Annexure-III

LABORATORY MANUAL
MEC259 Unified Mechanical Engineering II

Table of Contents S. No. 1 Title of the Experiment

To conduct a tensile test on mild steel/Cast iron/Aluminium Specimens and determine the following:-The yield stress, Ultimate stress, breaking stress, Young modulus of elasticity, Percentage elongation, Percentage reduction in Area To determine the impact strength of a specimen of M.S/Cast Iron by Charpy / Izod test. To conduct torsion test on Mild steel/Cast iron specimen to find out modulus of rigidity. To determine the Stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire.

Page No.

2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10

To study tensile strength using strain gauge based cantilever beam apparatus To study torque pickup and torque Measurement using Strain gauges To find out the value of coefficient of discharge through a orifice meter. To find out the value of coefficient of discharge through a venture meter. To determine the losses due to friction in a pipe (Darcys friction). To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various flow rates (Loss coefficient for pipe fitting)

11 12 13 14

To determine the coefficient of Pitot tube and to plot Velocity profile across the cross-section of pipe To find the drag coefficients To determine coriollis Component of acceleration. Study and assembly of gear trains for the desired speed ration and direction of motion. Compare theoretical gear ration with the actual gear ratio.

15

To plot the n-Q (follower displacement vs angle of cam rotation) curves for different cam follower pairs. And to study jump phenomenon.

16 17

To plot the n-Q (follower displacement vs angle of cam rotation) curves fordifferent cam follower pairs. And to study jump phenomenon. Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position against speed for governors. Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against controlling force for Various Governors

18

Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position against speed forgovernors. Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against controlling force for Various Governor

Experiment: 1

1. Experiment: To conduct tensile test on Mild steel and cast iron specimens 2. Equipment to be used: Universal Testing Machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Scale, Vernier caliper 3. Learning Objective: i)To provides information related to the strength and ductility of metals under direct tension stress. 4. Procedure: a) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. b) The length may either be length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the local length of the specimen. c) Insert the specimen into test machine. d) Begin the load application and record load Vs elongation data. e) Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. f) Continue the test till fracture occurs. g) Measure the final length and diameter of specimen.

5. Required results : Parameters: A) Original dimensions: Length= ---------------------Diameter= ---------------------Area= ---------------------B) Final Dimensions: Length= ----------------------Diameter= ----------------------Area= ------------------------

6. Plots:

Draw a graph: Stress Vs Strain and identify yeild point, ultimate tensile strength and E and % elongation and % reduction in area. . 7. Result: Average breaking Stress = 1. Ultimate Stress = 2. Average Percentage Elongation = 8. Cautions: a.)If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins. b.) Measuring deflection on scale carefully and accurately.

Experiment: 2

1. Experiment: To conduct impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 2. Equipment to be used: impact testing machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Steel. 3. Learning Objective: A. An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic deformation. B. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. C. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. D. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. 4. Procedure: A) Izod Test: 1) When the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position. Put the steel specimen on impact testing machines anvil in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is 75% inside and 25% above the top surface of the slot .Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there and lock

it at that position. Bring indicator of the machine to zero. Release the hammer, It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Again bring the hammer to its idle position and back. B) Charpy Test: 1) With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test positions, put the Steel specimen on impact testing machine anvil in such a way that the notch faces opposite the hammer. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position. Bring indicator of the machine to zero. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, While the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position. Required results and discussion: a. For Izod Test: Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy. b. For Charpy Test: Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy. Caution: Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully. Hold the specimen firmly. Take the readings carefully.

Experiment: 3

Experiment: To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimen. Equipment to be Used: A Torsion testing Machine, Twist meter for measuring angle of twist, A steel rule and Vernier caliper or micrometer Learning Objective:

