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Tutorial 1+key

The document discusses offshore structures and their stability under environmental loads, focusing on various types of platforms such as FPSOs, TLPs, and jack-ups. It outlines the mechanisms of station-keeping, the role of mooring systems, and the design features that enhance stability and mobility. Key concepts include the importance of buoyancy, tether tension, and the structural design of spar platforms.

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naresh.guri
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16 views2 pages

Tutorial 1+key

The document discusses offshore structures and their stability under environmental loads, focusing on various types of platforms such as FPSOs, TLPs, and jack-ups. It outlines the mechanisms of station-keeping, the role of mooring systems, and the design features that enhance stability and mobility. Key concepts include the importance of buoyancy, tether tension, and the structural design of spar platforms.

Uploaded by

naresh.guri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NATIONAL PROGRAM ON TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING (NPTEL) IIT MADRAS

Offshore structures under special environmental loads including fire-resistance

Tutorial-1- Key
Part-A
1. Both a and b
2. Flexible in horizontal plane motion and rigid in the vertical plane of motion.
3. It provides lateral stability towards the wave, current loads and also avoids
overturning and sliding.
4. Storage of hydrocarbons and to provide stability to the platform.
5. Sliding, overturning, rocking, and liquefaction.
6. Because Jacket legs act as a pile guide for pile installation and also protect subsea
risers from hostile environments.
7. Safety of the riser casings.
8. Gravity based structures (GBS).
9. Ballasting and de-ballasting.
10. FPS (Floating Production System) and FPO (Floating Production and Offloading)

T M
Part-B

/II
1. There are two options for the station-keeping of an FPSO. The majority of the existing
FPSOs employ a fixed mooring system, which uses anchors; anchor lines hold the
C
FPSO in position. A few of them also use a dynamic positioning system (DPS), which
S
employs a series of thrusters and a positioning technology. The type of the DPS depends
on the satellite and GPS receivers that are deployed for station keeping. The fixed
ht

mooring system can be either permanent or temporary. Most FPSOs deploy a


permanently moored system.
ig
yr

2. A TLP in its static position will remain in equilibrium. Any excess buoyancy will be
accounted for by initial pretension in the tethers. Under the equilibrium condition, the
op

platform remains vertical and the tethers will always be in tension. Under the action of
lateral forces caused by waves or wind (on the superstructure), the platform is displaced
along the X- or Y-axis. It will induce the vertical displacement in the heave direction,
C

indicating that there is a strong coupling between surge/sway and heave degrees of
freedom. Set down will cause a change in the waterplane area, which in turn affects
buoyancy forces. Additional tension will now be imposed on the tethers. The horizontal
component of the tethers induces a restoring force, whereas the vertical component
improves stability.

3. Depending on the design drought, the rig will remain afloat so that it can be
conveniently towed from one location to another for exploration/production drilling.
The name jack-up is because legs will be pulled up while they are transported from
one site to another. On reaching the installation site, these legs are driven into the
seabed for better stability. Its mobility is a significant change in its geometric design
in comparison with those of the fixed based structures.

1
NATIONAL PROGRAM ON TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING (NPTEL) IIT MADRAS
Offshore structures under special environmental loads including fire-resistance

A barge with movable legs and a rig is towed to the site, and the legs are jacked down
into the seabed; the platform hull is raised for operational engagement. It is suitable
for shallow water depth (90–140 m).

T M
/II
4. Taut mooring systems, otherwise known as tension legs, tethers, or simply tendons, are
C
tubular pipes. Depending on the magnitude of initial pretension, even simple wires or
set of cables can also be used for taut mooring system. The taut mooring system is
S

generally employed in TLP for restraining the motion of the platform when it is
subjected to wind, wave, and current loading. The catenary mooring system is
ht

commonly used in semi-submersible, which offers resistance to lateral movement of


the offshore platform and also offers a horizontal pull in the opposite direction to that
ig

of the wave action. This ensures the re-centering of the platform.


yr

5. A spar consists of a single larger diameter, vertical cylinder, which supports the deck. The
op

cylinder is weighted at the bottom by a chamber, which is filled with denser material, to
lower the center of gravity, thereby improving stability. A classic spar has a cylindrical hull
with a heavy ballast at the bottom of the cylinder. A truss spar has a shorter cylinder called
C

a hard tank. The truss structure is used to connect the bottom of a hard tank, which is further
connected to a soft tank, housing ballast material. It is the most common type of spar used
in offshore exploration. A cell spar has a large central cylinder surrounded by smaller
cylinders of alternating lengths. A soft tank is attached to the bottom of the longer cylinder
to house the ballasting material.

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