Chapter 6

Linear Transformations

6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformations

6.2 Matrices for Linear Transformations
6.3 Similarity
 6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformations

■ Function T that maps a vector space V into a vector space W:

V: the domain of T
W: the codomain of T

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■ Image of v under T:

If v is in V and w is in W such that

Then w is called the image of v under T .

■ the range of T:
The set of all images of vectors in V.

■ the preimage of w:
The set of all v in V such that T(v)=w.

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■ Ex 1: (A function from R2 into R2 )

(a) Find the image of v=(-1,2). (b) Find the preimage of

Sol:w=(-1,11)

Thus {(3, 4)} is the preimage of w=(-1,

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■ Linear Transformation (L.T.):

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■ Notes:
(1) A linear transformation is said to be operation preserving.

Addition Addition Scalar Scalar

in V in W multiplication multiplication
in V in W

(2) A linear transformation from a vector space into

itself is called a linear operator.

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■ Ex 2: (Verifying a linear transformation T from R2 into R2)

Pf:

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Therefore, T is a linear transformation.

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■ Ex 3: (Functions that are not linear transformations)

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■ Notes: Two uses of the term “linear”.

(1) is called a linear function because its graph

is a line.

(2) is not a linear transformation from a vector

space R into R because it preserves neither vector
addition nor scalar multiplication.

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■ Zero transformation:

■ Identity transformation:

■ Thm 6.1: (Properties of linear transformations)

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■ Ex 4: (Linear transformations and bases)
Let be a linear transformation such that

Find T(2, 3, -2).

Sol:

(T is a L.T.)

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■ Ex 5: (A linear transformation defined by a matrix)
The function is defined as

Sol:

(vector addition)

(scalar
multiplication)
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■ Thm 6.2: (The linear transformation given by a matrix)
Let A be an m×n matrix. The function T defined by

is a linear transformation from Rn into Rm.

■ Note:

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■ Ex 7: (Rotation in the plane)
Show that the L.T. given by the matrix

has the property that it rotates every vector in R2

counterclockwise about the origin through the angle θ.
Sol:
(polar coordinates)
r： the length of v
α：the angle from the positive
x-axis counterclockwise to
the vector v
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 r：the length of T(v)
θ +α：the angle from the positive x-axis counterclockwise to
the vector T(v)
Thus, T(v) is the vector that results from rotating the vector v
counterclockwise through the angle θ.

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■ Ex 8: (A projection in R3)
The linear transformation is given by

is called a projection in R3.

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■ Ex 9: (A linear transformation from Mm×n into Mn ×m )

Show that T is a linear transformation.

Sol:

Therefore, T is a linear transformation from Mm×n into Mn ×m.

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 6.2 Matrices for Linear Transformations
■ Two representations of the linear transformation T:R3→R3 :

■ Three reasons for matrix representation of a linear transformation:

■ It is simpler to write.
■ It is simpler to read.
■ It is more easily adapted for computer use.

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■ Thm 6.10: (Standard matrix for a linear transformation)

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Pf:

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■ Ex 1: (Finding the standard matrix of a linear transformation)

Sol:
Vector Notation Matrix Notation

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■ Check:

■ Note:

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■ Ex 2: (Finding the standard matrix of a linear transformation)

Sol:

■ Notes:
(1) The standard matrix for the zero transformation from Rn into Rm
is the m×n zero matrix.
(2) The standard matrix for the zero transformation from Rn into Rn
is the n×n identity matrix In

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■ Ex 3: (The standard matrix of a composition)

Sol:

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■ Inverse linear transformation:

■ Note:
If the transformation T is invertible, then the inverse is
unique and denoted by T–1 .

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■ Ex 5: (Finding a matrix relative to nonstandard bases)

Sol:

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■ Ex 6:

Sol:

■ Check:

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Keywords in Section 6.2:
■ standard matrix for T: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬
T ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
■ composition of linear transformations:‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻼت اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ‬
■ inverse linear transformation:‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬

■ matrix of T relative to the bases B and B‘ :

’B ‫ و‬B ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس‬T ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬
■ matrix of T relative to the basis B:
B ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس‬T ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬

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 6.3 Similarity
■ Ex 4: (Similar matrices)

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■ Ex 5: (A comparison of two matrices for a linear transformation)

Sol:

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■ Notes: Computational advantages of diagonal matrices:

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Keywords in Section 6.3:
■ matrix of T relative to B:
B ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس‬T ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬
■ matrix of T relative to B' :
’B ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس‬T ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬
■ transition matrix from B' to B :
B ‫’ اﻟﻰ‬B ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎس‬
■ transition matrix from B to B' :
’B ‫ اﻟﻰ‬B ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎس‬
■ similar matrix:
‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬

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