A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of rigidity (ratio of shear stress to shear strain) of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations made during the experiment by using the torsion equation: Where, T = Torque applied Ip = Polar moment of Inertia C = Modulus of rigidity I = Gauge length l = gauge length In the torque equipment one end of the specimen is held by a fixed support and the other end to a pulley. The pulley provides the necessary torque to twist the rod by addition of weights (w). The twist meter attached to the rod gives the angle of twist. Procedure: 1. Prepare the testing machine by fixing the two twist meters at some constant lengths from fixed support. 2. Measure the diameter of the pulley and the diameter of the rod and take the average. 3. Set the maximum load pointer to zero. 4. Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw. 5. Carry out straining by rotating the hand-wheel in either direction. 6. Add weights in the hanger stepwise to get a notable angle of twist for T1 and T2. 7. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading. 8. Plot a torque- twist (T- _) graph 9. Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T- _) graph and calculate the value of C by using above relation. Required Result and Discussion : 1. Gauge length of the specimen, l = 2. Diameter of the specimen, d = 3. Polar moment of inertia, Ip = . 4. Modulus of rigidity of the given specimen is _________ N/mm2 5. The graph between angle of twist and torque for the given specimen is plotted.

Cautions: Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully. Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.

Experiment no 4

Experiment: To determine the stiffness of the spring. Equipment to be Used: Spring testing machine, Spring specimen, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer. Learning Objective: To determine the stiffness of the spring. Procedure: 1. Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer. 2. Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the venire caliper. 3. Count the number of turns, 4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression. 5. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection. 6. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the spring. Required Results and Discussion : 1. Least Count of Micrometer = ___________________ 2. Diameter of Spring wire, d = ___________________ 3. Least count of Vernier caliper = ___________________ 4. Diameter of the spring coil, D = ___________________ 5. Mean coil diameter, Dm = D d = _______________ 6. Number of turns, n = ___________________ 7. The value of spring constant of Closed coiled helical spring is ___________ N/mm. 8. Modulus of rigidity is ___________________________ Cautions:

1. Measure the dimensions of spring accurately. 2. Note the deflections accurately.

Experiment no 5

Experiment: To study tensile strength using strain gauge based cantilever beam apparatus. Equipment Required: Digital Voltmeter, Strain gage measurement kit, Standard Cantilever Beam apparatus. Material Requirement: Standard Weight Specimen. Learning Objectives: 1) To learn the working principle of Wheatstone bridge. 2) Determination of strain and stress using strain gages. Procedure 1) Connect the Voltmeter in Wheatstone bridge to calibrate the voltage change. 2) Adjust the resistor to obtain a zero output voltage when the cantilever beam is unloaded 3) Connect the strain gage wire to the strain gage measurement kit to complete the circuit. 4) Now apply the given standard load to the free end of beam. 5) Switch on gage measurement kit and set the current. 6) Note down the voltage for a given load. 7) Increase the load stepwise and note down the voltage respectively. Required Results: 1) Calculated result of strain (=(6*P*x)/E*b*t2) should be match with the experimental result (digital display). 2) Draw the Shear force and Bending moment diagram for respective load. 3) Hooke's Law states that for elastic behaviour that the strain is proportional to the load applied, does your graph verify Hooke's Law? Parameters and Plot:

1) Note down the Voltage with respect to the load. 2) To calculate the change in resistance. 3) To calculate the tensile stress. 4) Plot the graph Load Vs Stress. 5) Plot a graph of output voltage (in Volts) on the vertical axis versus beam loading (in kg) on the horizontal axis. Cautions: 1) Put the load on span very carefully and slowly. 2) Check out the connection of voltmeter to Wheatstone bridge. 3) To maintain the constant power supply. 4) All the connection should be proper channel.

Experiment No 6

Experiment: To study torque pickup and torque Measurement using Strain gauges. Equipment required: Standard weights, multimeter, Torque measurement kit, and display or data gathering unit Material required: NIL Learning objectives: To study the variation of torque with increase in weight, and measurement techniques for torque.

Outline of procedure: 1. Place the torque measurement kit on the table free from any vibration

2. Connect the kit to the display unit 3. Now turn on the display unit 4. Connect the multimeter to the Wheatstone bridge shown on the unit to the display unit 5. Now gently put the weight on the on side in the vertical circular rod and measure the voltage 6. Repeat the above step for different load and measure the voltage 7. Convert the voltage data to torque using appropriate formulae 8. Now compare that torque with the torque displayed on the display unit Required results expected: Student will learn the working of strain gauge and how torque varies with load Parameter and plots: Plot the voltage vs. load.

