28/01/21

freak ~ (strange) — a thing, person, animal or event that is extremely unusual or unlikely.
That freak man gave me a key.
I don’t like freaky things as gifts for my birthday.

jaw — the lower part of a person face that moves when he opens his mouth.
There are many sharp teeth in shark's jaws.
Not each boxer can break a jaw another one.

As regards – in connection with

There is no problem as regards the financial deals.

play host to – to serve as a host for someone or something

Each years, the city plays host to the film festival for one week

severe – very serious

This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties.
The regime is less severe there.

blow – a hard hit with a hand or a weapon

The policeman suddenly blow the criminal.

Hump – a round raised part on a person’s or animal’s back.

A camel holds about 200 liters of fat in its humps.

Aware (adj) – having knowledge of a situation or fact

She was well(very) aware that he was married.
I wasn’t even aware he was ill.

Realize (verb)– become fully aware of something as a fact; understand clearly

As he watched a TV show, he suddenly realized that he had seen it before.
They didn’t realize the danger they were in.

all of a sudden – if something happens all of a sudden, it happens very quickly and
unexpectedly.
It seemed to happen all of a sudden – I felt dizzy and I just fell down.

I’d better == I’d rather

I’d better go to the cinema.

Establish – to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time
These methods of working were established in the last century.

Bunch – a number of things, typically of the same kind, growing or fastened together
A bunch of flowers/ keys/ bananas
She sent him a bunch of red roses.

steer clear of sb/sth – to avoid someone or something that seems unpleasant, dangerous, or
likely to cause problems
They warned their children to steer clear of drugs
 flavor — how food and drink tastes, or a particular taste itself.
This wine has a light, fruity flavor.
We sell 32 different flavors of ice-cream.

Gather == collect
I went to several libraries to gather some information about the plans.

Abuse – cruel, violent, or unfair treatment of someone

She claimed to have been a victim of child abuse.

Abuse – wrongly use. To use of smth in a way that is harmful or morally wrong
Drug and alcohol abuse (= using these substances in bad way) contributed to his early death
After years of abuse from her husband, she eventually found the courage to leave him.

Assume – to accept smth to be true without question or proof

I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to same school
We can’t assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they’ve decided to remain silent.

Catch up – to talk with someone you know in order to exchange news or information
By the time coffee came, Denis and Masha had caught up a little bit.

pricey(also pricy) = expensive

handful – an amount of smth that can be held in one hand

He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket

handy=useful
First-time visitors to France will find this guide particularly handy.

Look forward to – to fell pleasure because an event or activity is going to happen

I’m looking forward to my vacation.

Attend -(to be present) to go to an event, place, etc

Over two hundred people attended the concert.
Which school do your children attend?

Feather – one of the many soft things that cover a bird’s body
Do you prefer a feather pillow or foam one.

Fluff – to shake a mass of fibers, feathers, or hair so the mass appears larger
Make the beds and don’t forget to fluff the pillows

clang – to make a loud deep ringing sound like that of metal being hit, or to cause smth to
make this sound
He woke up to hear the sound of bells clanging in the church.
She clanged the metal gate shut behind her.

Dread – to feel extremely worried or frightened about smth that is going to happen or that
might happen
He’s dreading the exam – he’s sure he’s going to fail.
I’m dreading having to meet his parents.
 Involve – to include smth or smb, or to make them take part in or feel part on it
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning
They said that the job would involve traveling to Paris

effort – physical or mental activity needed to achieve smth.

It takes a long time to prepare the dish but the results are so good that it’s worth the effort
He’s jogging around the park every morning in an effort to get fit

deal(n) – an agreement or an arrangement, especially in business

She got a good deal(= paid a low price) on her new house
I’ll make/do a deal with you – you wash the car and I’ll let you use it tonight

deal(v) - to do business
We only deal with companies which have a good credit record
How long had she been dealing(= selling drugs) before she was arrested

treat (deal with)– to behave towards someone or deal with smth in particular way
My parents treated us all the same when we were kids
He treated his wife very badly

appeal v(request)– a request to the public for money, information, or help

They’re appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl

appeal v(attract) – to interest or attract someone

I think what appeals to me about his paining is his use of color

claim v(say)– to say that smth is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other
people might not believe it
The company claimed (that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river
He claims to have met the president, but I don’t believe him
All parties have claimed success in yesterday’s elections

claim v(demand) – to ask for smth of value because you think it belongs to you or because
you think you have a right to it
The police said if no one claimed the watch, you can keep it
When King Richard III died, Henry claimed the English throne

