Evolution of the

Earth’s Atmosphere
Exploring the changes in Earth’s
atmosphere throughout time
 PAN
Pan means Personal Area
Network
It is the smallest type of
network, it connects
individual device that are
close to it
Eg: Earpods, phone,
wireless printer,...
LAN
Lan means Local area
network
It allows people to access
their devices in a small
geographic area like
offices, malls, buildings,...
Multiple devices could
connect to it such as:
Laptop, phone, tablet,
Tvs,...)
 WAN
m e a n s W id e A r e a
Wan
Network
u n ic a te s o ve r a
It comm
e o g r a p h ic a l a r ea ,
large g
su a lly m a d e u p o f a
It is u
t o f L a n ’s c o n n e c ts
lo
together
Eg: Buildings of
ies in d iff e r e n t
compan
t ry u se t h e s am e
coun
network,..
 Copper vs Fibre-optic cable
Copper cable
Material: Made of copper, which is a good conductor
of electricity.
Bandwidth: Lower bandwidth compared to fiber optic
cables.
Cost: Cheaper than fiber optic cables.
Uses:
Local area networks (LANs): Used in Ethernet cables
for office network.

Fibre-optic cable

Material: Made from glass or plastic fibers.

Bandwidth: Extremely high bandwidth, faster data
transmission.
Cost: More expensive than copper cables.
Uses :
Used for undersea cables or long-distance network.
 Wired network
Wired networks
Advantages:
v id e s fe w e r o p p ortunities
w ir e d n e t work pro
Secur e d. A
m p a n y d a t a , a s you have
na u th o r is e d a c cess to co
for u o th e n e tw ork.
to be cable d in t
s p r o v id e a c o n stant
c t io n s : W ir e d network
Stable Con n e
n t ia l f o r a p p lic ations
c o n n e c tio n , w hich is esse
and stable teady
that require a s a ll y offer
w o rk s t y p ic
R e li a b il it y : Wired net
Speed a n d
a r e m o r e re li a ble than
a ta tr a n s f e r s p eeds and
higher d h e y a r e le ss c hance to
s, as t
wireless network d e g r a d a tion.
s ig n a l
interference and
Disadvantages:
u lt t o m o v e a wired
ib il it y : It is diff ic
La c k o f Fle x
network setup. a ll ation
h e s , a n d in s t
T h e c o s t o f c a bles, switc
High Cost: ia ll y fo r la r g e setups.
e, espec
can be expensiv c a n b e a c c id en tally
s ic a l D a m a ge: Cables
Risk of P h y
e , a ff e c t in g n etwork
g g e d , o r d e g ra ded over tim
cut, unplu
performance.
 Table of different threats and how you can protect yourself
Threats Description Protection Measures
Harmful software that can harm your Use all firewalls, antivirus, and antispyware to remove
Malware device, files, information,... the malware as soon as possible.

Obtaining private information through Use an anti-phishing tool in your emails, text messages,
Phishing sending emails, links, text messenges... or links to detect phishing

Software that secretly collect your Downloading an anti-spyware software that can
Spyware information detect and remove spyware.
Encrypting your files and demand Make a very strong password, and use an antivirus
Ransomware ransoms for decryption software.
Downloading an anti-virus software that can detect and remove
Malicious software that can replicate
Virus itself to infect other programs
viruses, you must always get the newest version to be up to date
with new kind of viruses.
A malware that can reproduced itself Use an antivirus software.
Worms and can travel through networks
Malicious software that disguised itself Use an antivirus so that it could detect or remove
Trojans as a safe software trojans
Software that projects unwanted
Adware advertisements.
Use an anti-spyware to remove the adware
 Function of a operating
system
An operating system is the main
program that runs on a computer,
helping the computer work and fuction
properly. It manages the computer’s
software and hardware, making sure
everything is working well. The
operating system also helps the
computer connects to certain devices
like printer, speakers, headphones... It
also helps you to open and use apps
and to save or organize files.
Furthermore, the operating system
keeps your computer safe from
malwares ensuring it doesn’t crash or
freeze. Ultimately, the operating system
makes your experince using a computer
more effecient and easier.
 Utility software

Utility software consist of programs that helps manage and

maintain a computer performance. These tools can help the
computer by detecting viruses, disk cleanup and compressing
files. They support the operating system by making sure that
the computer runs effienctly and securely. Overall, utility
software can help the computer work in a good condition
Change in the Atmosphere:
Decline in Carbon Dioxide Level
Here are the main ways carbon dioxide
levels decreased:
It was absorbed into
sedimentary rocks such as
limestone and chalk, formed
from the accumulation of
marine animal shells.