Cautions: 1. Make sure that multimeter is set in the proper range 2. Do not put drop the weight, put is gently 3. Do not exceed the limit of weight on the torque measurement unit 4. High-quality transducers utilizing strain gages as the primary sensing element incorporate sophisticated techniques to minimize thermal effects, nonlinearities, hysteresis, and other sources of error. 5. very accurate gage orientation and placement of all four gages is crucial for success. Torque Measurement:

Wheatstone bridge The output from the Wheatstone bridge can be expressed as:

T = Torque applied = Poisson ratio, E = Youngs Modulus = Strain, = Shear strain F= Gage factor, R= radius of shaft

Experiment NO 7

Experiment :To measure discharge through Venturi meter Apparatus :The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline.The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. At the down stream end of the pipeline. Separate control valves are provided to regulate the flow through the Venturi meter and orifice meter to conduct experiment separately. Pressure tapings are taken out from inlet and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of Orifice meter and are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch. Learning objective :To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter. To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter Out line of the procedure :Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of

water in the desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Controlmvalve of second desired test section and Repeat the samem procedure for other test section . Required Results :Parameters :To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and orifice meter and hence find out the coefficient of discharge . Plots :- Nil Formula:For both Venturimeter & Orificemeter: Theoretical discharge (Qt): Qth =
Type equation here.H = 12.6 x h

Actual discharge (Qa): Co- efficient of discharge (Cd): Qa = (A x R)/t Cd = Qa/Qt

DATA: A = 0.1 m2 s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 For Venturimeter: d1 = Dia. at inlet of the venturimeter = 25 mm d2 = Dia. at throat of the venturimeter = 15 mm

a1 = d12 /4 Area at Inlet of Venturimeter = a2 = d22 /4 Area of throat of Venturimeter = For Orificemeter: d1 = Dia inlet of Orificemeter = 25 mm d2 = Dia. of Orificemeter Plate = 15 mm a1 = d12 /4 Area at Inlet of Orificemeter = a2 = d22 /4 Area of Orifice Plate = Where H = 12.6 x h h = Pressure difference in m of Hg. A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2) R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m) t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.) Qa = Actual discharge Qt = Theoretical discharge s = Specific gravity of Hg PRECAUTION I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously. Always keep apparatus free from dust. To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months. Always use clean water. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.

Experiment NO 8

Experiment :To measure discharge through Orifice meter.

Apparatus :The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline.The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. At the down stream end of the pipeline. Separate control valves are provided to regulate the flow through the Venturi meter and orifice meter to conduct experiment separately. Pressure tapings are taken out from inlet and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of Orifice meter and are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch. Learning objective :A. To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter. B. To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter Out line of the procedure :Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Testsection very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. Whenthere is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring Tank.Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of second desired test section and Repeat the same procedure for other test section . Required Results :Parameters :To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and orifice meter and hence find out the coefficient of discharge . Plots :- Nil Formula:For Orifice meter:

Theoretical disc Qth =

harge (Qt): H = 12.6 x h Type equation here.

Actual discharge (Qa): Co- efficient of discharge (Cd): Qa = (A x R) /t Cd = Qa/Qt

DATA: A = 0.1 m2 s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 For Orificemeter: d1 = Dia inlet of Orificemeter = 25 mm d2 = Dia. of Orificemeter Plate = 15 mm a1 = d12 /4 Area at Inlet of Orificemeter = a2 = d22 /4 Area of Orifice Plate = Where H = 12.6 x h h = Pressure difference in m of Hg. A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2) R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m) t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.) Qa = Actual discharge Qt = Theoretical discharge s = Specific gravity of Hg PRECAUTION I. II. III. IV. V. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously. Always keep apparatus free from dust. To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.

VI. VII.

Always use clean water. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.

