Name of the Student :
Roll No:
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM : To Execute and analyze basic networking commands.
REQUIREMENT : Vmware – Ubuntu, Terminal – Bash shell.
LAB OBJECTIVE : To get familiar with basic network administration
commands.
THEORY :
1. Ifconfig : The ifconfig command is used on Unix-based systems
(Linux/macOS) to configure and display network interfaces. It shows
details like IP addresses, MAC addresses, and network statistics. You
can also use it to enable/disable network interfaces, assign IP
addresses, change the MTU, and configure network aliases.
Key Functions:
Display network interface details: ifconfig
Assign IP address: sudo ifconfig <interface> <IP_address>
Enable/Disable interface: sudo ifconfig <interface> up/down
Change MAC address: sudo ifconfig <interface> hw ether
<MAC_address>
2. Ip : The ip command is a powerful tool used to manage networking
on Linux systems. It replaces older commands like ifconfig and route
and offers more advanced options for configuring network
interfaces, routing, and network-related tasks.
Key Functions:
Display network interfaces: ip addr show or ip a
Assign IP address: sudo ip addr add <IP_address>/<subnet> dev
<interface>
Configure routing: sudo ip route add <destination> via
<gateway>
Bring up/down interfaces: sudo ip link set <interface> up/down
Display routing table: ip route show
3. Traceroute : The traceroute command is used to trace the path
that data packets take from your system to a destination host over
a network. It shows each hop (router or device) along the route and
the time it takes to reach each one.
Key Functions:
Trace route to a destination: traceroute <hostname/IP>
Display each hop along the route with the round-trip time to
each router.
4. Tracepath : The tracepath command is similar to traceroute but
specifically designed for IPv4 and IPv6 networks. It traces the path
from your system to a destination and shows the network hops,
along with the latency to each hop. Unlike traceroute, tracepath also
attempts to detect the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size along
the path.
Key Functions:
Trace the route to a destination: tracepath <hostname/IP>
Detect MTU along the route: Identifies where packet
fragmentation might occur.
5. Ping : The ping command is used to test the connectivity between
your system and a remote host (e.g., server, router) by sending
ICMP echo requests and measuring the response time.
Key Functions:
Test connectivity: ping <hostname/IP>
Display round-trip time to the destination in milliseconds.
6. Netstat : The netstat command is used to display network-related
information on your system, such as active connections, open ports,
routing tables, and network interface statistics.
Key Functions:
Display active connections: netstat or netstat -a
Show listening ports: netstat -l
Display routing table: netstat -r
Show network interface statistics: netstat -i
Display open ports and their associated programs: netstat -
tuln
7. Ss : The ss command is used to display information about network
connections, sockets, and listening ports on a Linux system. It is
faster and more detailed than netstat.
Key Functions:
Show all sockets: ss -a
Display listening ports: ss -l
Show TCP/UDP connections: ss -t (TCP), ss -u (UDP)
8. Dig : The dig (Domain Information Groper) command is used to
query DNS (Domain Name System) servers for information about
domain names, such as IP addresses, MX records, and more.
Key Functions:
Query a domain: dig <hostname>
Get specific DNS record types: dig <hostname> <record_type>
(e.g., A, MX, TXT)
9. Nslookup : The nslookup command is used to query DNS servers to
obtain domain name or IP address information.
Key Functions:
Query domain name to get IP address: nslookup <hostname>
Reverse DNS lookup (IP to domain): nslookup <IP_address>
10. Route : The route command is used to view and manipulate
the IP routing table on a system. It allows you to manage network
routes, including adding, deleting, or modifying routes.
Key Functions:
Display the routing table: route or route -n
Add a route: sudo route add -net <destination_network> netmask
<netmask> gw <gateway>
Delete a route: sudo route del -net <destination_network>
11. Host : The host command is used to perform DNS lookups,
providing information about a domain name or IP address. It is
typically used to find the associated IP address of a domain or the
domain name for an IP address (reverse lookup).
Key Functions:
Find IP address of a domain: host <hostname>
Reverse DNS lookup (find domain from IP): host <IP_address>
Query specific DNS record types: host -t <record_type>
<hostname>
12. Arp –a : The arp -a command displays the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) table, which maps IP addresses to MAC
(Media Access Control) addresses for devices on the local network.
Key Functions:
Show ARP table: arp -a
It lists all the IP-MAC address mappings that your system has learned on
the local network.
13. Hostname : The hostname command is used to display or set
the name of the current system (host) on a network.
Key Functions:
Display the current hostname: hostname
Set a new hostname: sudo hostname <new_hostname>
14. Curl or wget :
curl:
A tool for transferring data to/from a server using various protocols
(HTTP, FTP, etc.).
Key Use: Ideal for making API requests, sending data, and
downloading files.
Example: curl -O <URL> (downloads a file).
wget:
A tool mainly for downloading files from the web, supporting
recursive downloads and background tasks.
Key Use: Simple file downloading and website mirroring.
Example: wget <URL> (downloads a file).
15. Mtr : The mtr (My Traceroute) command is a network
diagnostic tool that combines the functionality of ping and
traceroute. It provides real-time monitoring of the route and latency
between your system and a remote destination.
Key Functions:
Trace route and measure packet loss/latency: mtr
<hostname/IP>
16. Whois: The whois command is used to query databases that
store information about domain names and IP addresses, providing
details about their registration, ownership, and associated contact
information.
Key Functions:
Get domain information: whois <domain_name>
Get IP address registration details: whois <IP_address>
17. Tcpdump : The tcpdump command is a network packet
analyzer used to capture and display network traffic in real-time. It
helps diagnose network issues and analyze the data being
transmitted over a network.
Key Functions:
Capture network traffic: sudo tcpdump
Filter by protocol: sudo tcpdump -i <interface> <protocol>
Save captured packets: sudo tcpdump -w <file.pcap>
RESULT :
LAB OUTCOME : Execute and evaluate administration commands and
demonstrate using different network scenario.
CONCLUSION : After successful completion of this experiment, we
understand the fundamental commands of computer networks is essential
for managing, troubleshooting, and optimizing network performance.
Post Lab Exercise:
Q.1What TCP/IP protocol is used for remote terminal connection
service
A.
UDP
B.
RARP
C.
FTP
D.
TELNET
E.
None of the above
ANS :
D) TELNET
Telnet is a protocol used on the Internet or local area network to
provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication
facility using a virtual terminal connection.
Q.2 Which of the following command is used to create a Linux
installation hoot floppy?
A.
Mkboot disk
B.
Bootfp disk
C.
Ww and rawwrite
D.
Dd and rewrite
E.
None of the above
ANS:
D) dd and rewrite are used to create linux installation boot
floppy.
