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Learning Outcomes
✓ Gas Laws
• State and apply empirical gas laws.
• State and apply ideal gas law.
• Solve stoichiometry problems involving gas volumes.
• Solve calculations involving gas mixtures using law of partial
pressures.

✓ Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• State the kinetic theory of an ideal gas.
• Determine the difference between real gases and ideal gas.

2
States of Matter

Solids have Liquids take Gases have

fixed shape the shape of no fixed shape
and volume the container or volume
they occupy

3
Introduction
• Gases have several characteristics that distinguish them
from liquids and solids; compress gases into smaller and
smaller volumes.

• Pressure, volume, temperature and molar amount of

substance can be related by one equation, the ideal gas
law.

• _______________________ describes a gas as composed of

molecules in constant motion.

• This theory explain the relationship that exists among the

_________, _________, ______________ and _________ of a gas.

4
Unit of Pressure
Table 1: Important units of pressure
Unit Relationship / Definition
Pascal (Pa) 𝑘𝑔/(𝑚 · 𝑠 2 )
Atmosphere (atm) 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01325 × 105 𝑃𝑎 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎
mmHg, or torr 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Bar 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

• In 1982, the IUPAC recommended that standard pressure

be defined as equal to 1 bar.

• Despite this recommendation, 1 atm is still in common use

by chemists as the standard pressure.
5
Question 1

The pressure of a gas in a flask is measured to be

797.7 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 using a mercury-filled manometer. What is this
pressure in Pascals and atmospheres? [1.064 × 105 𝑃𝑎; 1.050 𝑎𝑡𝑚]

6
Boyle’s Law
relating volume and pressure

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Robert Boyle

At a constant temperature
for a fixed amount of gas,
the volume of the gas is
inversely proportional to
the pressure.

7
Boyle’s Law
relating volume and pressure

8
Charles’ Law
relating volume and temperature

𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2
Jacques Alexandre Charles
At a constant pressure for
a fixed amount of gas,
the volume of the gas is
proportional to the
temperature.

9
Charles’ Law
relating volume and temperature

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Combined Gas Law
relating volume, temperature and pressure

• Boyle’s law and Charles’ law can be combined and

expressed in a single statement: the volume occupied by a
given amount of gas is proportional to the absolute
temperature divided by the pressure.

𝑃𝑉 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2

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Avogadro’s Law
relating volume and amount

• Amedeo Avogadro: equal volumes of any two gases at the

same temperature and pressure contain the same number
of molecules.

• One mole of any gas contains the same number of

molecules (Avogadro’s number) and by Avogadro’s law
must occupy the same volume at a given temperature and
pressure.

• This volume of one mole of gas is the molar gas volume.

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

12
Standard Temperature & Pressure
(S.T.P)

• Internationally, S.T.P defined by the IUPAC is an absolute

pressure of 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a temperature of 273 𝐾 (0 ℃).

• Volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas at S.T.P is

22.4 𝑑𝑚3 , is known as the molar volume of an ideal gas at
S.T.P

• 𝑉𝑚 = 22.4 𝑑𝑚3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑎𝑡 𝑆. 𝑇. 𝑃

13
Room Temperature & Pressure
(R.T.P)

• Internationally, R.T.P defined by the IUPAC is an absolute

pressure of 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a temperature of 298 𝐾 (25 ℃).

• Volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas at R.T.P is

24.0 𝑑𝑚3 , is known as the molar volume of an ideal gas at
R.T.P

• 𝑉𝑚 = 24.0 𝑑𝑚3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑎𝑡 𝑅. 𝑇. 𝑃

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Ideal Gas Equation

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎 / 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101 325 𝑃𝑎
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 / 𝑑𝑚3 1 𝑚3 = 1 000 𝑑𝑚3 = 1 000 000 𝑐𝑚3
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 8.314 𝐽 · 𝐾 −1 · 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝒐𝒓 0.0821 𝑑𝑚3 · 𝑎𝑡𝑚 · 𝐾 −1 · 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

15
 16
https://www.quora.com/What-value-of-R-gas-constant-should-be-used
Summary of Formulas

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 Ideal Gas Equation

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 Boyle’s Law ; T & n are constant

𝑉1 𝑉2
= Charles’ Law ; P & n are constant
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑉1 𝑉2
= Avogadro’s Law ; T & P are constant
𝑛1 𝑛2
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

• Many gas samples are not pure, but are mixtures of gases.

• Particles in ideal gas do not interact, each of the

component in ideal gas acts independently.

• The pressure due to any individual component in a gas

mixture is called the _________________.

