Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Laboratory Manual

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology

(Autonomous)

BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-500090
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this book is a bonafide record of practical work done in the
Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory in ........semester of………year during the
academic year ..................... by

Name :-……………………………..

Roll.No :-……………………………

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Date:-…………

Signature of the Staff member Signature of the HOD

Signature of External Examiner

 GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering LAB

Course Outcomes:
At the end of this course, students will able to
1. Demonstrate the common electrical components and their ratings. (BL2)
2. Summarize the basic fundamental laws of electric circuits. (BL2)
3. Distinguish the measurement and relation between the basic electrical parameters. (BL4)
4. Examine the response of different types of electrical circuits with three phase excitation. (BL4)
5. Outline the basic characteristics of Electrical machines. (BL2)

TASK-1: Verification of Ohms Law , KVL and KCL

TASK-2: Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
TASK-3: Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity Theorems.
TASK-4: Resonance in series RLC circuit
TASK-5: Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Calculate Efficiency and Regulation)
TASK-6: Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages and Currents (Star-Delta, Delta-Delta,
Delta-star, Star-Star)

TASK-7: Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced three-phase circuit

TASK-8: Performance Characteristics of a Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor
TASK-9: Torque-Slip Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor
TASK-10: No-Load Characteristics of a Three-phase Alternator
TASK-11: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
TASK-12: Power factor improvement by using capacitor bank in parallel with inductive load.
 Contents

S. No Date Name of the Experiment Assessment Sign

 1. Verification of Ohms Law, KVL and KCL
Aim:
To verify Ohm’s law, KCL and KVL for the given Circuit Diagrams.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 1KΩ,220KΩ,33KΩ 3 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 1 No.
5. Connecting wires Required.

Theory:

Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s law states that, “At constant temperature current flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference existing between the two ends of the conductor. i.e.,
VαI
V = Constant * I
Where
V is the potential difference across the conductor in volts,
I is the current flowing through the conductor in amps
The constant of proportionality = R
Where R is the resistance of the conductor in Ohms.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown as in figure 1 with R1

2. Adjust the voltage in steps of 3 volts from 0-20V
3. Record the measured voltage and current in each steps
4. Repeat steps2 and 3 for R2
5. Plot the V – I Characteristics of R1 and R2
 Observations:

S.No Source Voltage R1 I (mA)

(Volts) (Ohms) Calculated(V/R) Measured

1. KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law):

Kirchoff’s Current Law states that the sum of the
the currents flowing towards a node is equal to the
sum of current flowing away from that node. i.e in any network, the algebraic sum of currents in all the
branches meeting at a node is zero.

Σ I= 0
This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation
ation of Charge , as the current is
conserved around the junction with no loss of current.

Here in this simple single junction example, the current IT leaving the junction is the algebraic sum
of the two currents, I1and I2 entering the same junction. That is IT = I1 + I2.
Note that we could also write this alternatively as the algebraic sum of: IT - (I1 + I2) = 0.

2. KVL (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law):

In any linear, bilateral network the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path or closed
circuit is always zero at any instant
A Single Circuit Loop

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop must
be equal to zero as: ΣV = 0. Since the two resistors, R1 and R2 are wired together in a series connection;
conne
they are both part of the same loop so the same current must flow through each resistor.
 Thus the voltage drop across resistor, R1 = I*R1 and the voltage drop across resistor,
R2 = I*R2 giving by KVL:

We can see that applying Ki Kirchhoff’s

rchhoff’s Voltage Law to this single closed loop produces the formula
for the equivalent or total resistance in the series circuit and we can expand on this to find the values of
the voltage drops around the loop.

