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2 - Histograms & Frequency Distribution

The document provides an overview of frequency distributions and histograms, explaining their purpose in summarizing categorical and numerical data. It outlines the steps to construct a frequency distribution and illustrates examples of both simple and grouped frequency distributions. Additionally, it differentiates between histograms and bar graphs, emphasizing their specific uses in data analysis.

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ARVIN ALONZO
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9 views12 pages

2 - Histograms & Frequency Distribution

The document provides an overview of frequency distributions and histograms, explaining their purpose in summarizing categorical and numerical data. It outlines the steps to construct a frequency distribution and illustrates examples of both simple and grouped frequency distributions. Additionally, it differentiates between histograms and bar graphs, emphasizing their specific uses in data analysis.

Uploaded by

ARVIN ALONZO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2 – Histograms &

Frequency Distributions

Arvin Buncad Alonzo, DIT
Professor
Frequency distribution

▪ an overview of all distinct values in some variable and the
number of times they occur.
▪ tells how frequencies are distributed over values

▪ mostly used for summarizing categorical variables


▪ Categorical variables – calculations are not meaningful
▪ nominal & ordinal variables are categorical variables
▪ Categorical variables are usually analyzed using frequency distribution and bar charts

▪ When to use Frequency distribution?


▪ Showing the number of male over female
▪ Showing the number of students per course
▪ Etc.
How to construct a frequency distribution

1. Determine the number of classes m = n


h=
( max − min )
2. Determine the size of each class m

3. Determine the starting point for the first class

4. Tally the number of values that occur in each class

5. Prepare a table of the distribution using actual counts


and/ or percentages (relative frequencies)
Frequency Distribution Example

▪ Your study will have a data set coming from 100 pupils of TNCS
and you would like to see the frequency distribution of age.

▪ The sample tabulation:


AGE 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FREQUENCY 4 5 6 8 10 12 10 20 25

▪ Or Grouped Frequency Distribution can be done, for example:


AGE GROUP 4-5 6-7 8-9 10 and above
FREQUENCY 9 14 22 55
Frequency & Percentage Distribution

▪ Relative Frequency – the use of percentage distribution


▪ Important when you compare frequency distribution with different totals

▪ For example: the first study, you had 50 students, then the next study is
100 students (using the same study).
▪ Example:
AGE Group FREQUENCY PERCENT
4-5 9 9%
6-7 14 14%
8-9 22 22%
10 and above 55 55%
TOTAL 100 100%
Know when to use

▪ IMPORTANT
▪ You should know when to use
simple frequency distribution
over grouped frequency
distribution
▪ You should know when to use
Percentage Distribution
(Relative Frequency)
▪ Can I use either bar chart or pie
chart for a frequency table?
Pie Chart

Bar Chart

Bar Chart

NOTE:
• Total not included
• The bar can represent the year level
while the x-axis can be the courses
(in Excel, you just need to click switch
row/column command in the design tab)
HISTOGRAM

▪ a chart that shows frequencies for intervals of values of a


metric variable.
▪ condenses a data series into an easily interpreted visual by taking
many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins.
▪ Bin – interval used

▪ Bin width – width of intervals (should be the same)

▪ common data analysis tool in the business world.

▪ a column chart that shows the frequency of the occurrence of


a variable in the specified range.
Histogram vs. Bar Graph

Histogram Bar Graph


No gaps, bars are adjacent There are gaps between bars
show the frequency of numerical data. uses bars to compare different
categories of data.
Presents quantitative data Presents categorical data
Indicates distribution of non-discrete Indicates comparison of discrete
variables variables
Bars can’t be reordered Bars can be reordered
Width of bars need not to be the same Width of bars need should be the same
References:

▪ Introduction to Statistics (online edition) by David M. Lane taken from
http://onlinestatbook.com/Online_Statistics_Education.pdf

▪ https://www.spss-tutorials.com/frequency-distribution-what-is-it/

▪ Chapter1 – Introduction to Statistics taken from https://home.ubalt.edu › tmitch ›


PowerPoint_Lectures › chapter1 › chapter1

▪ Introduction to Statistics, taken from https://spu.fem.uniag.sk › cvicenia › ksov › palkovic › Statistics ›


Lectures

▪ An Intro to Science of Statistics - Watkins – ebook

▪ https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-histogram-and-bar-graph.html#ComparisonChart

▪ https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/excel/study/histogram/

▪ https://trumpexcel.com/histogram-in-excel/

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