Experiment no 9 Experiment:To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various water flow rates. To determine the losses due to friction in pipe. Apparatus:Pipe fitting setup ,Stop watch Learning objective:To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe fittings. To determine the friction factor for Darcy Weisbach equation. Outline of the procedure:After Closing all pressure Taps of Manometer connected to different pipe fittings. Switch on the Pump. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When there is no air in the manometer. Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help on Control Valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water. Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of second desired test section. When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel. Formulas:Darcy-Weisbach equation is given by:

hf = where hf = loss of head due to friction f = Co-efficient of friction L = distance between pressure point V = Mean velocity of fluid d = diameter of pipe g = Acceleration due to Gravity 20 Discharge: Volume: Velocity: Q = V/A1(Velocity in Pipe) V2 = Q2/a2 DATA: A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2 s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 d1 = Dia of the smaller pipe = 12.5 mm d2 = Dia of the larger pipe = 25 mm a1 = Area of Cross section of small dia. pipe = a2 = Area of Cross section of large dia. pipe = H = 12.6 x h L = Length between two pressure points = 1 m Required result :Parameter: - To find out Darcy friction factor for pipe of 25 mm and 12.5 mm Plots :- nil PRECAUTION :1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts. 2. Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously. 3. Always keep apparatus free from dust. 4. To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. 5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months. v = A x R (m3) V1 = Q1/a1

6. Always use clean water. 7. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely.

Experiment no 10

Experiment: To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe-fittings. Apparatus:

- Pipe fitting set up ,Stop watch

The apparatus consist of a bend and elbow, a sudden expansion from to I sudden contraction from I to and ball valve and gate valve. Pressure tapings are provided at inlet and outlet of these fittings at suitable distance. A differential manometer fitted in the line gives pressure loss due to fittings. Supply to the pipeline is made through centrifugal pump, which deliver water from sump tank. The flow of water in pipeline is regulated by means of Control valve & By-Pass valve. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch. Learning Objective: 1. To determine the loss of head in the pipe fittings at the various water flow rates. 2. To study various types of pipe fittings OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE: Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section Very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When there is no air in the manometer. Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help on Control Valve and record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water. Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. Repeat the above for each test section separately.When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first, Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.

Formulas Loss of head due to change in cross-section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all type fall into the category of minor losses in pipe lines. In long pipe lines the friction losses are much larger than these minor losses and hence the latter are often neglected. But in shorter pipelines thief consideration is necessary for the correct estimate of losses. When there is any type of bend in pipe, the velocity of flow changes, due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and also formation of eddies. Takes place. Thus the energy is lost. The losses of head due to bend in pipe. hL = KL x V2/2g The minor losses in contraction can be expressed as : hL = KL x V2/ 2g The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as: hL = KL x (V1-V2)2/2g Where hL = Minor loss or head loss KL = Loss coefficient V = Velocity of fluid. V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of small Diameter. V2 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of large Diameter. Loss of Head (for Contraction): hL = KL x V2/2g Loss Co-efficient: KL = hL x 2g/V2 Loss of Head (for Expansion): hL = KL x (V1-V2)2/2g Change of Kinetic Energy: C = (V1-V2)2/2g Discharge:

Q = V/t Volume: v = A x R (m3)

Velocity: V1 = Q/a1 (Velocity in Pipe) V2 = Q /a2(Velocity in 1 Pipe) DATA: A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2 s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 Where d1 = Dia of the smaller pipe = d2 = Dia of the larger pipe = a1 = Area of Cross section of small dia. pipe = a2 = Area of Cross section of large dia. pipe = H = 12.6 x h V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of Small Diameter(m). V2 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of Large Diameter (m). V = Volume of water collected in measuring tank (m) R = Rise of water level in measuring tank (m). t = Time taken for R (sec.) Required result Parameters:

:-

- Find out the loss coefficient of Bend, Elbow, Ball valve ,gate valve

Differentiate between losses due to sudden enlargement and contraction Plots

:- Nil

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.

2. Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously. 3. Always keep apparatus free from dust. 4. To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. 5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months. 6. Always use clean water. 7. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely.

