wireless infrastructure. interoperability of broadband wireless products based
upon IEEE Standard 802.16. The WiMAX Forum’s pri-
Wireless Innovation Forum mary goal is to accelerate the adoption, deployment, and
http://www.wirelessinnovation.org expansion of WiMAX, AeroMACS, and WiGRID technol-
WInnForum members are dedicated to advocating for ogies across the globe, while facilitating roaming agree-
the innovative use of spectrum and advancing radio ments, sharing best practices within our membership and
technologies that support essential or critical communi- certifying products.
cations worldwide. Through events, committee projects,
and initiatives the Forum acts as the premier venue for its ZigBee Alliance
members to collaborate to achieve these objectives, pro- http://www.zigbee.org
viding opportunities to network with customers, partners Our innovative standards are custom-designed by indus-
and competitors, educate decision makers, develop, and try experts to meet the specific market needs of business-
expand markets, and advance relevant technologies. es and consumers. These market leading standards give
product manufacturers a straightforward way to help their
customers gain greater control of, and even improve, ev-
eryday activities.

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 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

USEFUL WIRELESS REFERENCES

WIRELESS WORKING GROUPS ZigBee Alliance
802.11 Working Group The ZigBee Alliance develops standards for low-power
The 802.11 Working Group is responsible for developing wireless monitoring and control products.
wireless LAN standards that provide the basis for Wi-Fi. http://www.zigbee.org
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
USEFUL WEBSITES
802.15 Working Group ARRL RFI Information
The 802.15 Working Group is responsible for developing http://www.arrl.org/radio-frequency-interference-rfi
wireless PAN standards that provide the basis for Blue-
tooth and ZigBee. Jim Brown has several very good articles on RFI,
http://www.ieee802.org/15/ including: A Ham’s Guide to RFI, Ferrites, Baluns, and
Audio Interfacing.
802.16 Working Group www.audiosystemsgroup.com
The 802.16 Working Group is responsible for developing
wireless MAN standards that provide the basis for WiMAX. FCC
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/ http://www.fcc.gov

Bluetooth SIG FCC, Interference with Radio, TV and Telephone

The Bluetooth SIG is responsible for developing wireless Signals
PAN specifications. http://www.fcc.gov/guides/interference-defining-source
https://www.bluetooth.com
IWCE Urgent Communications
Cellular Telecommunications and Internet http://urgentcomm.com has multiple articles on RFI
Association (CTIA)
The CTIA represents cellular, personal communication Jackman, Robin, Measure Interference in Crowded
services, mobile radio, and mobile satellite services over Spectrum, Microwaves & RF Magazine, Sept. 2014.
wireless WANs for service providers and manufacturers. https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/test-measurement-
http://www.ctia.org analyzers/article/21845885/measure-interference-in-
crowded-spectrum
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The FCC provides regulatory for RF systems in the U.S. RFI Services (Marv Loftness) has some
https://www.fcc.gov good information on RFI hunting techniques
www.rfiservices.com
GSM Association
The GSM Association participates in the development TJ Nelson, Identifying Source of Radio Interference
of development of the GSM platform–holds the annual Around the Home, 10/2007
3GSM World Congress. http://randombio.com/interference.html
http://www.gsmworld.com
USEFUL BOOKS
Wi-Fi Alliance Interference Technology Engineer’s Master
The Wi-Fi Alliance develops wireless LAN (“Wi-Fi”) (ITEM) 2023
specifications based on IEEE 802.11 standards and A complete guide full of invaluable EMC directories, stan-
provides compliance testing of Wi-Fi products. dards, formulas, calculators, lists, and “how-to” articles,
http://www.wi-fi.org compiled in easy-to-find formats.
https://learn.interferencetechnology.com/item-2023/
WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum develops wireless MAN standards The ARRL RFI Book (3rd edition)
based on IEEE 802.16 standards and provides compli- Gruber, Michael
ance testing of WiMAX products. ARRL, 2010.
http://wimaxforum.org

www.interferencetechnology.com | 16 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

USEFUL WIRELESS REFERENCES

USEFUL BOOKS (CONTINUED) Using Decibels (dB)
AC Power Interference Handbook (2nd edition) The decibel is always a ratio…
Loftness, Marv • Gain = Pout/Pin, where P = power
Percival Publishing, 2001. • Gain(dB) = 10log(Pout / Pin), where P = power
• Gain(dB) = 20log(Vout/Vin), where V = voltage
Transmitter Hunting: Radio Direction • Gain(dB) = 20log(Iout/Iin), where I = current
Finding Simplified
Moell, Joseph and Curlee, Thomas Power Ratios
TAB Books, 1987. 3 dB = double (or half) the power
10 dB = 10X (or /10) the power
Interference Handbook
Nelson, William Voltage/Current Ratios
Radio Publications, 1981. 6 dB = double (or half) the voltage/current
20 dB - 10X (or /10) the voltage/current
Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering Multiplying power by a factor of 2 corresponds to a 3
Ott, Henry W. dB increase in power. This also corresponds to a 6 dB
John Wiley & Sons, 2009. increase in voltage or current.

