The Use of Modifiers

Modifier শব্দটি Modify শব্দ থেকে একেকে যার বাাংলা অে থ ‘ববকশবিত েরা’ । থয word, phrase বা clause থোন বেছুর অে থকে
ববকশবিত েকর তাকে Modifier বকল।
He is an honest person.[বাকেে honest শব্দটি person থে modify েকরকে]
He has some friends. [বাকেে some শব্দটি friends থে modify েকরকে]
Types of Modifiers
Modifier দুই ধরকের।
1. Pre-Modifier: থয word অন্য থোন word এর আকে বকে তাকে modify েকর তাকে pre-modifier বকল। থযমনঃ
She is an intelligent girl.
2. Post-Modifier: থয word অন্য থোন word এর পকর বকে তাকে modify েকর তাকে post-modifier বকল। থযমনঃ
He runs quickly.
Different Types of Pre-modifiers
1. Adjective: োধারেত noun এর আকে বকে noun থে modify েকর।
Bangladesh is a populous country.
𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒆𝒕
Kazi Nazrul Islam is our .
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛

Exercise 1
Put adjectives in the following gaps to pre-modify the noun.
a.We should drink ___ (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) water. b. English plays an ___
(pre-modify the noun) role in our life. c. Arsenic is a ___ substance for human health. d.
Rabindranath Tagore is my ___ author. e. There lived an ___ king called Lear. f. Kuakata is a
___ beach. g. I faced a ___ accident yesterday. h. Man is a ___ being. i. Television is the most ___
source of entertainment. j. In spite of being a small country, Bangladesh has a ___ population.
K. Televisions telecast ___ programmes.
2. Present Participle: verb+ing noun এর আকে বকে তাকে pre-modify েকর। Present Participle োধারেত
থোন Continuous Action থে থবাঝায়। অকে থই বিে বিকয় Past Participle েব থিাই Active হয়।
𝒇𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒅
I saw a .
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆
A gathers no moss.
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
Exercise 2
Put present participles in the following gaps to pre-modify the noun.
(a) Education is the most ___ need of our country. (b) A ___ dog seldom bites. (c)The ___ door
awakened the dog. (d) Both the teams played a ____ game. (e) Flying for the first time was a
___ experience for me. (f). We faced a ____ incident. (g) Never put your hands into ___ water.
1
3. Past Participle: Verb এর Past Participle form noun এর আকে বকে তাকে pre-modify েকর। Past
Participle োধারেত থোন Complete Action থে থবাঝায়। অকে থই বিে বিকয় Past Participle েব থিাই Passive হয়।
𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒉
He wore a .
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒅
A dreads the fire.
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
Exercise 3
Put Past Participles in the following gaps to pre-modify the nouns.
(a) He is the most ___ man in the locality. (b) I bought a ___ doll. (c) A ___ opportunity never
returns. (d) He seems to be a ___ soldier. (e) He wears a ___ look. (f) He lives in an ___ house. (g)
The ___ news was very damaging for the company. (h) Some people were still alive under the
___ house.
4. Determiners: Determiners হকে এমন শব্দ যারা noun এর আকে বকে noun এর অে থকে বনবি থষ্ট (determine) বা েীবমত
(limit) েকর থিয়। বহুল ব্যবহৃত determiners হকলা- articles (a, an, the), some, many, any, no, few, a few, the
few, little, a little, the little, less, same, each, every, most, much, a lot of, single, double, one,
two, another, other, all, several,
𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
A balanced diet prevent 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
.
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝒂 𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕
Here 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
can help us.
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟
Exercise 4
Put determiners in the following gaps to pre-modify the nouns.
a. He never wastes a ____ (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. b. The ___
name of water is life. c. The fox without a tail wants to cut off other foxes’ tails because he
has ___ tail of his own. d. The lazy king does not do ___ work other than eating and sleeping. e.
He invited doctors from ___ parts of the country. f. Deforestation has ___ harmful effects on
the environment. g. We must realize that life is ___ valuable than time. h. On my way to the
Saint Martin’s Island, we saw ___ sea gulls. i. During ___ time of Mandela, the black were
segregated from the white. j. He rushed to the spot without ___ delay.
Note: উপকে উকেবিত Determiners যিন পবরমাে বনকি থশ েকর তিন তাকিরকে Quantifiers বলা হকয় োকে। তাই
Determiners এবাং Quantifiers এেই বিবনে।
5. Demonstratives: This, that, these, those থে demonstratives বলা হয়। এগুকলা দ্বারা থোন noun থে বনকি থশ
েরা হকে তা থবাঝায়। Demonstratives answer the question: Which?
This- বনেটবতী singular noun এর থেকে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
a. This boy is stronger than Habib. b. Here is your dog. This dog is so clever.
These- বনেটবতী plural noun এর থেকে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

2
a. These mangoes are green. b. There are some boys in the room. These boys are noisy.
That- দূরবতী singular noun এর থেকে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
That boy is industrious.
Those- দূরবতী plural noun এর থেকে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Those mangoes are sweet.
Exercise 5
Put demonstratives in the following gaps to pre-modify the nouns.
1. Arsenic is a chemical substance. ___ substance is found in tube well water. 2. Pakistan
wants to erase its past history. To erase ___ history is not easy. 3. We saw a lot of sea birds
last winter. We can never forget ____ sea birds. 4. The thirsty crow found a water jar nearby.
But ___ jar was too heavy for him to overturn.
6. Intensifiers: থয word তার পরবতী word এর মাো বাবেকয় থিয় তাকে intensifier বকল। Intensifiers োধারেত
adverbs (very, so, too, highly, etc).
𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒚
The man is 𝑎𝑑𝑗
.
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝒕𝒐𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒕
The task is 𝑎𝑑𝑗
.
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟
7. Possessives: Noun বা Pronoun এর possessive case noun এর আকে বকে noun থে pre-modify েকর।
𝒎𝒚 𝒅𝒖𝒕𝒚
I am concerned about .
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝑮𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒋𝒂𝒍𝒊
Tagore is highly appreciated for .
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛

Exercise 6
Put possessives in the following gaps to pre-modify the nouns.
a. The boy prepares his lessons in collaboration with ___ teachers. b. Nazrul sang the songs
of humanity throughout ___ life. c. People of Bangladesh have expressed ___ shock at the
reaction of the Pakistan parliament. d. Everyone was asked to take ___ own books.
8. Noun Adjective: দুটি noun পাশাপাবশ বেকল প্রেম noun টি বদ্বতীয় noun এর adjective বহকেকব োি েকর। একেকে প্রেম
noun টিকে noun adjective বকল।
𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉
We enjoyed a 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
last night.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌
The man lost his yesterday.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛

3
 Exercise 7
Put nouns in the following gaps to pre-modify the nouns.
a. We need to do something to stop ___ pollution. b. Farmers use ___ fertilizers in their fields. c. Nazrul
enriched ___ literature immensely. d. Academic progress is greatly hampered due to ___ politics. e. A
crow was feeling thirsty as it was a hot ___ day. f. English is highly necessary to improve your ___ skill.
g. A village doctor is a great friend to the ___ people.

Different Types of Post-modifiers

1. Infinitive Phrase: [to+ verb এর base form + other words]-থে Infinitive Phrase বকল। Infinitive
Phrase োধারেত noun এর পকর বকে থেই noun থে post-modify েকর।
𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈
His 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
inspires me.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒆
Your 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
will end in smoke.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝒂 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒚 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒆𝒔
He made 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
Exercise 8
1. He began ____ for the purse. 2. The judge hit upon a plan ___. 3. She refused all the young
man ___. 4. Most of the foxes agreed ___. 5. He invited all the foxes ___ . 6. A student must
remember that he will have ___. 7. In Bangladesh it is common for a bride’s family ___. 8. A
team of experienced writers worked hard ___. 9. The main aim of this book is ___. 10. The
authority wants students ___. 11. The tasks and activities are designed___. 12. We have been
trying our best ___. 13. If she had been a boy, she would have gone to a university ___. 14.
Regular morning walk helps us ___. 15. Many poor people do not try ____ by hard work.
2. Present Participle Phrase: [verb+ ing + other words]-থে Present Participle Phrase বকল।
Present Participle Phrase োধারেত noun এর পকর বকে থেই noun থে post-modify েকর।
𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒕
I saw 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒌𝒚
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
thrills me a lot.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒔
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
can hone their English skills.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
3. Past Participle Phrase: [verb এর past participle + other words]-থে Past Participle Phrase বকল।
Past Participle Phrase োধারেত noun এর পকর বকে থেই noun থে post-modify েকর।

4
 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒆
I saw 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
did not lose his heart.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒃𝒖𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒑𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
apologized to their teachers.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
4. Prepositional Phrase: Preposition+ Noun থে Prepositional phrase বলা হয়। Prepositional
phrase এর head বহকেকব Preposition বকে।
𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒐𝒈
I saw .
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑓 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕
Just don’t lose 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
, will you?
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
has markedly improved in recent years.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
5. Appositive/Noun in Apposition: দুটি noun/ noun phrase পাশাপাবশ বকে যিন এেই ব্যবি/বস্তুকে বনকি থশ েকর তিন
বদ্বতীয় noun/ noun phrase টি থে Appositive/Noun in Apposition বকল।
𝐷𝑜𝑛 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐦
, , was written by Lord Byron.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

my tutor 𝐃𝐫.𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐮𝐚
I am going to meet , 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
, about a change of course.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
6. Adverbial/ Adverbial Phrase: থোন word বা phrase যবি থোন action েম্পকেথ how/when/where/how
often/how long/why প্রশ্নগুকলার উত্তর থিয় তাকে Adverbial/ Adverbial Phrase বকল।
𝑦𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦
He came .
𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
He saw him .
𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙
Adverbial এর েঠনঃ
a. শুধুমাে এেটি adverb বিকয়।
He spoke angrily. They live here. We will be back soon.
b. Adverb এর োকে intensifier বিকয়।
He spoke really angrily. They live just here. We will go quite soon.
c. A prepositional phrase.
He spoke in an angry voice. They live in London. We will go in a few minutes.
d. A Noun Phrase.
It rained this morning. They went to Cambodia last summer.
e. A clause.
They went to the mountains because they like to ski. She played tennis when she was
young.
5
 Exercise
Use adverbial/adverbial phrase
1. I've checked my homework r___ but I can't find any mistakes. 2. The company built the new
apartments ___. 3. What are you doing ____? It's great to see you. 4. My grandmother spent the first 16
years of her life ____. 5. I found the cat. She was sleeping ____. 6. We need to leave this town ____. The
police are looking for us. 7. Have a good weekend, Rachel. I'll see you ___. 8. I try to visit my
grandparents ___.

7. Relative Clause: Relative Pronoun (who, which, whom, what, that, when, where, whose)
দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া clause থে relative clause বকল।
𝑅𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒆𝒅
I met 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒎𝒆
Here is 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
.
𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