Experiment no 11 Experiment :To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe. Apparatus :Complete set up of Pitot tube apparatus Stop Watch The pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which is bent through 90 is directed in the up stream direction. The liquid rises up in the tube due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is determined by measuring the rise of liquid in the tube. Learning objective :A. To find the co-efficient of pitot tube B. To find the point velocity at the centre of a tube for different flow rates C. To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe Out line of procedure :Switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).Switch on the Pump. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve.Set the Pitot tube at the centre of the Test section. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring Tank. Now move the Pitot tube up & down on the same flow and note down

the manometer readings to find out the velocity at different points in pipe. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve. Required result :Parameters Calculate velocity at various points by moving the pitot tube UP & down calculate coefficient of pitot tube Plots :- Plot velocity profile FORMULAE: Discharge (Q): Velocity , Q = A x R/t Actual Velocity = Cv H = 12.6 x h Coefficient of Pitot Tube, Cv = Q/a * DATA: A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2 a = Cross section area of test section/pipe = 13.6 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/sec2 m = Density of manometer fluid w = Density of water h = Manometer difference. A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2) R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m) t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.) Cv = Coefficient of Pitot Tube a = Cross section area of Test Section PRECAUTION 1) Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts. 2) Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously. 3) Always keep apparatus free from dust. 4) To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. V = Q/a (m/s) m/s

5) Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months. 6) Always use clean water. 7) It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.

Experiment no 12

Experiment: To find the drag coefficients. Equipment Required: Wind tunnel, pitot tube and differential manometer. Material required: object to be tested, standard weights. Learning Objectives: students will be familiar with how to operate wind tunnel and different measuring instruments, calculate the drag coefficient. Outline of the Procedure: Run the fan at one speed and make the deflection of object to zero by adjusting the standards weights.Pitot tube reading should be taken for the calculation of velocity of flow. Fluid pressure can be calculated from manometer reading. Calculate the drag force acting on object. Calculate drag coefficient. Repeat the processes for different speeds of wind tunnel. Required Results : Appreciated comparison should be there between calculated drag coefficients with published results. Parameters and Plots: Plot the drag force versus square of velocity. Percautions: 1) Take the readings of the manometer after it has been stabilized. 2) Note down the standard weights at zero deflection of the object. 3) Stand away from the rotating wings of fan.

Experiment No 13

Experiment: To study various type of links and mechanism. Equipment required: Various type of link (binary, ternary, quaternary) of different
length, nut, bolt, board, and spanner, screw tightner.

Objective:
1. To get the knowledge of various type of link, joint and nature of motion of links. 2. To assemble the link in such a way that it form a mechanism.

Procedure:
1. Select the proper length of the link among the given lot of links. 2. Assemble the link in such a way that it forms a 4 Bar of the following Grashoff type 1 and Grashoff type 2 mechanisms by fixing different link. 10. Double crank mechanism 11. Crank rocker mechanism 12. Double rocker mechanism 3. Assemble the link like as shown in fig. 4. Draw the velocity and acceleration diagram of the above type of mechanism at 30 and 450 of crank rotation.

Required result: The student will be able to know how to make a proper
mechanism by selecting a proper length of the different link and how to convert a motion

of one type into the desired type of motion.

Parameter and plot:

Draw the velocity diagram of the mechanism and calculate the velocity of different link when crank is rotating with an angular velocity of 20 rad/sec. From the velocity diagram calculate the acceleration of different link and draw the acceleration diagram of the mechanism when the crank rotating with an angular acceleration of 25 rad/sec2.

Percaution:
1) Measure accurately the length of various links. 2) Measure accurately the angle of rotation of the crank. 3) Joint between the links should not be so tight and should not too be so loose. 4) Check for any backlash present in the revolute joint

Title: Reference material for study of various link and mechanism. Link: A resistant body or a group of resistant body with rigid connections preventing
their relative movement is known as link. A link is also known as kinematic link or element. Links can be classified into the following categories depending on their end: 13. Binary link 14. Ternary link 15. Quaternary link

Mechanism: a combination of a number of bodies assembled in such a way that the

motion of one causes constrained and predictable motion to the other is known as a mechanism. Thus the function of a mechanism is to transmit and modify a motion.

Kinematic pair: a kinematic pair is a joint of two links having relative motion
between them. In a water pump mechanism the link 2 rotates relative to link 1 and constitutes a turning pair. Similarly the link 2, 3 and 3,4 constitute turning pairs. Link 4 reciprocates relative to link 1 and is a sliding pair.