Platform Interference in Wireless Systems - Models, Commonly Used Power Ratios (dB)
Measurement, and Mitigation
Slattery, Kevin, and Skinner, Harry Ratio Power Voltage or Current
Newnes, 2008. 0.1 -10 dB -20 dB
0.2 -7.0 dB -14.0 dB
Spectrum and Network Measurements, (2nd Edition)
Witte, Robert 0.3 -5.2 dB -10.5 dB
SciTech Publishing, 2014. 0.5 -3.0 dB -6.0 dB
1 0 dB 0 dB
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Pocket Guide
2 3.0 dB 6.0 dB
Wyatt and Gruber
SciTech Publishing, 2015. 3 4.8 dB 9.5 dB
5 7.0 dB 14.0 dB
USEFUL FORMULAS AND 7 8.5 dB 16.9 dB
REFERENCE TABLES
8 9.0 dB 18.1 dB
9 9.5 dB 19.1 dB
E-Field Levels versus Transmitter Pout
10 10 dB 20 dB
Pout (W) V/m at 1m V/m at 3m V/m at 10m
20 13.0 dB 26.0 dB
1 5.5 1.8 0.6
30 14.8 dB 29.5 dB
5 12.3 4.1 1.2
50 17.0 dB 34.0 dB
10 17.4 5.8 1.7
100 20 dB 40 dB
25 27.5 9.2 2.8
1,000 30 dB 60 dB
50 38.9 13.0 3.9
1,000,000 60 dB 120 dB
100 55.0 18.3 5.5
1,000 173.9 58.0 17.4 Multiplying power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10
dB increase in power. Multiplying a voltage or current by
Assuming the antenna gain is numerically 1, or isotropic, 10 is a 20 dB increase. Dividing by a factor of 10 corre-
and the measurement is in the far field and greater than sponds to a 10 dB reduction in power, or 20 dB for volt-
100 MHz. age and current.

www.interferencetechnology.com | 17 | Interference Technology Guide Series

 IoT, WIRELESS & 5G REFERENCES

USEFUL WIRELESS REFERENCES

COMMON WIRELESS FREQUENCY LINKS TO MANUFACTURER’S
BANDS (LINKS) WHITE PAPERS

GSM Bands: VIDEO / Handheld Interference Hunting for Network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands Operators (Rohde & Schwarz):
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/solutions/wireless-
UMTS Bands: communications/gsm_gprs_edge_evo_vamos/webinars-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands videos/video-handheld-interference-hunting_229255.html

LTE Bands: Interference Hunting With The R&S FSH (Rohde &
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands Schwarz):
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/
MMDS: interference-hunting-with-r-s-fsh-application-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_ note_56280-77764.html
Distribution_Service
Interference Hunting / Part 1 (Tektronix):
V Band (40 to 75 GHz): http://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_band 1-4-get-insight-you-need-see-interference-crowded-
spectrum
DECT and DECT 6.0
(wireless phones and baby monitors): Interference Hunting / Part 2 (Tektronix):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_ https://in.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-2-4-
Cordless_Telecommunications how-often-interference-happening

Comparison of wireless internet standards: Interference Hunting / Part 3 (Tektronix):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_ http://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-part-
phone_standards 3-4-use-mask-search-automatically-discover-when-
interference-happenin
Wi-Fi Protocols (From Intel):
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ Interference Hunting / Part 4 (Tektronix):
network-and-i-o/wireless-networking/000005725.html https://www.tek.com/blog/interference-hunting-
part-4-4-storing-and-sharing-captures-interference-
hunter%E2%80%99s-safety-net

www.interferencetechnology.com | 18 | Interference Technology Guide Series

2023 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE

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interferencetechnology.com | 19 | Interference Technology Guide Series

2023 IoT, WIRELESS, 5G EMC GUIDE

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interferencetechnology.com | 20 | Interference Technology Guide Series