Circuit Diagram:

1. KCL ( Kirchoff’s Current

Cur Law):

Figure 2
 2. KVL ( Kirchoff’s Volatge Law):

Figure. 3
Observations:

1. KCL:
Theoretical Practical

S.NO SOURCE I1 I2 I1+I2 I1 I2 I1+I2

VOLTAGE(Vs)

2. KVL:
Theoretical Practical

S.NO SOURCE V1 V2 V1+V2 V1 V2 V1+V2

VOLTAGE(Vs)
Procedure:

1. KCL (Kirchoff’s Current Law):

1. Connect a DC Voltage of 10V to the given circuit diagram.
2. Choose two different resistors and connect them as shown in the figure 1.
3. Measure the current flowing in each resistor using ammeter.
4. Verify the theoretical calculations with practical values.

2. KVL (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law):

1. Connect a DC Voltage of 10V to the given circuit diagram.
2. Choose two different resistors and connect them as shown in the figure 2.
3. Measure the voltage across each resistor using voltmeter.
4. Verify the theoretical calculations with practical values.

Calculations:
Result:
 2. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
Aim:

To verify Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 100 ohm 1 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

Statement:

Thevenin’s theorem states that any two output terminals ( A & B ) of an active linear network containing
independent sources (it includes voltage and current sources) can be replaced by a simple voltage source of
magnitude Vth in series with a single resistor Rth where Rth is the equivalent resistance of the network when
looking from the output terminals A & B with all sources (voltage and current) removed and replaced by their
internal resistances and the magnitude of Vth is equal to the open circuit voltage across the A & B terminals

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.

To find VTH

3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH).

To find RTH

4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the RTH using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTH and RTH and note the corresponding ammeter reading.
6. Verify Thevenin’s theorem.
Calculations:
 Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) VTH(V) RTH() IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit
Theoretical

Practical

Norton’s Theorem

Norton’s Theorem may be stated as Any Linear Electric Network or complex circuit with Current and Voltage
sources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a single independent Current Source IN and a
Parallel Resistance RN.

Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original circuit.

To Find IN:

3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.

4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

To Find RN:

5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the resistance across the two
terminals. Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Norton’s theorem.
Calculations:
Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) IN (V) RN() IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit
Theoretical

Practical

Result:.
 3: Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity Theorems.

AIM: To verify the superposition theorem and Reciprocity theorems for the given circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 100 ohm 1 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting more number of sources each branch
current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents ( branch voltages), each of which is determined by considering one
source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing the sources, voltage and current sources are replaced by
internal resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).

2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to appropriate values (Say 15V and20V respectively).
3. Note down the current (IL) through the 560 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.
4. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) and set the source Y (20V) to 0V.
5. Note down the current ( IL1 ) through 560ohm resistor by using ammeter.
6. Connect the circuit as per fig(3) and set the source X (15V) to 0V and source Y to 20V.
7. Note down the current (I L ll) through the 560 ohm resistor branch by using ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources X and Y to 0V and switch off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.
Calculations:
 Theoretical and Practical Values

Source Theoretical Practical

Source 1 IL1 = IL1 =

Source 2 IL2 = IL2 =
All Sources IL1+ IL2 = IL1+ IL2=

Reciprocity Theorem
STATEMENT:
“In a linear bi-lateral single source network, the ratio of excitation to the response is constant when the position of
excitation and response are interchanged”.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the output voltage of R.P.S to an appropriate voltage say 10 V in Figure 1
3. Note down the response of I through 3.3 kΩ resistor and tabulate the values.
4. The circuit connections are changed as per the Figure 2,change the source to load end
and replace the source with internal resistance.
5. Note down the response of I through 1 kΩ resistor and tabulate the values.
6. Compare the theoretical & practical values and prove reciprocity theorem
Calculations:
 Observations

