LESSON 4

Educational Management
a) Management
Controlling a complex organization so as to achieve desired goals resulted
in the evolution of the concept of management. Management includes all
those people who are concerned with managing an organization.
Management involves decision making at various levels of organization for
getting things done by others. It is both science as well as an art, because the
fundamentals of management are same everywhere but the practices differ
Different experts have defined the term “Management”. Some of these
definitions are given below:-“To manage is to forecast and plan, to
organize, to co-ordinate and to control.” – Henry Fayol(1862)
“Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
activating and controlling to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of
people and resources.”- G.R. Terry
Management is simply the process of decision making and control over
the action of human beings for the express purpose of attaining pre-determined
goals.”- Stanley Vance
“Management is the art of getting things done through and with the people in
formally organized groups.”- Harold Koontz
From the above definitions one can summarily define management as the
process of achieving organizational/ individual goals and objectives effectively
and efficiently through the processes of planning, forecasting, organizing,
controlling, staffing and leading and staffing.

b) Educational management
The origin of the development of educational management as a field of study
began in the United States in the early part of the twentieth century. Development
in the United Kingdom came as late as the 1960’s. Educational management, as the
name implies, operates in educational organisations or institutions.
There is no single accepted definition of educational management as its
development observed in several disciplines or fields like business, industry,
political science, economics, administration and law. So while defining the
meaning of the term educational management can be said that, “Educational
management is a complex human enterprise in which different resources are
brought together and made available to achieve and to accomplish the desire and
expected educational goals or objectives.
Although there is no single accepted definition of educational management some
specialists in this area have propounded their views in the form of giving their
definitions on educational management which are given below.
“Theory and practice of the organisation and administration of existing
educational establishments and systems.” —G. Terrypage and J.B. Thomas(1983)
To him management implies an orderly way of thinking. It describes in operational
terms what is to be done, how it is to be done and how we know what we have
done. Management is a method of operation and good management should result in
an orderly integration of education and society. (Shelly Umana 1998)
Thus educational management is a comprehensive effort dealing with the
educational practices. It is the dynamic side of education. It deals with educational
institutions – right from the schools and colleges to the institutes of higher
learning, governing bodies, ministries and secretariat. It is concerned with both
human and material resources. The human elements include : (i) students (ii)
parents, (iii) teachers, and (iv) society.
Educational management can be defined as the guidance, leadership and control of
the efforts of a group of people towards the achievement of educational goals or
objectives (Mbua 2002).
Constituents of Educational Management would include the following are:

1. Educational planning
It focuses on ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ education should be carried out.
Educational planning means the process of setting in advance a pattern of
action to bring about overall changes as viewed by national policies by the
closest possible articulation of means and ends. It is a basic management task.
It is a means of achieving higher levels of effectiveness.
2. Educational Organization
Organization, therefore, is a tool for achieving the objectives in a systematic
manner, a mechanism of purposeful action with a view to implement the
policies and programmes; an overt from of planning that provides an
integrated and cooperative apparatus of the attainment of the set goals. It is
an all-inclusive overall activity which occupies the place of honour in any
enterprise.
3. Educational Controlling
The main purpose of exercising control is to bring about improvements both
qualitatively and quantitatively and to contribute to the realization of the goals.
The techniques of control are the policies, the budget, audit, timetable,
curriculum, personnel records, periodical reports etc., and they serve in a
good measure to keep all concerned on the right track. Educational
controlling involves largely the human elements. Men and women, by enlarge,
do not cherish the idea that they are being controlled. A good administrator
while finding faults does it in a manner that appears as a suggestion and
not a command.
4. Educational Supervision
Educational supervision is inclusive of all responsibilities and functions
necessary for running the institution. The purpose of this is to ensure that good
interpersonal relationships between the administrator and supervisor, the
supervisor and teachers, teacher and pupils and also inter-institutional
relationships between institution and controlling university, institution and
community, group dynamics.
Differences between Educational Administration and Educational
Management
According to Gerandie Kumari (2022) the key differences between educational
management and educational administration are:
-While educational management focuses on planning, staffing, recruiting, and
leading the organization to achieve the goals, educational administration basically
focuses on decision making, policymaking, and laws and regulations of the
institute.
-Moreover, another important difference between educational management and
educational administration is that educational management carries out the
responsibility of the proper functioning of the institution, whereas educational
administration prepares policies to guide decision-making.
Summarily the key difference between educational management and educational
administration is that educational management creates and promotes effective
teaching and learning environment, whereas educational administration maintains
the overall process of educational institutions. Both educational management and
educational administration contribute to achieving institutional objectives and
goals in different ways. While educational management carries out the
responsibility of the effective functioning of the institution (principals, vice
principals etc), educational administration contributes to the policymaking process
and maintains the overall function of the organization (Ministers of education,
directors etc).