History of Computers.

The historical perspective of computers for university students covers the invention of the first
mechanical computer by Charles Babbage in the early 1800s, the first electronic computers built
in the 1940s, the invention of transistors in 1947 and the development of integrated circuits in
the 1960s, the introduction of personal computers in 1975 with the Altair 8800, the development
of the internet in the 1980s and 1990s, and the advent of smartphones and tablets in the 2000s
and 2010s, which have made computing more mobile and accessible. Today, computers are an
integral part of our lives and continue to evolve rapidly.

Computer, functions, advantages and disadvantages.

To summarize, a computer is an electronic device that receives, processes, stores, and outputs
data. Its functions include data processing, communication, entertainment, education, and
business. The advantages of computers include speed, accuracy, storage, efficiency, and
connectivity, while the disadvantages include dependence, cost, security, health risks, and
addiction. Despite the potential drawbacks, computers have greatly impacted our lives and
work, and it is important to be aware of their benefits and drawbacks.

Data and information. Classification and types of information.

Data is a raw, unorganized fact or figure that is collected from various sources. It has no
meaning or context on its own.
Information is processed data that has been organized, structured, and presented in a
meaningful way. It provides context, relevance, and value to the data.
Classification of information: primary, secondary, and tertiary information.
Types of information: quantitative, qualitative, structured, unstructured, analytical, factual, and
conceptual information.

Classification based on data handling capabilities

Computers can be classified into four categories based on their data handling capabilities:
Analog Computers, Digital Computers, Hybrid Computers, and Quantum Computers.

Additional information:
Analog computers use physical phenomena to represent and manipulate data, digital computers
use binary digits, hybrid computers combine analog and digital features, and quantum
computers use qubits for data processing. Each type of computer is designed for specific
purposes and has its own strengths and weaknesses.

Classification based on age

Computers can be classified based on their age into five generations and a sixth generation is in
development. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, while the second
generation used transistors and magnetic core memory. Third generation computers used
integrated circuits and magnetic disk storage. Fourth generation computers used
microprocessors and introduced personal computers and graphical user interfaces. Fifth
generation computers use artificial intelligence and natural language processing.

Information:
The classification of computers according to age helps to understand the evolution of computing
technology over time and identify major milestones in the history of computing. The sixth
generation of computers is expected to incorporate emerging technologies such as quantum
computing and DNA computing.

Classification according to size

Computers can be classified based on their size into four main categories: supercomputers,
mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers are the largest
and most powerful, used for scientific simulations and highly computation-intensive tasks.
Mainframe computers are highly reliable, used in large organizations for critical applications.
Minicomputers were popular in the 1970s and 1980s for small to medium-sized businesses.
Microcomputers, or personal computers, are the smallest and most affordable, designed for
individual use.

Computer components

A computer is composed of several components that work together to perform various tasks.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions and controls the
flow of data within the computer. The Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage
area where the computer stores data that it is currently using, while the Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
or Solid State Drive (SSD) is the permanent storage area where data and programs that are not
currently in use are stored. The Motherboard connects all the components together, and the
Power Supply Unit (PSU) provides power to the computer components. The Graphics
Processing Unit (GPU) is responsible for rendering graphics and images on the computer
screen. Input devices are used to provide data and instructions to the computer, while output
devices are used to display or present data to the user. Lastly, the Cooling System is
responsible for keeping the computer components cool and preventing overheating, and it may
include fans, heat sinks, and liquid cooling systems.

Human/people's ware

People's ware in computer science refers to the design, development, and use of software,
hardware, and systems that consider human capabilities, limitations, and preferences. It focuses
on creating systems that are usable, accessible, and user-friendly for people of all ages and
abilities. Examples of people's ware include user experience design, human-computer
interaction, accessibility, ergonomics, and technical communication.

System analyst

A system analyst is a professional who analyzes, designs, and evaluates information systems to
optimize performance and meet organizational needs. They are responsible for identifying
problems, gathering requirements, proposing solutions, and overseeing implementation. Their
role includes bridging the gap between business requirements and technology solutions to
ensure efficient and effective systems.

System programmer

A system programmer is a computer professional who designs, develops, and maintains

software systems and operating systems. They work on low-level programming tasks, such as
coding device drivers and system utilities, and ensure that software runs efficiently and securely.
System programmers also troubleshoot and debug problems in software and provide technical
support to end-users.

Computer operator

A computer operator is a professional who manages and operates computer systems and
related equipment. They are responsible for ensuring the proper functioning of computer
systems, performing routine maintenance, and troubleshooting any issues that arise during
system operation.

Data analyst
A data analyst is a professional who analyzes and interprets complex data sets to identify
patterns, trends, and insights. They use statistical and analytical techniques to provide
actionable recommendations and insights that help organizations make informed decisions.

End user
An end user is a person who uses a product or service after it has been developed, configured,
and deployed. They are the final consumer of the product or service and are typically not
involved in the design or development process. End users can be individuals or organizations
who use technology to accomplish their goals or tasks

Diverse digital computer application areas

A diverse digital computer application areas refer to the various fields in which computers and
digital technology are used to solve problems and provide solutions. These areas can include
industries such as healthcare, education, finance, entertainment, and more. Diverse digital
computer application areas demonstrate the versatility and adaptability of digital technology and
its ability to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity in different sectors.

Robotic systems
A robotic system is a collection of hardware and software components that work together to
automate tasks. It typically involves a physical robot, sensors, actuators, and a control system.
Robotic systems can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks, from simple repetitive
actions to complex operations that require advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence
algorithms.

Space exploration
Space exploration in computer science refers to the use of computer technology in the study
and exploration of space. It involves the development and use of computer systems and
software for tasks such as controlling spacecraft, analyzing data from space missions,
simulating space environments, and developing new technologies for space exploration.

Digital marketing

Digital marketing in computer science is the use of digital channels, such as search engines,
social media, email, and mobile devices, to promote products or services. It involves creating
and executing marketing strategies that leverage digital technologies to reach and engage with
target audiences. Digital marketing encompasses a range of tactics, including search engine
optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, social media marketing, email marketing,
and content marketing.

What have computers done for humans

Computers have transformed modern society by enabling us to perform complex tasks more
efficiently and effectively. They have revolutionized communication, entertainment, education,
healthcare, science, and industry, and made information more accessible than ever before.
Computers have enhanced our ability to create, share, and store information, and have provided
new opportunities for innovation and discovery. Overall, computers have had a profound impact
on nearly every aspect of our lives, enabling us to achieve new heights of productivity and
creativity.