claim n(statement) – a statement that smth is true or is a fact, although other people might
not believe it
The government’s claim that it would reduce taxes proved false
Can you give me any evidence to support your claim?
He made wild claims about being able to cure cancer

appropriate (adj)– suitable or right for a particular situation or ocassion

appropriate footwear for the country
Is this film appropriate for small children?
I don’t think his comments were very appropriate at the time
Please complete the appropriate parts of this form (= the parts that are right or necessary for your
particular situation) and return it as soon as possible
 infer – to form an opinion or form that smth is true because of the information that you have
I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave

work out (exercise) – to exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your
body
Hugh works out in the gym two times a week

look up to – to admire or respect smb

He’d always looked up to his unncle.

revert(v) = return
He reverted to his native language.

divert(v change direction) – to cause smth or smb to change direction

Our flight had to be diverted to Newark because of the storm
Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is closed

cOnduct(n) – behavior
bad/excellent/disgraceful conduct
The club has a strict code(=set of rules) of conduct

condUct (to organize) – to organize and perform a particular activity

The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York
How you choose to conduct your life is your own business!

Adjustment – a small change

She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera

Amazement – extreme surprise

She stared in amazement
To my amazement, he ate the whole pie

Stare – to look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised,
frightened or thinking
Don’t stare at people like that, it’s rude
Chuck sat quietly for hours staring onto distance, thinking of what might have been

Discouragement – the state of having lost your confidence or enthusiasm for smth
a feeling of discouragement

Recognition – agreement that smth is true or legal

It’s a new country, hoping for diplomatic recognition from the international community
There’s a growing recognition that this country can no longer afford to be a nuclear power

Aggressiveness (n) – the quality of being likely to attack other people or animals, or to
behave in a violent or angry way towards them
There were concerns about child’s aggressiveness

consciousness – the state of understanding and realizing smth

Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.

tenderness – the quality of being gentle, kind or loving

She treated the children with great tenderness

absurdity – the quality of being stupid and unreasonable, or silly in a humorous way
We laughed about the absurdity of the idea

curiosity – an eager wish to learn or know about smth

I’m burning with curiosity – you must tell me who won
She decided to call her ex-boyfriend out of curiosity

generous(adj) – willing to give money, help, kindness, etc especially more than is usual or
expected
a very generous man
It was generous of you to lend me the money
She’s been very generous with her time

hostility (unfriendliness) – an occasion when smb is unfriendly or shows that they do not like
smth
They showed open (=obvious) hostility to their new neighbors.

Amuse – to entertain smb, especially by humorous speech or action by making them laugh or
smile
I’ve brought an article from yesterday’s paper that I thought might amuse him.
I think it amuses him to see people make fools of themselves

Graceful – moving in a smooth, relaxed, attractive way, or having a smooth attractive shape
She is a wonderful graceful dancer
He admired the graceful proportions of the Georgian architecture.

Attentive(adj) – listening carefully

an attentive audience

resentful(adj) – feeling angry because you have been forced to accept smb or smth that you
don’t like
a resentful look
She was resentful of anybody’s attempts to interfere in her work

takeover – a situation in which a company gets control of another company by buying

enough or its shares
They were involved in a takeover last year
The takeover battle is between two America’s industrial giants

inquiry – (the process of asking) a question

I’ve been making inquiries about the cost of round-the -world ticket
Who will be leading the inquiry into the accident

uphill – leading to a higher place on a slope

an uphill climb
running uphill

route – a particular way or direction between places

The route we had planned took us right across Greece
I live on a bus stop so I can easily get to work
 comb (silent b)– a flat piece of plastic, wood or metal with a thin row of long, narrow parts
along one side, used to tidy and arrange your hair
I always carry my comb in my handbag
She combed her hair and put on some lipstick
numb (silent b) – if a part your body is numb, you are unable to feel it, usually for a short
time
I was lying in a weird position and my leg went numb
My fingers were numb with cold

subtle (silent b) – not loud, bright, noticeable or obvious in any way

The row was painted a subtle shade of pink
The play’s message is perhaps too subtle to be understand by young children

debt (silent b) – smth, especially money, that is owed to smb else or the state of owning smth
They are in debt to(= owe money to) the bank
He got into debt (= borrowed money) after he lost his job
The company is deep in debt(=owes a lot of money)

palm (silent l) – the inside part of a hand from a wrist to the base of fingers
This tiny device fits into the palm of your hand
In a tent an old gypsy woman was reading palms

salmon (silent l) – the kind of fish

knob (silent k) – a round handle or a small device for controlling a machine or electrical
equipment
a steel door knob
Turn the little knob to adjust the volume

offense – an illegal act; a crime

a serious/minor offense
Driving without a license is an offense
He committed several serious offenses

offense – upset and hurt annoyed feelings, often because smb has been rude or shown no
respect
I really didn’t mean (to cause/give) any offense (=did not intend to upset anyone) – I was just
stating my opinion
Do you think he took offense (=was upset) at what I said about his hair