Theoretical

s.no E in Volts I1 I2 V/I1 = V/I2

Practical

s.no E in Volts I1 I2 V/I1 = V/I2

Result :
 4: Resonance in series RLC circuit
Aim:
To determine resonant frequency, band width and Q-factor for Series RLC circuits.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. AC voltage source. (0 - 10)V 1 No
2. Resistor. 1KΩ 1 No
3. Inductor. 100mH 1 No
4. Capacitor. 0.1µF 1 No
5. Function Generator (0-1) MHz 1 No
6. Ammeter AC (0 – 20) mA 1 No
7. Bread Board 1 No
8. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
Series Resonance:
Consider a RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series across a
voltage supply. This series RLC circuit has a distinguishing property of resonating at a specific
frequency called resonant frequency. In this circuit containing inductor and capacitor, the energy is
stored in two different ways. When a current flows in an inductor, energy gets stored in magnetic
field. When a capacitor is charged, energy gets stored in static electric field.
In some cases, at certain frequency called resonant frequency, the inductive reactance of the
circuit becomes equal to capacitive reactance which causes the electrical energy to oscillate
between the electric field of the capacitor and magnetic field of the inductor. This forms a
harmonic oscillator for current. In RLC circuit, the presence of resistor causes these oscillation to
die out over period of time and is called damping effect of resistor.
At resonance in series RLC circuit, two reactance become equal and cancel each other. So in
resonant series RLC circuit, the opposition to the flow of current is due to resistance only. At
resonance, the total impedance of series RLC circuit is equal to resistance i.e Z = R, impedance has
only real part but no imaginary part and this impedance at resonant frequency is called dynamic
impedance and this dynamic impedance is always less than impedance of series RLC circuit.
Before series resonance i.e before frequency, fr capacitive reactance dominates and after resonance,
inductive reactance dominates and at resonance the circuit acts purely as resistive circuit causing a
large amount of current to circulate through the circuit.
 Circuit Diagram:

Model Graphs:

Current Vs Frequency

Tabular Column:

Quality
Fr (Hz) FH (Hz) FL (Hz) Band Width Factor
Theoretical
Practical
 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply 20V (peak to peak) from the function generator.
3. Note down the readings of the milli-Ammeter by varying the input frequency in suitable steps.
(Starting from 1 KHz to 10 KHz in steps of 500Hz).
4. Calculate Impedance Z
5. Plot the graphs for I vs Frequency and Z vs Frequency.
6. Identify the values of fr, f1 and f2 from the graph, calculate Q-factor and Bandwidth.
7. Compare with theoretical values.

Tabular Form:

S.No Frequency (Hz) I (mA)

Theoretical Calculations:

Result:
 5: Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Calculate Efficiency and Regulation)

Aim:
To calculate Efficiency and regulation of Single phase transformer by conducting load test
on Single phase transformer

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Single phase transformer 1 No
2. 2 Single phase variac 0-230v 1 No
3. Ammeter 0-2 A 1 No
4. Ammeter 0-20 A 1 No
5. Voltmeter 0-300 V 1 No
6. U.P.F. type Wattmeter 0-3.0 KW 2 Nos
7. Connecting wires Required

Transformer Ratings :
Power:2 KVA,
Primary/Secondary :230/415 Volts,8.69/4.82 Amps.

Theory:
A transformer is a static apparatus used to transform a.c. electrical power from one voltage to
another voltage. It works on the principle of mutual induction.In a transformer there are two
windings primary winding & secondary winding. Both these windings are having their internal
resistance & leakage current. When the transformer is loaded there will be voltage drop in the
transformer due to the resistance & reactance of the windings.When the secondary winding of the
transformer is completed through a load an voltage V is applied to the primary winding ,the
transformer is said to operate under load condition.

Under this condition transformer copper loss increase with increase in current, due to that
efficiency changes. At half load efficiency is reaches to maximum, it gradually decreases when
further load increases. This is because at half load Cu loss is less and iron loss is also less, but
below half load iron loss will be more which results in less efficiency. This situation happens
when transformer is distribution transformer.

When load increase beyond half load Cu loss will increase which again reduces the
efficiency. This test is performed to determine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer at
different load conditions.

REGULATION: If E0 is the load voltage of the secondary side & V, is the terminal voltage of
the secondary side. When it is loaded: Then,
E0 – V = Voltage drop in the transformer when it is loaded.
=Change in the terminal voltage of the transformer when it is loaded.
Circuit Diagram:
 Voltage regulation of a transformer is the ratio of change in the terminal voltage of the secondary
from no load to load condition.
To its rated voltage, at a particular load current.
i.e % Regulation = E0 -V ×100
V rated
As the load current increases, the voltage drop in the transformer windings also
increases & hence the voltage regulation increases. The Regulation of a transformer should not
more than 8%. In a transformer lower percentage regulation is a better regulation.

