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Lecture 2F RLC

The document provides an overview of electric circuits involving resistance, inductance, and capacitance, focusing on their behavior in alternating current (AC) systems. It outlines the intended learning outcomes, types of circuits, and the properties of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, including their effects on current and voltage. Additionally, it includes sample problems and formulas for analyzing series and parallel AC circuits.

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lily
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4 views35 pages

Lecture 2F RLC

The document provides an overview of electric circuits involving resistance, inductance, and capacitance, focusing on their behavior in alternating current (AC) systems. It outlines the intended learning outcomes, types of circuits, and the properties of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, including their effects on current and voltage. Additionally, it includes sample problems and formulas for analyzing series and parallel AC circuits.

Uploaded by

lily
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESISTANCE (R)

INDUCTANCE (L)
CAPACITANCE (C)
CIRCUITS
Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Describe an electric circuit


containing an alternating current.
2. Analyze series and parallel
connection to calculate the
resistance inductance and
capacitance of an AC circuit.
3. Analyze electric circuits to
determine the voltages and
currents in electric circuits that
contain inductor and capacitor.
Basic Types of Circuit

1. Resistance (R) Circuit


2. Inductance (L) Circuit
3. Capacitance (C) Circuit
4. Resistance – Inductance (R-L) Circuit
5. Resistance – Capacitance (R-C) Circuit
6. Inductance – Capacitance (L-C) Circuit
7. Resistance – Inductance – Capacitance (R-L-C) Circuit
8. Impedance coil – Resistance (r-L-R) Circuit
RESISTANCE

• Property of a substance that


opposes the flow of current
• The behavior of pure resistor
in an AC Circuit is exactly
similar to that DC circuit
Resistor – device that has
electrical resistance and that is
used in an electric circuit for
protection, operation or current
control
DC Circuit
• Current and voltage are in
phase
INDUCTANCE

• Property of a substance that


opposes the change in current
Inductor or choke coil – a two
terminal device that consist of a
coiled wire wound in common
core or in free air
• A pure inductor in an AC
circuit takes current that lags
behind the impressed voltage
by exactly 90 electrical
degrees
CAPACITANCE

• The ability of a component or circuit to collect and store


energy in the form of an electric charge
• It is also the opposition to the change in voltage
Capacitor or condenser – a device on which electric charges
can be stored so as to posses electrical potential. It consists of
two conducting plates separated by a layer of an insulating
medium called dielectric such as air, glass, mica, paper,
porcelain, and oil
• A perfect capacitor in an AC Circuit takes current that lead
the impressed voltage by exactly 90 electrical degrees
TYPES OF POWER FACTOR (pf)
1. Unity pf – the voltage and current are in-phase.
Example: resistive loads such as incandescent bulbs,
electric flat irons, water heaters, etc.

2. Lagging pf – the current lags the voltage by an acute angle


ϴ.
Example: induction motors, fluorescent lamps, door bells,
electric fans, television set, air-conditioning unit, etc.

3. Leading pf – the current leads the voltage by an acute


angle ϴ.
Example: capacitive loads such as synchronous motors.
BEHAVIOR OF RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND
CAPACITANCE IN AC CIRCUITS:

1. In a pure resistance circuit, the current is in-phase with the


impressed voltage. This implies that the power factor of the
circuit is unity

2. In a pure inductance circuit, the current lags the impressed


voltage by 90°

3. In a pure capacitance circuit, the current leads the impressed


voltage by 90°
IMPEDANCE FUNCTION
• Impedance (Z) – total opposition to the circuit present to an
alternating current. It is the joint effect of resistance.