Insult(n) – an offensive remark or action

She made several insults about my appearance
The steelworker’s leader rejected the two percent pay rise saying it was an insult to the profession

insUlt(v) – to say or to do smth to smb that is rude or offensive

First he drank all my wine and then he insulted all my friends

groan – a deep, long sound showing great pain or unhappiness

We could hear the groan of the wounded soldier
 despair – the feeling that there is no hope and that you can do nothing to improve a difficult
or worrying situation
To his teacher’s despair, Nick never does the work he’s told to do
Their fourth year without rain drove many farmers to despair

grumble – to complain about smb or smth in an annoyed way

She spent the evening grumbling to me about her job
“You never hang your coat up”, she grumbled

grumpy(adj)- easily annoyed and complaining

a grumpy old man
I hadn’t had enough sleep and was feeling kind of grumpy

growl = roar – to make a low, rough sound, usually in anger

The dog growled at her

heir – a person who will legally receive money, property, or a title from another person
especially an older member of the same family when that other person dies
The guest of honor was the Romanov heir to the throne of all Russia
Despite having a large family, they still no son and heir

sight – the ability to see

If your sight is poor, you shouldn’t drive a car
The old woman lost her sight(= has become blind)

faze – to surprise and worry smb

No one is fazed by the sight of guns here any more

hoarse (adj) – (of a voice or a person) having a rough voice, often because of a sore throat or
a cold
a hoarse voice
She sounded a bit hoarse
You’ll make yourself hoarse if you keep shouting like that

pane – a flat piece of glass, used in a window or door

a window pane

rein – a long, thin piece of material, especially leather, that helps you control and direct a
horse
You pull on both reins to stop or slow a horse, but only the left rein to turn left

stake – a share or a financial involvement in smth such a business

He holds (=owns) a 40 percent stake in/of the company
They had planned to buy 20 percent stake in the company

steak – a thick, flat piece of meat or fish, especially meat of a cow

Shall we have steak for dinner

tire(v) – to begin to feel as if you have no energy and want to rest to go to sleep, or to make
smb feel like that
She’s been leading throughout the race, but it’s now looks as if she’s tiring
Even walking up the stairs at work tires me these days
 tyre(UK)/tire(US) – a thick rubber ring, often filled with air, that is fitted around the outer
edge of the wheel of a vehicle, allowing the vehicle to stick to the road surface and travel
over the ground more easily
I’ve got a flat tyre(= the air has gone out of it)
I keep a spare tyre in the back of the car

aloud(adv) – in a voice loud to be heard

He read her letter aloud to the rest of the family
People are starting to wonder aloud (= question publicly) whether the economic reforms has gone
too far

flu( formal influenza) – a common infectious illness that causes fever and headache
a flu virus
to catch/get/have (the) flu
There are lots of people off school this week with flu

moan(v) – to make a long, low sound of pain, suffering or another strong emotion
He moaned with pain before losing consciousness
“Let me die” he moaned

pare – to cut away the outer layer from smth, especially a fruit or a vegetable
He was busy paring apples in the kitchen
Pare off any bits of the carrots that don’t look very nice

pray – to speak to a god either privately or in a religious ceremony in order to express love,
admiration, or thanks or in order to ask for smth
She knelt and pried silently
Let us pray for victims of this terrible disaster

prey(n) – an animal that is hunted and killed for food another animal
A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey

rite(n) – (a usually religious ceremony with) a set or fixed words and actions
funeral/marriage/ rites
You have to go through an initiation rite before you become a full member

brake(n) – a device that makes a vehicle go slower or stop, or a pedal, bar, handle that makes
device work
She had no brakes on her bicycle
The driver suddenly put on his brakes

break(v) – to (cause smth to) separate suddenly or violently into two or more pieces, or (to
cause smth to) stop working by being damaged
The dish fell to the floor and broke
We heard a sound of breaking glass

grate – to rub food against a grater in order to cut it into a lot of small pieces
grated cheese

laze(v) – to relax and enjoy yourself, doing very little

We spent the day lazing around on the beach
 peal(v) – when bells peal, they ring a loud sound
After their wedding, the bells pealed out from the tower

peel – to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables

Peel, core and chop the apples

sole(adj) – being one only; single

My sole objective is to make the information more widely available
The sole survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours

whine(v)– if you whine, especially as a child, you complain or express disappointment or

unhappiness repeatedly
Alice, if you keep whining I won’t take you – do you understand?