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+ + =

𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷𝑪 = 𝑷𝑻
19

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Question 2

What’s the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a container that

holds 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of carbon dioxide, 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of nitrogen and 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of
hydrogen and has a total pressure of 1.05 𝑎𝑡𝑚? [0.583 𝑎𝑡𝑚]

20
Question 3

What is the mole fraction of each gas in a mixture having the

partial pressures of 0.421 𝑎𝑡𝑚 of 𝑁𝑒, 0.214 𝑎𝑡𝑚 of 𝐻𝑒 and 0.367 𝑎𝑡𝑚
of 𝐾𝑟? [𝑁𝑒 = 0.420; 𝐻𝑒 = 0.214; 𝐾𝑟 = 0.366]

21
Question 4

90 𝑐𝑚3 of argon at 25 °𝐶 and 5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 is mixed with nitrogen and

transferred to a 200 𝑐𝑚3 container at the same temperature. The
total pressure of the mixture is 4.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 . What are the partial
pressures of argon and nitrogen? [𝑃𝐴𝑟 = 2.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑃𝑁2 = 2.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚]

22
Concept Check

A flask equipped with a valve contains 3.0 mol of 𝐻2 gas. You

introduce 3.0 mol of 𝐴𝑟 gas into the flask via the valve and then
seal the flask.
a) What happens to the pressure of just the 𝐻2 gas in the flask after
the introduction of the 𝐴𝑟? If it changes, by what factor does it
do so?
b) How do the pressures of the 𝐴𝑟 and the 𝐻2 in the flask
compare?
c) How does the total pressure in the flask relate to the pressures of
the two gases?

23
Kinetic Theory of Gases

• The idea that molecules in gases are in constant movement

is called the kinetic theory of gases.

• The gas consists of particles or molecules of negligible size

compared with the average distance between them.

• The gas particles have negligible intermolecular forces of

attraction.

• The gas particles are in constant random motion.

• Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic.

24
Real gas becomes ideal gas under
two conditions:
• _________________
➢ Gas molecules are widely spaced and they have negligible
size since the volume occupied by the gas is very large. The
forces of attraction between are virtually zero.

• ___________________
➢ There are negligible intermolecular forces of attractions since
the gas particles have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome it.

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Real gas deviates from the ideal gas:

• Real gas deviates from ideal behavior because the particles have
sufficient size and there are attractive forces between particles.

• Real gas show biggest deviation when it has high pressure and
low temperature.

• At high pressures, gas molecules are packed close together, and

the size of a gas molecule cannot be assumed to be negligible.

• At low temperatures, forces of attraction between gas molecules

are significant.

26
Question 5

Calculate the volume occupied by 0.500 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of carbon dioxide

at a pressure of 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a temperature of 19 °𝐶. [8.09 × 10−3 𝑚3 ]

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Question 6

Helium with a volume of 200 𝑑𝑚3 at 2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 and 28.0 °𝐶 is placed
into a tank with an internal pressure of 600.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Find the volume
of the helium after it is compressed into the tank with the
temperature of the tank remaining at 28.0 °𝐶. [67.55 𝑑𝑚3 ]

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Question 7

Calculate the volume occupied by 272 𝑔 of methane at a

pressure of 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a temperature of 54 °𝐶. [0.185 m3 ]
(𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ; 𝑀𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 16.0)

29
Question 8

The pressure exerted by 0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of carbon monoxide in a 10 𝑑𝑚3

flask is 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Calculate the temperature in the flask in Kelvin.
Gives your answer to three significant figures. [577K]

30
Question 9

A gas syringe contains 42.30 𝑐𝑚3 of a gas at 98.15 °𝐶. Determine

the volume of the gas that will occupy the syringe if the
temperature is decreased to −18.50 °𝐶. [0.029 dm3 ]

31
Question 10

An inflated balloon has a volume of 0.55 𝑑𝑚3 at sea level

(1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚) and is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5 𝑘𝑚, where the
pressure is about 0.40 𝑎𝑡𝑚 . Assuming that the temperature
remains constant, what is the final volume of the balloon?
[1.375 𝑑𝑚3 ]

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Ideal Gas Law Application

• From ideal gas equation, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 , we can derive other

useful expressions to relate molar mass and density of gases
to pressures and temperatures.

• 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒, 𝑛, can be expressed as mass of gas in grams divide by

molar mass of gas.

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝒈 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝒏= 𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
𝑴𝑴 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠

33
Ideal Gas Law Application

• Substitute this into ideal gas law

𝑃𝑉 = 𝒏𝑅𝑇
𝑔
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑀

• Rearranging the equation

Density,
𝒈𝑅𝑇 𝑔
𝑀𝑀 = 𝜌=
𝑃𝑽 𝑉
𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑀 =
𝑃

This equation is useful for relating pressure, density and temperature of a gas
34
Worked Example

A flask of volume 2.0 𝑑𝑚3 was found to contain 5.28 𝑔 of a gas.

The pressure in the flask was 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and the temperature was
20 °𝐶. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the gas. [𝑀𝑟 = 32.2]
(𝑅 = 8.31 𝐽 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 )

Step 1: Change pressure, temperature and volume to their correct units.

Step 2: Rearrange the general gas equation to the form you require.

Step 3: Substitute the figures.

35
Question 11

When 0.08 𝑔 of liquid 𝑋 was vapourised at 100 °𝐶 , 23 𝑐𝑚3 of

vapour was formed. The atmospheric pressure was 1.02 × 105 𝑃𝑎.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of liquid 𝑋. Give your
answer to three significant figures. [106]

36
Question 12

0.112 𝑔 sample of gas occupies 81.8 𝑐𝑚3 at temperature 127 °𝐶

and a pressure of 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚. Calculate the relative molecular mass
of the gas. [45.08]

37