EFFICIENCY:
The ratio of output power to the input power of a transformer is called the efficiency of the
transformer up to certain amount of load, efficiency increases with the increases in load and the
onward slightly decreases.

EFFICIENCY= OUTPUT = V2 I2 COSΦ

INPUT IN PUT POWER

The above formula shows that efficiency depends not on the value of load current, but also
on the power factor (COSΦ) of the load current. If the load is purely resistive, the power factor i.e.
cosΦ =1.
.
EFFICIENCY = V2 I2
IN PUT POWER

The efficiency of a transformer is generally more. Compared to other rotation machines, as it

is a static apparatus, involving no frictional losses. Generally efficiency of a good transformer is
more than 90% at full load.
A load test is performed in the laboratory to check its performance before it is actually used on site. For
getting the values of regulation & efficiency at different power factor, the different types of loads that is
inductive or capacitive load should be used.

Formula Used:
%η = (W2 / W1)*100
%reg = {(Vrated – V2) / Vrated} * 100

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram such that the supply on LV side and load on HV side as shown
in the fig
2. Gradually increase the voltage using auto transformer till the voltmeter reads the rated
voltage, 230v on LV side and also record the voltage on HV side.
3. Maintain the voltage V to be constant for all loads.
4. Switch on the load switches one by one and record the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter
readings. (The load current should not be exceed the rated current,4.82A.)
5. Switch off the supply and set the auto-transformer at zero position.
Observations:

S.No Primary Secondary %η % reg

V1 I1 (Amp) W1 V2 I2 W2
(Volt) (kW) (Volt) (Amps) (kW)

Calculations:

Result:
 6. Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages and Currents
(Star-Delta, Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star)

Aim:
To verify the relationship between voltages and currents in a three phase transformer for Star
Delta Connection

Apparatus Required:

S. No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. 3 Phase Auto transformer 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-20 A 2 Nos
3. Voltmeter 0-300 V 2 Nos
4. Resistive Load Suitable
5. 1 Φ Transformer 1KVA, 230/415V 3 Nos
6. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
In this type of transformer connection, then primary is connected in star fashion while the
secondary is connected in delta fashion as shown in the Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 – Transformer Connection – Star-Delta

The voltages on primary and secondary sides can be represented on the phasor diagram as
shown in the Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 – Phasor diagram with voltages on primary and secondary sides

Circuit Diagram:
Key points

As Primary in Star connected:

Line voltage on Primary side = √3 X Phase voltage on Primary side. So
Phase voltage on Primary side = Line voltage on Primary side /√3
Now Transformation Ration (K) = Secondary Phase Voltage / Primary Phase Voltage
Secondary Phase Voltage = K X Primary Phase Voltage.

As Secondary in delta connected:

Line voltage on Secondary side = Phase voltage on Secondary side.
Secondary Phase Voltage = K X Primary Phase Voltage.
=K X (Line voltage on Primary side /√3)
Secondary Phase Voltage = (K/√3 ) X Line voltage on Primary side.
There is s +30 Degree or -30 Degree Phase Shift between Secondary Phase Voltage to Primary
Phase Voltage

Advantages of Star Delta Connection:

1. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer numbers of turns are required. This makes
the connection economical for large high voltage step down power transformers.
2. The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.
3. The neutral point allows both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to be met.
4. Large unbalanced loads can be handled satisfactory.
5. The Y-D connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to circulating
currents inD. It is also more stable to unbalanced loads since the D partially redistributes
any imbalance that occurs.
6. The delta connected winding carries third harmonic current due to which potential of
neutral point is stabilized. Some saving in cost of insulation is achieved if HV side is star
connected. But in practice the HV side is normally connected in delta so that the three phase
loads like motors and single phase loads like lighting loads can be supplied by LV side
using three phase four wire system.
7. As Grounding Transformer: In Power System Mostly grounded Y- ∆ transformer is used
for no other purpose than to provide a good ground source in ungrounded Delta system.
Take, for example, a distribution system supplied by ∆ connected (i.e., ungrounded) power
source.If it is required to connect phase-to-ground loads to this system a grounding bank is
connected to the system, as shown in Figure 3 below:

Figure 3 – Y-D Grounding transformer

 8. This system a grounding bank is connected to the system, as shown in Figure 3. Note that
the connected winding is not connected to any external circuit in Figure 3.
9. With a load current equal to 3 times i, each phase of the grounded Y winding provides the
same current i, with the -connected secondary winding of the grounding bank providing the
ampere-turns required to cancel the ampere-turns of the primary winding.

Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the Auto transformer till it reaches 230V and measure primary and secondary
voltages and currents.
3. Repeat the above step for different input voltages
4. Note down the values of phase(voltages and currents) and line(voltages and Currents)
5. Compare the measured values with theoretical values.

Observations:

S.No Primary Secondary

Phase Line Phase Line
I V I V I V I V

Calculations:

Result:
.
 7: Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase circuit

Aim:
To measure active and reactive power using 2-wattmeters for balanced loads in a 3- phase
circuit.

Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Range Quantity
1. 3 Phase Auto transformer 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-20 A 2 Nos
3. Voltmeter 0-300 V 2 Nos
4. Resistive Load Suitable
5. 1 Φ Transformer 1KVA, 230/415V 3 Nos
6. Connecting wires Required
Theory:
In a 3-phase, 3-wire system, power can be measured using two wattmeter’s for balance loads.
This can be verified by measuring the power consumed in each phase. In this circuit, the
pressures coils are connected between two phase such that one of the line is coinciding for
both the meters.
P1 + P2 = 3 VPhIPhCOSø
Power factor Cosø = Cos (tan-1 √3 ((P1 –P2)/ (P1 +P2)))

Considering the above figure (A) in which Two Wattmeter W1 and W2 are connected,
the instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given by the
equation shown

below.

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given as

Circuit Diagram:

W1

M L

V
C

W2 C
V

L M

Observations:

W1 W2 I1 I2 Vph W1+W2
TYPE OF LOAD (W) (W) (mA) (mA) (V) (W) P
(KW)
Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W1 is

The instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given as

Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is

Therefore, the Total Power Measured by the Two Wattmeters W1 and W2 will be obtained by
adding the equation (1) and (2).

Where P – the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Keep all the switches at off position.
3. Switch on the supply and apply the balanced R Load in all the Phases.
4. Note the Readings of Wattmeter, voltmeter and Ammeter.
5. Keep all the switches at off position and switch of the supply.

Calculations:

Result:
 8. Performance Characteristics of a Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor

Aim:
To obtain the performance characteristics of a DC shunt motor by load test.
1. Output ~ Armature current
2. Output ~ Speed
3. Output ~ Torque
4. Output ~ efficiency

Name Plate Details:

Power = 5.0 hp Field voltage = 220 volts
Armature voltage = 220 volts Field current = 1.0 amps
Armature current = 19.0 amps Field Winding = shunt
Speed = 1500 rpm

Apparatus Required:

S. No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. DC Voltmeter 0-300V 1 No
2. DC Ammeter 0-20A 1 No
3. DC Ammeter 0-2A 1 No
4. Variable rheostat 0-200Ω 1 No
5. Speed Indicator 0-2000rpm 1 No
6. Spring Balance 0-10Kg 2Nos
7. Connecting wires Required
Theory:
This is a direct method of testing a dc machine. It is a simple method of measuring motor
output,speed and efficiency etc., at different load conditions. A rope is wound round the pulley
and itstwo ends are attached to two spring balances S1 and S2.The tensions provided by the
springbalances S1 and S2 are T1 and T2. The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of
swivels.The force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between the readings
of thetwo spring balances in Kg - force.
The induced voltage Eb= V - IaRa and Eb= KΦN, Thus, KΦ =Eb
N
Where V = applied voltage,
Ia= armature current,
Ra = armature resistance.
Total power input to the motor Pin = field circuit power + Armature power
= VfIf+ VaIa
If “r” is the radius of the pulley, then torque at the pulley is given by