Grown(adj) – an adult
I don’t like to see a grown man in tears

pale (adj) – used to describe a person’s face or skin if it has less color than usual
You’re looking pale – are you feeling well?
She has a naturally pale complexion and dark hair

pail – a bucket
Fill the pail with sand
It took several pails of water to put our the fire

laundry – a business that washes clothes, sheets, etc for customers

lots of people send their sheets to a laundry these days

suds – the mass of small bubbles that forms the surface of water that has soap in it
she was up to her elbows in suds

chuckle – to laugh quietly

She was chuckling as she read the letter
He gave a chuckle in response to her question

belch – to allow air from the stomach to come out noisily through the mouth
He belched noisily

rip(v) – to pull apart; to tear or to be torn violently and quickly

His new trousers ripped when he bent down
I riped my shirt on a nail

tear(v) – to pull or be pulled apart, or to pull pieces off

You have to be very carefully with books this old because the paper tears very easily
I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up

flop – to fall or drop heavily

Hugh’s hair keeps flopping over/into his eyes
When she gets home from school, she’s so tired all she can do is flop down in front of the TV
 apparently(adv) – used to say you have read or been told smth although you are not certain
it is true
Apparently it’s going to rain today
She looks about ten, but apparently she’s 14

supremely – extremely
The coach is supremely confident that his team will reach the finals

basically – used when referring to the main or most important characteristic or feature of
smth
Basically they want a lot more information about the project before they’ll put any money into it
The village has remained basically unchanged for over 300 years

coincidence – an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time,
especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising
You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us – what a coincidence
a series of strange/amazing coincidence

disgusting – extremely unpleasant or unacceptable

It’s disgusting that there are no schools or hospitals for these people
Passengers were kept for three hours in a disgusting wait room

awkward – difficult to use, do or deal with

Some of the questions were rather awkward
He’s an awkward customer(= a difficult person to deal with)

spot(v) – to see or notice smth or smb, usually because you are looking hard
I’ve just spotted Mark – he’s over there, near the entrance
If you spot any mistakes in the article just mark them with a pencil

resentment(n) – a feeling of anger because you have been forced to accept smth that you do
not like
This decision has caused resentment among some teachers
He has a deep resentment against his parents for his miserable childhood

bead(n) – a very small amount of liquid

Beard of sweat stood out of his forehead
Beads of condensation

inch(v) – to very slowly or in a a lot of short stages

We are inching towards an agreement
Share prices inched up/higher during the day
Residents watch the flames inch closer and closer

spread(v) – to cover or reach a wider or increasing area, or to make smth do this

The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind
It started off as cancer of the liver but it spread to other areas of the body

strew(v) – to spread things in an untidy way over a surface, or to be spread in an untidy way
over a surface
They marked the end of the war by strewing flowers over the graves of soldiers
Her clothes lay strewn on the floor
 disturb(v) – to interrupt what smb is doing
Please don’t disturb your sister – she’s trying to do her homework
I’m sorry to disturb you so late, but my car’s broken down and I don’t have my phone with me

casually(adv) – in a way that is not formal or not suitable for a special or official occasion
She was dressed casually in shorts and T-shirt
The stuff were all casually dressed

barely(adv) – by the smallest amount

They have barely enough (= no more than what is needed) to pay the rent this month
She was barely (=only just) 15 when she won her first championship

unattainable(adj)– not able to be achieved

Many economist think that full employment is unattainable goal
an unattainable ideal

precise(adj) – exact
The bunker’s precise location is a closely guarded secret
He caught me at the precise moment that I was falling
--------------
TIME
One thing before another
before
prior(adj) – exciting or happening before smth else, or before a particular time
The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish
Do not publish these figures without prior authorization of the Board
prior to (doing) smth – before smth else
She was vice president of business operations for three years prior to becoming commissioner
previously(adv) – before the present time or the time referred to
She was previously employed as a tour guide
I had posted the card two month previously
earlier on – before than
I was in the office from 2.20. I was out earlier on
formerly - used when smth has changed its name, state, etc
The city is now called Thatcherville. Formerly it was Grabtown

