Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

5.3 EXERCISE
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Examine the continuity of the function
f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 1 at x = 1

Sol. We know that y = f(x) will be continuous at x = a if
lim- f ( x) = lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)
xÆa xÆa xÆa
Given: f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 1
lim- f ( x)= lim (1 + h)3 + 2(1 + h)2 - 1 = 1 + 2 – 1 = 2
xÆ1 hÆ0
lim f ( x)= (1)3 + 2(1)2 – 1
xÆ1
= 1 + 2 –1 = 2
lim+ f ( x) = lim (1 + h)3 + 2(1 + h)2 - 1
xÆ1 Æ
= 1 + 2 – 1 = 2
lim- f ( x)= lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = 2.
xÆ1 xÆ1 xÆ1
Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Find which of the functions in Exercises 2 to 10 is continuous or
discontinuous at the indicated points:
ÏÔ3 x + 5, if x ≥ 2
Q2. f(x) = Ì 2 at x = 2
ÔÓ x , if x < 2
Sol. lim f ( x) = 3x + 5
x Æ 2+
= lim 3(2 + h) + 5 = 11
hÆ0
lim f ( x) = 3x + 5 = 3(2) + 5 = 11
xÆ2
2
lim f(x) = x2 = lim (2 − h)
x→ 2 − h→0

= lim (2) + h − 4 h = (2)2 = 4

2 2
h→ 0

Since lim− f ( x) = lim f ( x) ≠ lim f ( x)

x→2 x→2 x→2

Hence f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2.

Ï 1 - cos 2 x
Ô , if x π 0
Q3. f(x) = Ì x2 at x = 0.
Ô 5, if x = 0
Ó

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 - cos 2x
Sol. lim f ( x) =
x Æ 0- x2
1 - cos 2(0 - h) 1 - cos ( - 2 h)
= lim 2 = lim
hÆ0 (0 - h) hÆ0 h2
1 - cos 2 h
= lim
hÆ0 h2
2 sin 2 h È q˘
= lim Í 1 - cos q = 2 sin 2 ˙
hÆ0 h 2 Î 2˚
2 sin h sin h È sin x ˘
= lim . = 2.1.1 = 2 Í lim = 1˙
hÆ0 h h Îx Æ 0 x ˚
1 - cos 2x
lim f ( x) =
x Æ 0+ x2
1 - cos 2(0 + h) 1 - cos 2 h
= lim 2 = lim
hÆ 0 (0 + h) hÆ0 h2
2 sin 2 h 2 sin h sin h
= lim = . = 2.1.1 = 2
hÆ0 h2 h h
lim f ( x) = 5
xÆ0
As lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) π lim f ( x)
xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0
\ f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Ï 2 x2 - 3x - 2
Ô , if x π 2
Q4. f(x) = Ì x-2 at x = 2
Ô 5, if x = 2
Ó
2 x2 - 3x - 2
Sol. f(x) =
x-2
2 x 2 - 4 x + x - 2 2 x( x - 2) + 1( x - 2)
= =
x-2 x-2
(2 x + 1) ( x - 2)
= = 2x + 1
x-2
lim- f ( x) = 2x + 1

xÆ2
= lim 2(2 - h) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
hÆ0
lim+ f ( x) = 2x + 1

xÆ2
= lim 2(2 + h) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
hÆ0
lim f ( x) = 5

xÆ2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

As lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 5

xÆ2 xÆ2 xÆ2
Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
Ï x-4
Ô , if x π 4
Q5. f(x) = Ì 2( x - 4) at x = 4
Ô 0, if x = 4
Ó
x-4 È for x < 4, x - 4 = - ( x - 4) ˘
Sol. lim- f ( x) = Í ˙
xÆ4 2( x - 4) ÎÍ for x > 4, x - 4 = ( x - 4) ˚˙
- ÈÎ 4 - h - 4 ˘˚ h 1
= lim = lim =-
hÆ0 2 ÈÎ 4 - h - 4 ˘˚ h Æ 0 - 2h 2