Tshaft= 9.81(T1~ T2) r = 1.5(T1 ~ T2) N-m

Motor output power Pout = Tshaft * ω =1.5(T ~ T )2 N
60
%Efficiency =Pout*100
Pin
 A dc shunt motor rotates due to the torque developed in the armature when the armature and
field terminals are connected to the dc supply. The direction of rotation can be explained with
help of Fleming’s left hand principle.
A counter emf or back emf (Eb) is induced in the armature conductors while the armature
(rotor)rotating in the magnetic field. The direction of the induced emf can be explained with the
help of Fleming‟s right hand principle and Lenz‟s law. The direction this induced emf is such
that it opposes the applied voltage (V). This induced emf is also called as back emf Eb.
The equation of the motor is V = Eb+ IaRa

The value of “Eb” is zero while starting the motor. Hence, the voltage across the armature has to
be increased gradually.The power developed in the rotor (armature) =EbIa= Tω
Where ω=2N
60is the angular velocity of the pulley, in rad/sec.

In a dc motor T α ΦIa,
Where Φ= Flux produced by the shunt field per pole
Ia= Armature current

Armature current ~ Speed characteristics:

The armature current Iaincreases with increase in the load at the shaft. Hence IaRa
drop increases and counter emf (Eb) decreases.
Eb= V- IaRa,Where Rais armature resistance and Ebα ΦN.

If Φ is constant in the shunt motor, by neglecting the armature reaction; the speed falls as Eb
falls. In a dc motor Ra is very small, hence IaRa is a small value and fall in Eb with increase in load
is small. Thus, the speed falls slightly as Iaincreases.
Armature current ~ Torque characteristics:
If Φ is constant, developed torque increases with increase in Ia.
T = KΦIa
In actual condition, Φ slightly falls with increase in Iadue to the effect of armature reaction.

Armature current ~ induced emf (back emf):

Induced emf (back emfEb) falls slightly with increase in Ia as per the equation
Eb= V – IaRa
s
Output ~ Efficiency:
The graph between Output ~ Efficiency indicates that max torque occurs when armature copper
losses is equal to the constant losses. (Sum of field copper losses, mechanical losses and Iron
losses).
 Panel Board:

Name Plate Details:

Brake drum arrangement:

Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

1. Note down the name plate details.

2. Keep the dc drive potentiometers and field control rheostat at minimum resistanceposition.
3. Loosen the rope on the brake drum and put some water inside the rim of the brakedrum.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Switch on the motor and adjust the potentiometers till the armature attains the ratedvoltage and
increase the field rheostat till the motor attains the rated speed.
6. Record the readings of the instruments at no-load condition.
7. Gradually, increase the load on the brake drum and record the readings as per thegiven table.
8. Do not exceed the armature current more than its rated value.
9. Gradually, reduce the load and switch off the supply.
10. Maintain Constant armature voltage and constant field current during the totalexperiment.

Observations:
Armature voltage = Volts
Field voltage = Volts
Field current = Amps
No load speed = rpm

Tabular Column:

S.No Ia N T1 T2 Input Shaft W(rad/ Shaft %ή E(volts) K

Amp RPM Kg Kg (Pin) Torque sec) Output Vs/r
Watts (j/rad) (watts)

Sample Calculations:

Armature voltage = 220 volts Armature Current Ia = 4.9 amps

Field voltage = 200 volts Field current = 0.73 amps
No load speed = 1500 rpm Actual Speed N = 1498 rpm
T1 ~ T2 = 4 kgs. Armature Resistance Ra = 2.3 ohms
Graphs:
(a) Speed ~ Output (b) Torque ~ Output (c) Current ~ Output (d) Efficiency ~ output

Model Graphs:

Calculations:
Result:
 9: Torque-Slip Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor
Aim:
To perform the brake test on a 3-ф slip ring induction motor and obtain its torque slip characteristics

Nameplate details:
AC slip ring induction motor
Stator Rotor
Voltage 415V 200v
Current 7.5A 11.0A
Winding Star Star
Power 5.0 h.p
Speed 1440 r.p.m

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Ammeter 0-10 A 1 No
2 Voltmeter 0-300 V 1 No
3. Wattmeter 0-5KW 1 No
4. Tachometer 0-9999rpm 1 No
5. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
The slip ring induction motor consists of two main parts. They are stator and rotor.
Stator: It is a star connected 3- ф winding. Each phase winding is separated by 1200 electrical, 3-
ф supply is connected to the stator, it produces a rotating magnetic field in the stator core.
Rotor: It is also a star connected 3- ф winding and wound for the same number of poles as the
stator. Its external terminals are short-circuited. Due to the relative speed between the rotating
flux in the stator and the stationary flux in the rotor. The rotor rotates nearer to the synchronous
l20f
speed maintaining a low slip.The synchronous speed of the rotating flux in the stator N s =
P
Where 'f is the supply frequency in Hz and 'P' is the number of poles.
Slip : It is the relative speed of the rotor with respect to synchronous speed of the rotating
magnetic field.
(Ns  N )
Percent Slip = X100
Ns
Torque τ = 9.81(τ1 – τ2). R, Where R is at the radius of the brake drum.
2N
Output = watts
60
output
%ŋ = x100
input
Pph (Where 'Pph' is the input power per phase)
Power factor = cosф =
Vph.Iph
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.
2. Keep the 3-ф auto transformer at zero voltage position.
3. Loosen the rope on the brake drum and set the tension meters at zero position.
4. Switch - ON the motor and increase the auto - transformer gradually till the voltmeter reads
the rated phase voltage 230V.
5. Note down the readings of the voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer, spring balances and
wattmeter readings at no-load.
6. Now increase the load gradually by tightening the rope till the ammeter reads the rated
current. Pour some water inside the break drum for cooling.
7. Note down Vph, Iph, Pph, T1, T2 and speed.
8. Switch – OFF the supply and adjust the 3-ф auto - transformer at zero position.

Observations :

S.No VPh IPh N (rpm) T1 (KG) T2 (KG) τ = 1.5*(T1 T2) % Slip

(Volt) (Amps) N- m

Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
 10: No-Load Characteristics of a Three-phase Alternator
Aim:
To plot No load charecteristics of Three phase alternator.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Dc Voltmeter 0 - 300 V 1 No
2. DC Ammeter 0 - 10 amps 1 No
3. DC Ammeter 0 - 2 amps 2 Nos
4. AC Ammeter 0 - 10 amps 1 No
5. Ac Voltmeter 0 - 300 V 1 No
6. Tachometer 0 - 2000 rpm 1 No
7. Connecting wires Required

Motor Ratings:

DC Motor Alternator

Voltage: 220V Voltage: 415 V

Current: 19 Amps current: 5 Amps
Power: 3.7 KW Power: 3.5 KVA
Speed: 1500 rpm
Theory:

O.C.C:

Open Circuit Characteristics is plotted from the given data as shown as in D.C Machines, this
is plotted by running the machine on no-load and by noting the values of induced voltage and
field excitation current. It is just like a B-H curve.

The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air gap. At
no load, this flux is established and determined exclusively by the dc field excitation.Under load,
however, the air gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of
the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magneto motive force) of the rotor depending
upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power
factors oppose it.

Because the stator MMF has such an important effect upon the magnetic flux, the voltage regulation
of alternators is quite poor, and the dc field current must continuously be adjusted to keep the voltage
constant under variable load conditions. If one phase of a three-phase alternator is heavily loaded, its
voltage will decrease due to the IR and IXL drops in the stator winding. This voltage drop cannot be
compensated by modifying the dc field current because the voltages of the other two phases will also
be changed. Therefore, it is essential that three-phase alternators do not have loads that are badly
unbalanced.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure for O.C. Test.