It was used by plants and

algae for photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide dissolved in

the oceans.
 Think About It!
How did scientists investigate
the composition of the early
atmosphere, particularly the
low to non-existent oxygen
levels at that time?
 Answer Key

Think About It!

Clues of the early atmosphere were
buried in Earth’s oldest rocks.
Magma is rich in iron, and the
oxidation state of iron in those rocks
provided clues to the conditions of
the early atmosphere, particularly
the oxygen level.

Other methods scientists used

include examining fossils, analysing
air bubbles in ice cores, and
geochemical models. A banded iron formation indicates that iron
present in magma reacted with oxygen
 Effects of Increased Carbon Dioxide and Methane

Carbon dioxide and methane

are greenhouse gases Rising carbon dioxide and
essential for regulating methane levels contribute to
Earth's temperature. global warming, resulting in
climate change, species
extinction, and sea level rise.

They absorb infrared

radiation emitted from
Earth's surface, enhancing the
The greenhouse effect is the
greenhouse effect. process by which heat is
trapped near Earth’s surface.
 Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate Change Global Warming

It refers to long-term shifts in It is a key aspect of climate
global weather patterns. change. It refers to the overall
increase in Earth's average
It includes the following: surface temperature due to the
greenhouse effect.

increased temperatures

altered precipitation patterns, and

rising sea levels

Air Quality and Climate Change
Air quality impacts climate change.

Emission of pollutants can result in changes in climate.

Climate forcers, such as greenhouse gases, warms the climate.
Some pollutants, such as components of particulate matter, can
have either a warming or a cooling effect.

Conversely, climate change also impacts air quality.

Atmospheric warming can increase ground-level ozone.

Studies are ongoing to learn more about how climate change
affects particulate matter and other pollutants.
 Common Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Sources

Molecule Major Source of Pollutant Natural Source

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) Combustion of coal and oil Volcanoes

Emission from motor vehicles and

Nitrogen oxides (NOx ) Lightning, biological decay
other fuel-burning processes

Automotive emission and combustion

Carbon monoxide (CO) Forest fires
process

Emission from industrial facilities, Volcanoes, dust, wild fires,

Particulate matter
power plants, and vehicles pollen
 Think-Pair-Share
What human activities lead to an
increase in carbon dioxide and
methane levels, eventually
contributing to global warming and
climate change?

List your answers in your notebook

first, then share them with your
partner. Afterwards, share your list
with the whole class.
Sample Answer
Burning fossil fuels

Industrial activities

Think-Pair-Share Deforestation

Natural gas production

Some human activities that
contribute to increased carbon Rapid expansion of
dioxide and methane levels include: farming

Releasing chemicals
into the atmosphere

Livestock farming
 Summary

The Earth's early atmosphere was primarily composed of carbon

Early Atmosphere dioxide, water vapour, and trace gases due to extensive volcanic
activity.

Today, the atmosphere primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen

Modern Atmosphere (21%), and other gases (e.g., argon, carbon dioxide, methane, water
vapour, and neon)

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global weather

Climate Change vs. Global patterns, including rising temperatures and altered precipitation,
Warming while global warming specifically describes the overall increase in
Earth's average surface temperature.
Assignment Work on the tasks below
and summarise your
findings in a Canva doc:

Investigate how rising global

temperatures contribute to
melting polar ice caps and
thermal expansion of seawater.

Explore the potential

consequences of rising sea levels
on coastal communities,
ecosystems, and infrastructure.

Then, propose strategies and

policy measures to address the
challenges of increasing sea levels
due to climate change.
 Resource Page

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