Things happening at same time

while
as - “as” describes the background when smth happens in the foreground. “As” cannot be
immediately followed by -ing
As I was driving to work, I saw an accident
just as – precise moment
I saw her just as she was turning the corner
at the very time / the very moment – these two are stronger and more precise than “as” or
“just as”
She was entering at the very time / the very moment I was leaving
whenever
during - “during” does not specify how long within a period of time
During the war I lived in Dublin
throughout - “throughout” means from the beginning to the end of a period of time
Throughout the war, food was rationed
 One thing after another
after
after that
afterwards = after that
He fell ill and was admitted to hospital. He died soon afterwards
following
Following my visit to Beijing, I bought several books about China

Time when
when
as soon as
once
Once we’ve finished we can go and have a coffee
the moment / the minute
The moment / the minute I saw his face I knew I’d met him before
the time
I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg
on that occasion
I met Polly at Ken’s wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man

Connecting two periods or events

in the meantime
Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime, relax and have a drink
till then
The new computers are arriving soon. Till then, we’ll have to use the old ones
since then
I last met him in 1995. Since then I haven’t seen him
by the time
By the time I retire, I’ll have worked here 26 years

CONDITION
In addition to if
unless = except if
You can’t come in unless you have a ticket (if you do not have a ticket)
You can’t get a job unless you have experience(= you can get a job if you have experience)
on condition that = only if
You can borrow a bile on condition that you return it by 5 o’clock
I’ll come to the party on condition that you don’t wear those ridiculous trousers
in case of – if smth happens or in preparation for when smth happens
In case of fire, dial 112
The camping area has ready access to water, in case of fire
as long as =if
You can stay, as long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa
You can have a dog as long as you promise to take care of it
so long as = only if
I’ll lend you some money so long as you’ll pay me back
providing/provided
Provided/providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us
supposing and what if (usually in spoken language)
Supposing/What if he doesn’t turn up; what shall we do then?
 Conditions with -ever
The suffix -ever means “it doesn’t matter which...”
however
However you do it, it will cost a lot of money(No matter how you do it, it will cost a lot of money)
whichever
You’ll get to the railway station, whichever bus you take(…, no matter which bus you take)
whoever
Whoever wins the General Election, nothing will really change
wherever
That box is so big it will be in the way wherever you leave it

Some nouns with express conditions

conditions
Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks can begin
prerequisite(/ˌpriːˈrek.wə.zɪt/) - smth must exist or happen before smth else can exist or
happen
A good standard of English is a prerequisite for studying at a British university
Passing a written test is a prerequisite for taking the advanced course
requirements
What are the entry requirements for doing a diploma in Management at your college
under any circumstances
I wouldn’t move to London under any circumstances

Cause, reason, purpose and result

Cause and reason
owing to(/ˈoʊ.ɪŋ ˌtuː/) – because of
The performance has been canceled owing to the strike
Owing to the icy conditions, the two lorries collided
Owing to the fact that the conditions were ice ….
due to(/duː/) – because of
The bus was delayed due to heavy snow
The collision was due to the icy conditions
was caused by
the cause of
The cause of the collision was ice on the road
spark – to cause the start of smth, especially an arrangement or fighting
The rise in prices sparked(off) a lot of political protests (often used for very strong reactions to
events)
The visit of G20 leaders sparked off (= caused the start of) mass demonstrations
give rise to - to cause smth
International support has given rise to a new optimism in the company
provoke – to cause a reaction, especially a negative one
Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat
The prime minister’s speech provoked an angry response from the shadow cabinet
generate – to cause smth to exist
Her latest film generated a lot of interest
The President’s statement gave rise to/provoked/generated a lot of criticism (slightly less strong
then spark (off))
bring about – to cause smth to happening
Harold’s working to bring about changes in industry
lead to – if an action or event leads to smth, it causes that thing to happen or exist
Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads
The new law has brought/led to great changes in education (often used for political/social change)
stem from – to develop or come from smth
These practices stem from traditional Chinese medicine
This problem stems from the inflation of recent years (explainig the direct origins of events and
states)
arise from – caused by
Are there any matters arising from the last meeting?
out of – used to describe where smth came from or began
She dresses like a character out of 19th-century novel
The court-case arose from/out of allegations(claims) made in a newspaper (the allegations started
the process that led to the court-case)