x-4 ÈÎ 4 + h - 4 ˘˚ 1
lim+ f ( x) = = lim =
xÆ4 2( x - 4) h Æ 0 2 ÈÎ 4 + h - 4 ˘˚ 2
lim f ( x) = 0
xÆ4
\ lim- f ( x) ≠ lim+ f ( x) π lim f ( x)
xÆ4 xÆ4 xÆ4
Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 4.
Ï 1
Ô x cos , if x π 0
Q6. f(x) = Ì x at x = 0
ÔÓ 0, if x = 0
1
Sol. lim- f ( x) = x cos
xÆ0 x
1 1
= hlim 0 - h cos = lim h cos
Æ0 (0 - h) h Æ 0 h
= 0 È 1 ˘
Í cos x oscillate between - 1 and 1˙
Î ˚
1
lim f ( x) = x cos
x Æ 0+ x
1 1
= lim 0 + h cos = lim h .cos = 0
hÆ0 (0 + h) h Æ 0 h
lim f ( x) = 0
xÆ0

lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 0

x Æ 0- xÆ0 xÆ0
Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Ï 1
Ô x - a sin , if x π 0
Q7. f(x) = Ì x -a at x = a.
Ô 0, if x = a
Ó

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1
Sol. lim f ( x) = x - a sin
x Æ a- x-a
1 1
= lim a - h - a .sin = lim h .sin
hÆ0 a-h-a h Æ 0 - h
1
= lim - h .sin [ sin (– q) = – sin q]
hÆ0 h
= 0 × [a number oscillating between – 1 and 1]
= 0
1
lim+ f ( x) =
x - a sin
xÆa x-a
1 1
= lim a + h - a .sin = lim h .sin
hÆ0 a + h - a hÆ0 h
= 0 × [a number oscillating between – 1 and 1]
lim f ( x) =
0
xÆa

As lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 0

xÆa xÆa xÆa

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = a.

Ï e1/ x
Ô , if x π 0
Q8. f(x) = Ì 1 + e1/ x at x = 0
Ô 0, if x = 0
Ó
e1/x
Sol. lim- f ( x) =
xÆ0 1 + e1/x
1
0-h
e e - 1/h
= lim 1
= lim
hÆ0 h Æ 0 1 + e - 1/h
0-h
1+e
1 1 1
= lim = lim =
h Æ 0 e1/h
(1 - e ) - 1/h h Æ 0 e1/h -1 e 1/0
-1
1 1
= • = =-1 [ e = 0]
e -1 0-1
e1/x
lim+ f ( x) =

xÆ0 1 + e1/x
1

e0 + h e1/h
= lim 1 = lim
hÆ0 h Æ 0 1 + e1/h
1 + e0 + h

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 1
= lim = lim
h Æ 0 e - 1/h (1 + e1/h ) h Æ 0 e - 1/h + 1
1 1
= -• = =1 [e–  = 0]
e +1 0+1
lim f ( x) = 0

xÆ0
As lim- f ( x)  lim+ f ( x) π lim f ( x)
xÆ0 xÆ0 xÆ0
Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Ï x2
ÔÔ , if 0 £ x £ 1
2
Q9. f(x) = Ì at x = 1.
Ô2 x 2 - 3 x + 3 , if 1 < x £ 2
ÔÓ 2
x2 (1 - h)2 1
Sol. lim- f ( x) = = lim =
xÆ1 2 hÆ0 2 2
x2 (1) 2
1
lim f ( x) = = =
xÆ1 2 2 2
3 3 3 1
lim+ f ( x) = 2 x 2 - 3 x + = 2(1)2 - 3(1) + = 2 - 3 + =
xÆ1 2 2 2 2
1
As lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) =
xÆ1 xÆ1 xÆ1 2
Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Q10. f( ) = x + x - 1 at x = 1.
Sol. lim- f ( x) = x + x - 1 = lim 1 - h + 1 - h - 1
xÆ1 hÆ0
= 1 - 0 + 1 - 0 - 1 = 1 + 0 = 1
lim+ f ( x) = x + x - 1

xÆ1
= lim 1 + h + 1 + h - 1 = 1 + 0 = 1
hÆ0

lim f ( x) = x + x - 1 = 1 + 1 - 1 = 1 + 0 = 1

xÆ1
As lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x)
xÆ1 xÆ1 xÆ1

Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

Find the value of k in each of the Exercises 11 to 14 so that the
function f is continuous at the indicated point:
Ï3 x - 8, if x £ 5
Q11. f(x) = Ì at x = 5
Ó 2 k , if x > 5