Type of kinematic pair: kinematic pairs can be classified according to

5. Nature of contact 6. Nature of mechanical constraint 7. Nature of relative motion Kinematic pair according to nature of contact 3. Lower pair: a pair of links having surface or area contact between the members is known as a lower pair. Examples: shaft rotating in a bearing 4. Higher pair: when a pair has a point or line contact between the links, it is known as higher pair. The contact surface of the two links is dissimilar. Examples: wheel rolling on a surface Kinematic pair according to nature of mechanical constraint

Closed pair: when the element of a pair is held together mechanically, it is known as
a closed pair. The two elements are geometrically identical; one is solid and other is open.

Unclosed pair: when two links of a pair are in contact either due to force of gravity or
some spring action, they constitute an unclosed pair. E.g., cam and follower pair Kinematic pairs according to nature of relative motion 5. Sliding pair: If two links have a sliding motion relative to each other, they form a sliding pair. E.g., a rectangular rod in a rectangular hole. 6. Turning pair: when one link has a turning motion relative to other they constitute a turning pair. 7. Rolling pair: when the links of a pair have a rolling motion relative to each other, they form a rolling pair. E.g., ball and roller bearing 8. Screw pair: if the two mating links have a turning as well as sliding motion between them, they form a screw pair. 9. Spherical pair: when one link in the form a sphere turns inside a fixed link, it is a spherical pair. E.g., the ball and socket joint is a spherical pair.

Four bar mechanism:

In a four bar mechanism a link that makes complete revolution is called the crank, the link opposite to fixed link is the coupler, and the fourth link is called a lever or rocker. There are two type of four bar linkage mechanism. Grashoff type 1 Grashoff type 2 If we have four link of length S, L,P,Q And S+L<P+Q Then the mechanism is called grashoff type 1 If S+L>P+Q Then mechanism is called Grashoff type 2 mechanisms.

In Grashoff type 1 there are 6. Double crank mechanism 7. Crank rocker mechanism 8. Double rocker mechanism

Experiment No 14

Experiment :-To determine coriollis Component of acceleration. Equipment required: rotating block, variable speed motor. Learning objectives: Study of this experiment involves understanding of
acceleration components including coriollis component in quick return mechanism.

Outline of the procedure:

1. Clean the mechanism 2. Rotate the block with water flowing in the block. 3. Rotate block with different speed. 4. Measure the coriollis component of acceleration by torque arm and spring balance. 5. Repeat procedure for different speed.

Required results :
1. Calculation of coriollis component at different speed. 2. Draw plot coriollis component Vs speed of the crank. 3. Conclusions.

Experiment No 15

Experiment:-Study and assembly of gear trains for the desired speed ration and direction of motion. Compare theoretical gear ration with the actual gear ratio Equipment required: simple gear train, compound gear train, epicycle gear train,

and tachometer, motor.

Learning objectives: Study of gear trains involves understanding of the principles

of gear ratio, and direction of rotation of gears for simple gear train, compound gear train and reverted gear train.

Outline of the procedure:

a) Assemble gear trains. b) Start the Rotation of driving gear by motor. c) Observe the direction of rotation of driving and driven gears. d) Measure speed of the driving and driven gears and calculate gear ratio. e) Calculate theoretically gear ratio for given gears using given number of teeth. f) Compare theoretical and experimental values.

Required results :
1. Neat schematic diagram of experimental setup. 2. Calculation of gear ratio theoretically 3.Results from experiments. 4.Comparison of results and give reasons for difference in theoretical and experimental results. 5.Conclusions.