2. Keep the dc drive potentiometers and auto - transformer of the alternator field at zero
position.
3. Switch - on the supply and slowly increase, the dc motor speed, (prime mover) to its
Rated speed.
4. After attaining the rated speed, gradually increase the auto -transformer and record the
field current and phase voltage of the alternator.
5. When the phase voltage is reached to the rated value 230V, switch - off the supply and keep
the potentiometers and auto - transformer at zero position

Tabular column: OC Test

If Eoc

(Amps) (Volts)
Result:
 11. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Aim
To verify of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 100 ohm 1 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

Description:-Maximum power transfer theorem states that “ In two terminal a.c. net work the load will
absorb maximum power from a generator if the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the
Internal impedance of the generator.” But in d.c. circuit the load draws maximum power from the source,
when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source i.e. at RL = RS the power consumed
by the load is maximum. The power in the load is given by P =IL2RL = VL2 / RL.

Procedure: - The circuit is connected as shown in the figure-1. First the load is removed from the circuit.
The battery is replaced by its internal impedance (Assume that the internal impedance is equal to zero and
the terminals are short- circuited).
The resistance between the terminals A and B is measured by using a multi-meter. It is the resistance of
the source (RS). Now the battery and the load resistance RL are connected in their places. By varying the
Value of RL from RL < RS to RL > RS, the voltage across the load and current through the load are noted.
The values are tabulated as shown.
Now the power is calculated by using the formula P =IL2RL = VL2 / RL for each value of current IL or VL
Take the value of RL at the maximum power. If RL value is equal to the internal resistance of source or
Generator RS, then the theorem is proved.
Formula: - Power P =IL2RL = VL2 / RL watt
Where IL= Load current. RL= Load resistance. VL = Voltage across the load
Graph:-
A graph is drawn between the power P and the load resistance RL,as shown in the figure 2, by taking power P on
Y- axis and load RL on X - axis. The graph shows that the power is maximum when the load resistance is equal
to the internal resistance of the source.
Precautions:-
1) The load resistance RL is varied from < RS to > RS .
2) Internal resistance of the source should be measured before going to the experiment.
3) The battery should be removed and those terminals should be shorted while measuring the source resistance.

Results:-
 12. Power factor improvement by using capacitor bank in parallel with inductive load.

Aim

To Educated in how to improve power factor using capacitors in parallel with inductive load.

List of Equipment used

1. Inductive Load ----3 no (40W)
2. Capacitor Bank ----3 no (2.5µf)
3. Resistive Load ----3 no (200 W)
4. Wattmeter UPF (0-3KW)---1 no
5. Voltmeter(0-300) MI ---- 1 no
6. Ammeter (0-20) MI ----- 1 no
7. Connecting Wires
Introduction
The power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to
the apparent power in the circuit.
More the inductive the circuit nature is, more energy losses and less power factor. Less the inductive the circuit
nature is, less energy losses and less power factor. Less the Capacitive the circuit nature is more energy losses
and less power factor. More the Capacitive the circuit nature is, less energy losses and less power factor.
Experiment Set-up
The experiment was setup according to the circuit diagram below. The capacitive load was made variable by
connecting wires to the capacitor board in the power lab. By changing the combination of different capacitors
and turning them on, we were able to vary the capacitance. And Inductive load was kept constant by connected
the wires to inductive board on power lab module.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Keep all the switches at off position.
3. Switch on the supply and apply the RL load.
4. Note the Readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter.
5. Apply capacitor load gradually and note the readings of Wattmeter, voltmeter and Ammeter.
6. Repeat the step 3 for Remaining RL loads.
7. Keep all the load at off position and switch off the supply

Observations
Load 1
P V I COSØ= P/VI
Without Capacitor
With Capacitor

Load 2
P V I COSØ= P/VI
Without Capacitor
With Capacitor

Load 3
P V I COSØ= P/VI
Without Capacitor
With Capacitor

Calculations:
Result