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Sol. lim f ( x) = 3x – 8
xÆ5
= lim 3(5 - h) - 8 = 15 – 8 = 7
hÆ0
lim+ f ( x) = 2k

xÆ5
the function is continuous at x = 5
As
\ lim- f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)
xÆ5 xÆ5
7
\ 7 = 2k  k=
2
7
Hence, the value of k is .
2
Ï 2 x + 2 - 16
Ô , if x π 2
Q12. f(x) = Ì 4 x - 16 at x = 2
Ô k, if x = 2
Ó
2 x + 2 - 16 2 2.2 x - 16 4(2 x - 4 )
Sol. f(x) = = =
4 x - 16 (2 x )2 - (4)2 (2 x - 4)(2 x + 4)
4
f(x) = x
2 +4
4 4 4 4 1
lim f ( x) = lim 2 - h = = = =
x Æ 2- hÆ0 2 + 4 22 + 4 4 + 4 8 2
lim f ( x) = k
xÆ2
the function is continuous at x = 2.
As
\ lim- f ( x) = lim f ( x)
xÆ2 xÆ2
1
\ k=
2
1
Hence, value of k is .
2
Ï 1 + kx - 1 - kx
Ô , if - 1 £ x < 0
Ô x
Q13. f(x) = Ì at x = 0
Ô 2x + 1
, if 0 £ x £ 1
ÓÔ x-1
1 + kx - 1 - kx
Sol. lim- f ( x) =
xÆ0 x
1 + kx - 1 - kx 1 + kx + 1 - kx
= lim- ¥
xÆ0 x 1 + kx + 1 - kx

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

(1 + kx) - (1 - kx)
= lim-
xÆ0 x ÈÎ 1 + kx + 1 - kx ˘˚
1 + kx - 1 + kx
= lim-
xÆ0 x ÎÈ 1 + kx + 1 - kx ˘˚
2 kx
= lim-
x Æ 0 x È 1 + kx + 1 - kx ˘
Î ˚
2k
= lim-
xÆ0 1 + kx + 1 - kx
2k
= lim
h Æ 0 1 + k(0 - h) + 1 - k(0 - h)

2k 2k
= = =k
1+ 1 2
2x + 1 2(0) + 1 1
lim f ( x) =
= = =-1
xÆ0 x-1 0-1 -1
As the function is continuous at x = 0.
\ lim- f ( x) = lim f ( x)
xÆ0 xÆ0
k = –1
Hence, the value of k is – 1.
Ï 1 - cos kx
ÔÔ x sin x , if x π 0
Q14. f(x) = Ì at x = 0
Ô 1
, if x = 0
ÔÓ 2
1 - cos kx
Sol. lim- f ( x) =
xÆ0 x sin x
1 - cos k(0 - h) 1 - cos ( - kh)
= lim = lim
h Æ 0 (0 - h) sin (0 - h) h Æ 0 - h.sin ( - h)