Experiment No 16
AIM: To plot the n- _ (follower displacement vs angle of cam rotation) curves for different cam follower pairs. To study the jump phenomenon of the follower and to find out the jump speed. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: CAM ANALYSIS MACHINE UTILITIES REQUIRED: Bench area : 0.6 x 0.33m Power supply : 180 volts DC single phase 5 amp. socket LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

1.Learn the relationship between the follower displacement and the angle through which the cam rotates 2.Understanding the jump speed and the jump phenomenon thoroughly. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Fix the required cam & follower assembly on the apparatus.Fix the dial gauge at the top of follower shaft to get the follower displacement. To find out the angular displacement, rotate the cam manually. Note the angular displacement of cam and vertical displacement of the followerwith the help of protector & dial gauge respectively. Draw the (follower displacement Vs rotation of cam) Now remove the dial gauge from the follower shaft. Switch on the main power supply.Slowly increase the rpm of the motor with the help of dimmer stat provided at the control panel & check the jump of the follower with the help of stroboscope. If jump of the follower is not appears then again adjust the speed of the motor. At certain speed jump of the follower will occur. When jump occurs the follower makes a good thumping sound on cam surface. This speed is the jump speed.Decrease the speed of the motor of the minimum value.Now put some weight on the follower shaft plate and keep the spring tension constant. Increase the speed of the motor and find out the jump speed. Now vary the weight on the follower shaft plate and get the two or three jump speeds of the follower at constant spring tension. PARAMETERS & PLOTS: STANDARD DATA: The cam & follower assemblies are: 1. Circular arc cam with mushroom follower. 2. Tangent cam with roller follower. 3. An eccentric cam with knife edge follower. Stiffness of the spring, k = 1.53Kg / cm Weights provided = 350 grams (3 Nos.) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2 Weight of follower rod = 0.775 kg Weight of Knife edge Follower = 0.111 kg Radius of eccentric cam = 17.75mm = .01775m

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: a. Always lubricate the cam before starting the apparatus. b. Tighten all the nuts properly before starting the apparatus. c. Do not increases speed of the motor at once. d. Always keep apparatus free from dust. TROUBLE SHOOTING: a. The main light is not ON, check the main light. b. If the motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer state.

Experiment No 17

Experiment:- Determination of characteristics curves of sleeve position against speed

of governors.

Equipment required:1) Space required:- 0.7 m x 0.35m 2) Power supply:- 220v AC single phase ,5 Amp socket 3) Tachometer

Learning objective: - The apparatus is designed to make characteristics curves of

sleeve position against speed and radius of rotation against controlling force for all governors. The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal governors; 1) Watt governor 2) Porter governor 3) Proell governor 4) Hartnell governor The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine , when there are variation in the loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will , respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within the small limits of mean speed by increasing or decreasing the fuel supply.

OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE: Assemble the governor to be tested.Make the kinematic diagram of the system. Measure all the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation etc.)Note down the initial position of sleeve from scale.Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from its initial position. Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable.Note down the RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift.Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero position and then switch off the motor. Repeat the experiment for different types of governor. Required result : Observe the relationship between sleeve displacement and speed in all four cases and comment upon the differences among them.

Parameters and plots :

Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and theoretical force. Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position. Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.

Caution:
1) The speed does not increase at once. 2) Take the sleeve displacement reading when pointer remains steady. 3) At higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor. 4) Keep the apparatus free from dust.

Experiment No 18

Experiment:- Determination of characteristics curves of radius of rotation against

controlling force for various governors.

Equipment required:-

_ Space required:- 0.7 m x 0.35m _ Power supply:- 220v AC single phase ,5 Amp socket _ Tachometer

Learning objective: - The apparatus is designed to make characteristics curves of

sleeve position against speed and radius of rotation against controlling force for all governors. The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal governors; 1) Watt governor 2) Porter governor 3) Proell governor 4) Hartnell governor The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine , when there are variation in the loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will , respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within the small limits of mean speed by increasing or decreasing the fuel supply.

OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE:
Assemble the governor to be tested. Make the kinematic diagram of the system. Measure all the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation etc.) Note down the initial position of sleeve from scale.Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from its initial position.Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable.Note down the RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer.Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift.Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the variac to zero position and then switch off the motor. Repeat the experiment for different types of governor.

Required result expected:

Observe the relationship between sleeve displacement and speed in all four cases and comment upon the differences among them.

Parameters and plots :

a. Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and theoretical force. b. Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position. c. Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.

Caution:
1) The speed does not increase at once. 2) Take the sleeve displacement reading when pointer remains steady. 3) At higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the 4) governor.
5) Keep the apparatus free from dust.