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

• Reactance (jX) – imaginary part of the impedance, function in


an alternating current circuit. The property of inductor or
capacitor that opposes the flow of current.
• Inductive Reactance (𝑿𝑳 ) – effective resistance of the
inductive coil to an alternating current.
• Capacitive Reactance (𝑿𝑪 ) – effective resistance of the
capacitor to an alternating current.
RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE & CAPACITANCE CIRCUITS

• Resistance (R) Circuit


𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑖
• Inductance (L) Circuit

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
2
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑚 =
𝑋𝐿
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑖
• Capacitance (C) Circuit

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
2
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑚 =
𝑋𝐶
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑖
Where:
R = resistance of the resistor (ohm)
L = inductance of the inductor (henry)
C = capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
𝑋𝐿 = reactance of the inductor (ohm)
𝑋𝐶 = reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
ω = angular velocity (rad/sec)
f = frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
Em = maximum value of the voltage wave (volt)
Im = maximum value of the resulting current wave (amp)
E or V = rms value of the voltage (volt)
I = rms value of the current (amp)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Across a 230 V, 60 Hz power supply is a 15 ohms
non inductive resistor. What is the equation of the
resulting current.
2. (a) Calculate the inductive reactance of a 3mH
inductor when 60 Hz and 10kHz AC voltages are
applied. (b) What is the RMS current if the applied
RMS voltage is 120V.
3. (a) Calculate the capacitive reactance of a 5μF
capacitor when 60 Hz and 10kHz AC voltages are
applied. (b) What is the RMS current if the applied
RMS voltage is 120V.
SERIES AC CIRCUITS
• RESISTANCE – INDUCTANCE (RL) AC CIRCUIT
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 1: A 100 mH inductance is connected in series with a 40
ohm resistor. The voltage is 220 V, what is the current? Assume
𝜔 = 377.
• RESISTANCE – CAPACITANCE (RC) AC CIRCUIT
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 2: A 40 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a
40 ohm resistor. If the voltage is 220 V, what is the current? Assume
𝜔 = 377.
• INDUCTANCE – CAPACITANCE (LC) AC CIRCUIT
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 3: A series circuit consisting of a 0.08 henry inductor and
a 150 – microfarad capacitor is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz
source. Determine the current drawn.
4. RLC Circuit
Formulas:
• 𝑍𝑡 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2
• 𝐸𝑅 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑅 𝐸𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑋𝐿
• 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑋𝐶
• 𝐸𝑡 = 𝐸𝑅 2 + 𝐸𝐿 − 𝐸𝐶 2
𝐸𝑡
• 𝐼𝑡 = 𝑍
𝑡
• RESISTANCE - INDUCTANCE – CAPACITANCE
(RLC) AC CIRCUIT
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Example 4: A series circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistor, a 0.04
henry inductor and a 50 – microfarad capacitor is connected across a
100 V, 60 Hz source. determine the current drawn.
Example 5: A 160 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series
with a 10 – ohm resistor. Write equation of the current when the
voltage is 220 sin 377t volts.
Example 6: A 50 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with
a 50 ohm resistor. The source voltage is 200 sin (377t + 30 deg),
what is the equation of the voltage across the resistor?
Equivalent Impedance Expression in Complex Number Format

Circuit Elements Equivalent Impedance

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗0 𝛀
R
𝑍 = 𝑅 ∟0 𝛀

𝑍 = 0 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝛀
L
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿 ∟90 𝛀

𝑍 = 0 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝛀
C
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐶 ∟ − 90 𝛀
Equivalent Impedance Expression in Complex Number Format

Circuit Elements Equivalent Impedance

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝛀
Series RL
𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 ∟𝜃 𝛀

𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝛀
Series RC
𝑍= 𝑅20 + 𝑋𝐿 2 ∟ − 𝜃 𝛀

Series LC 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )

Series RLC 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )


1
𝑍=
1 1 1
+ + ⋯+
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑛

𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛

𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝐼𝑡 = = + + ⋯+
𝑍𝑡 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑛
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example 8: A 100 microfarad capacitor is connected in parallel
with a coil of 10 ohms resistance and of 30 ohms reactance.
What is the equivalent impedance? Assume ω = 377.
Example 9: A resistor of 50 ohms and an impedance
of 100 + j50 ohms are connected in parallel across a
220 volts supply. What is the power factor of the load?
Example 10: A coil of 50 ohms resistance and of 150 mH
inductance is connected in parallel with a 50 μF capacitor. The
source voltage is 100 sin (377t + 30 degrees). What is the
equation of the line current?
THANK YOU

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