Reasons for and purposes of doing things

reason for
Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money
The reason she didn’t go with us was that she had no money
motive in – a reason for doing smth
I wonder what his motives were in sending that letter
prompt – to make smth happening
I wonder what prompted him to send that letter
I don’t know what prompted him to leave
with the aim of
She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal
with a view to – with the goal of
I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences
on the grounds that – for the reason that
He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there
the purpose of
The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment

Results
as a result / as a consequence / consequently
He did no work. As a result/As a consequence/Consequently, he failed his exams
result/consequence
The result/consequence of all these changes is that no-one is happy any more
resulted in – to cause smth happen
His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry
upshot – the final result
The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again
ensue( /ɪnˈsuː/) - to happen after smth else, especially as a result of it
The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had ensued
When the election results were announced, chaos ensued
-------------------------------------

prevent(v) – to stop smth from happening or smb from doing smth

Label/Mark you suitcase to prevent confusion
His illness prevents him (from) driving

in the way(idiom) – in a position that prevents smth from happening or smb from moving
Work often gets in the way of my social life
It’s a small street, and he parked right in the way
 carcass – the body of a dead animal, especially a large one that is soon to be cut up as meat
or eaten by wild animals
Vultures(one of the kind of birds) flew around in the sky to pick at the rotting carcass of the deer
Move your carcass(=your body) out of the chair (slang)

mangle(v) – to destroy smth by twisting it with force or tearing it into pieces so that its
original form is completely changed
His arm was mangled in the machine
My sweater got mangled in the washing machine

groundwork – work that is done as a preparation for work that will do done later
The committee will meet today to lay a groundwork for inter-party talks next month

blackout – a time when all lights must be hidden by law, or when there is no light or power
because of an electricity failure
wartime blackout
Power lines were blown down and we had a blackout of several hours

officiate(v) – to be in a charge or to lead a ceremony or other public events

A priest officiated at the wedding
loathe(v, /loʊð/) - to hate smth or smb
From an early age the brother have loathed each other
Do you like fish? No, I loathe it
I loathe doing housework

choke(v) – if you choke, or smth chokes you, you stop breathing because smth is blocking
your throat
She choked to death on a fish bone
Children can choke on peanuts

spooky – strange and frightening

It was a spooky coincidence

superficial(adj, not serious) – (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or
important
He’s fun to be with, but he’s very superficial

sour cream(smetana) – cram made sour by adding special bacteria

sour(/saʊr/) - having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not
sweet
These plums are a bit sour
I used sour cream in the soup

definitive(adj, /dɪˈfɪn.ə.t̬ɪv/) - not able to be changed or improved

a definitive judgment/ruling
There are no definitive answers/solutions to this problem
The police have no definitive proofs of her guilt

dairy(n) – foods that are made from milk, such as cream, butter, cheese
I was advised not to eat too much dairy

stuck(adj) – unable to move, or set in a particular position, place or way of thinking

This door seems to be stuck – can you help me push it open?
Seven of us were stuck in the lift over an hour

passion – a very powerful feeling, for example of sexual attraction, love, hate, anger, or other
emotion
Politics and philosophy were his lifelong passions

collision(n)
collide(v) – (especially moving objects) to hit smth violently
The vans collided at the crossroads
It was predicted that a comet would collide with one of the planets

due(adj, /duː/) – expected to happen, arrive, etc at a particular time

What time is the next bus due?
The next meeting is due to be held in three months’ time
Their first baby is due in January

grown-up(n) – an adult, especially when talking to children

Ask a grown-up to cut the shape out for you

beep(n) – a short, loud sound, especially made by smth electronic

The voice on the answering machine said “Please leave a message after the beep”

announcer – smb who introduces program or reads the news on the television or radio
a radio/TV announcer

sharpen(v) – to make smth sharp or sharper

My pencil is blunt – I have to sharpen it
He used to sharpen his razor on a leather strap

affirm(v) – to state smth is true

The suspect affirmed that he had been at home all evening
She affirmed her intention to apply for the post

bury(v, /ˈber.i/) - to put dead body into the ground

Stalin was buried in the cemetery on the hill

remarkably(adv, /rɪˈmɑːr.kə.bli/) – used for emphasizing how surprising or unusual smth is

It is a remarkably noise and crowded city
Remarkably, she wasn’t hurt in the crash

vague(adj, /veɪɡ/) – not clearly expressed, know, described, or decided

I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago
The patient had complained of vague pains and backache

destructive(adj) – causing, or able to cause damage

The destructive power of nuclear weapons
I worry about the destructive effect that violent films may have on children