BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

NISTHA NAKARMI

ARCH II/I
2024
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction to Building Construction
2. Site Works and Setting Out
3. Excavation Timbering in Trenches
4. Foundations and their types
5. Soil Investigation
6. Damp Protection
7. Floor Structures
8. Masonry wall
9. Opening in walls
Excavation and Timbering in Trenches
Theory I Theory II

• Technical Definitions • Temporary works

• Excavation and safety • Timbering of
practices trenches
• Equipment for excavation • Various Method of
(Manual/ Mechanical) Timbering
• Excavation in ground with
subsoil water
Assignment II

a. How is excavation done in ground with subsoil water?

Explain with diagrams

b. What are various method of timbering, explain the method,

its applicability and advantages in tabular form. . Sketch the
diagram of each method.
3.1 Technical Definition
Excavation - Man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by earth
removal.

Trench - Narrow excavation- Depth is greater than the width, but not wider than
15 feet.

Shield - Structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect workers.

Shoring - Structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against
cave-ins.

Sloping - Technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of the
excavation.
Excavation Trenches

Sloping
Shielding or
Shoring?
3.2 Excavation and safety practices
3.2 Excavation and safety practices
SPECIFIC EXCAVATION REQUIREMENTS

1. Surface encumbrances (trees, mounds)

2. Underground installations (pipelines, electrical and telephone wires)
3. Access and egress (way to the trenches, human and vehicular)
4. Exposure to vehicular traffic (warning signs for other vehicles)
5. Exposure to falling loads (protection for soils)
6. Warning system for mobile equipment (demarcate the edges)
7. Hazardous atmospheres (check oxygen levels and other harmful fumes)
8. Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation
9. Stability of adjacent structures
10. Protection of employees from loose rock or soil
11. Inspections
12. Fall protection (handrails for heights, walkways to cross excavation)
3.3 Equipment for Excavation
MANUAL MECHANICAL
1. Spade 1. Tracked Excavator
2. Shovel or hoe 2. Wheeled Excavator
3. Pick Axe 3. Bulldozer
4. Crowbar 4. Dragline Excavator
5. Rammer 5. Backhoe Excavator
6. Wedge 6. Chain Trenchers
7. Boning Rod
8. Sledgehammer
9. Basket
10. Iron Pan
11. Line and pins
3.3 Equipment for Excavation
Some of the manual
equipments are shown here

1. Spade
2. Shovel or hoe (phawrah)
3. Pick Axe
4. Crow bar
5. Rammer
6. Wedge
7. Boning Rod
8. Sledge Hammer
9. Basket
10. Iron Pan
11. Line and pins
3.3 Equipment for Excavation

Tracked Excavator Wheeled Excavator Bull Dozer

Used: mines, forestry, pipeline Used: roads (not sloping site) Used: Soil excavations, weak rock
industries strata removal, lifting of soil etc.

Dragline Excavator
Backhoe Excavator Chain Trenchers
Used: port construction, under
Used: all the construction sites Used: cuts the soil with hard strata
water sediment removal
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
High water table or water clogged area becomes problem in the trenching,
timber would become loose and collapse.

Dewatering the sub soil is done by different methods

1. Ditches and sumps

2. Well point system
3. Shallow well system
4. Deep well system
5. Vacuum method
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
1. Ditches and sumps
- Trenches or ditches are dug around the excavation site to collect water.
- Water is drained into sumps (pits) and pumped out using sump pumps.
- Suitable for shallow excavations in permeable soil.
- Simplest and commonly used method
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
2. Well Point system
- A series of small-diameter wells (well points) are installed
around the excavation area.
- A suction pump lowers the water table by extracting water
from these points.
- Used for lowering groundwater in confined and unconfined
aquifers.
- Effective for moderately shallow depths (5-6 m).
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
3. Shallow well system
- Shallow wells with pumps are installed near the
excavation area.
- - Water is pumped out directly, creating a localized
drop in the water table.
- Suitable for shallow to moderate depths

Well Point System is ideal for shallow depths with

permeable soils and moderate water volumes

Shallow Well System is better for moderate

depths and larger water volumes, with flexibility to
handle varied soil conditions.
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
3. Deep well system
- Deep wells are installed at greater depths,
often with submersible pumps.
- Water is pumped out continuously to maintain
a lowered water table for deep excavations.
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
3. Deep well system
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
4. Vacuum Method

- A vacuum pump is connected to well points or

pipelines to create suction, drawing water out
of the soil.
- - Used when the soil has fine particles that
make conventional methods inefficient.
- Useful for soils with low permeability.
3.4 Excavation in ground with subsoil water
Dewatering Method Description Applications
- Trenches or ditches are dug around the excavation site to collect
- Suitable for shallow excavations in permeable
Ditches and Sumps water. - Water is drained into sumps (pits) and pumped out using
soil.
sump pumps.
- A series of small-diameter wells (well points) are installed around
the excavation area. - A suction pump lowers the water table by - Effective for moderately shallow depths (5-6
Well Point System
extracting water from these points. - Used for lowering groundwater m).
in confined and unconfined aquifers.
- Shallow wells with pumps are installed near the excavation area. -
Shallow Well System Water is pumped out directly, creating a localized drop in the water - Suitable for shallow to moderate depths.
table.
- Deep wells are installed at greater depths, often with submersible
- Ideal for deep excavations (16m and above)
Deep Well System pumps. - Water is pumped out continuously to maintain a lowered
and high-permeability soil.
water table for deep excavations.
- A vacuum pump is connected to well points or pipelines to create
Vacuum Method suction, drawing water out of the soil. - Used when the soil has fine - Useful for soils with low permeability.
particles that make conventional methods inefficient.
Theory I Theory II

• Technical Definitions • Temporary works

• Excavation and safety • Timbering of
practices trenches
• Equipment for excavation • Various Method of
(Manual/ Mechanical) Timbering
• Excavation in ground with
subsoil water
3.5 Temporary Works
Any temporary Construction necessary to assist the execution of the permanent
works and which will be removed (sometimes not) from the site on completion.

Scaffolding Timbering of Trenches Shoring

Underpinning
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
• When the depth of trench is large or when the subsoil is loose
,the sides of trench may cave in.

• The problem can by adopting a suitable method of timbering.

• Timber of trenches ,sometime also known as ‘shoring’ consists

of providing timber planks or boards and struts to give
temporary support to the sides of the trench.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
• When the depth of trench is large or when the subsoil is loose
,the sides of trench may cave in.

• The problem can by adopting a suitable method of timbering.

• Timber of trenches ,sometime also known as ‘shoring’ consists

of providing timber planks or boards and struts to give
temporary support to the sides of the trench.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Various methods of timbering:-
1. Stay bracing
2. Box sheeting
3. Vertical sheeting
4. Runners system
5. Sheet piling
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Stay bracing
When the trench soil is
firm and the depth of
excavation does not exceed
2.0 meters, this method
used for supporting the
sides of a trench.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Box Sheeting
This Method is used when
excavation is to be carried
out in loose soil and when the
depth of excavation
does not exceed 4 meters.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Vertical Sheeting
• This method is adopted for deep
trenches (up to 10 m depth) in soft
ground.
• It is similar to box sheeting except
that the excavation is carried out in
stages and at the end of each
stage an offset is provided.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Runners
• In case of extremely loose and soft
ground runner system is provided.
• The system is similar to Vertical
sheeting. Except that in place of vertical
sheeting runners made of long thick
wooden sheets with iron shoe at the
ends are provided.
3.6 Timbering of Trenches
Sheet piling
• Sheet piles are designed to
resist lateral earth pressure.
• These are driven in the ground by
mechanical means (pile driving
equipments).
• This method is adopted when,
oSoil to be excavated is loose or soft.
oWidth of trench is large.
oDepth of excavation is large.
oSub soil water is present.
Timbering Method Application Description Advantages
Vertical timber planks (poling boards)
Shallow trenches (up to 2 meters) in Simple, economical, and easy to
Stay Bracing are placed against trench walls,
firm soil. implement for shallow depths.
supported by diagonal stays.
Horizontal timber planks are held
Medium-depth trenches with Robust support for trench walls,
Box Sheeting against walls with vertical walers and
moderately loose soil. suitable for moderate depths.
horizontal struts for stability.
Vertical planks are driven into the
Provides continuous support for
Vertical Sheeting Deep trenches in soft or loose soil. soil; horizontal walers and struts
deep trenches.
stabilize the trench walls.
Horizontal timber planks (runners)
Effective in unstable or waterlogged
Runner System Loose soil or waterlogged areas. are placed along the walls and
conditions.
supported by vertical struts.
Prefabricated sheet piles form a
Deep trenches in loose or Highly stable, water-resistant,
Sheet Piling continuous wall, stabilized with
waterlogged soil. suitable for large excavations.
horizontal and diagonal braces.
Thank you
Assignment II

a. How is excavation done in ground with subsoil water?

Explain with diagrams

b. What are various method of timbering, explain the method,

its applicability and advantages in tabular form. . Sketch the
diagram of each method.
 Contact
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