1 - cos kh È sin ( - q) = - sin q ˘

= lim Í ˙
h Æ 0 h sin h
Î cos ( - q) = cos q ˚
kh
2 sin 2
= lim 2
h Æ 0 h sin h

kh kh
2 sin sin
2 kh 2 ¥ kh . 1
= lim ¥ ¥
hÆ0 kh 2 kh 2 sin h
kh Æ 0 h. .h
2 2 h

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

È sin h ˘
kh kh 1 Í hlim = 1 and ˙
= 2.1. .1. . 2 .1 Í Æ0 h ˙
2 2 h Í sin kh ˙
k2 Í khlim =1 ˙
Î Æ 0 kh ˚
=
2
1
lim f ( x) =
xÆ0 2
As lim- f ( x) = lim f ( x)
xÆ0 xÆ0
k 2 1
\ =
2 2
 k2 = 1  k = ± 1
Hence, the value of k is ± 1.
Q15. Prove that the function f defined by
Ï x
Ô 2
,xπ0
f(x) = Ì x + 2 x
Ô k, x=0
Ó
remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless the choice of k.
x 0-h
Sol. lim- f ( x) = 2
= lim
xÆ0 x + 2x h Æ 0 0 - h + 2(0 - h)2
-h -h
= lim = lim
h Æ 0 h + 2h 2 h Æ 0 h(1 + 2 h)
-1 -1
= lim = =-1
h Æ 0 1 + 2h 1 + 2(0)
x 0+h
lim+ f ( x) = = lim
xÆ0 x + 2x 2 h Æ 0 0 + h + 2(0 + h)2

h h 1
= lim = lim = =1
h Æ 0 h + 2h 2 h Æ 0 h(1 + 2 h) 1+0
lim- f ( x)  lim+ f ( x)
xÆ0 xÆ0
Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 regardless the choice of k.
Q16. Find the values of a and b such that the function f defined by
Ïx-4
Ô + a , if x < 4
Ôx-4
Ô
f(x)
= Ìa + b , if x = 4
Ôx-4
Ô + b , if x > 4
ÓÔ x - 4
is a continuous function at x = 4.

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

x-4
Sol. lim- f ( x) = +a
xÆ4 x -4
4-h-4 -h
= lim + a = lim +a =–1+a
hÆ0 4 - h - 4 hÆ0 h
lim f ( x) = a + b
xÆ4
x-4
lim f ( x) = +b
x Æ 4+ x-4
4+h-4 h
= lim + b = lim +b =1+b
hÆ0 4 + h - 4 hÆ0 h
As the function is continuous at x = 4.
\ lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)
Æ xÆ4 xÆ4
–1+a=a+b=1+b
\ – 1 + a=a + b  b = – 1
1 + b =a + b  a = 1
Hence, the value of a = 1 and b = – 1.
1
Q17. Given the function f(x) = . Find the point of discontinuity
x+2
of the composite function y = f [ f(x)].
1
Sol. f(x) =
x+2
1 1 1 x+2
f[ f(x)] = = 1 = 1 + 2x + 4 =
f ( x) + 2 +2 2 x+5
x+2 x+2
x+2
\ f[ f(x)] =
2x + 5
This function will not be defined and continuous where
-5
2x + 5 = 0  x = .
2
-5
Hence, x = is the point of discontinuity.
2
Q18. Find all the points of discontinuity of the function
1 1
f(t) = 2
, where t = .
t +t-2 x -1
1
Sol. We have f(t) = 2
t +t-2
1 È 1 ˘
 f(t) =
1 1 Í putting t = ˙
Î x - 1˚
+ - 2
( x - 1)2 ( x - 1)

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 ( x - 1)2
= =
1 + x - 1 - 2( x - 1)2 x - 2x2 - 2 + 4x
( x - 1)2
( x - 1)2 ( x - 1)2
= =
- 2 x2 + 5x - 2 - (2 x 2 - 5 x + 2)
( x - 1)2 ( x - 1)2
= =
- [2 x 2 - 4 x - x + 2] - [2 x( x - 2) - 1( x - 2)]
( x - 1)2 ( x - 1)2
= =
- ( x - 2)(2 x - 1) (2 - x)(2 x - 1)
So, if f(t) is discontinuous, then 2 – x = 0 \ x = 2
1
and 2x – 1 = 0 \ x =
2 1
Hence, the required points of discontinuity are 2 and .
2
Q19. Show that the function f(x) = sin x + cos x is continuous
at x = p.
Sol. Given that f(x) = sin x + cos x at x = p
Put g(x) = sin x + cos x and h(x) = x
\ h[g(x)] = h(sin x + cos x) = sin x + cos x
Now, g(x) = sin x + cos x is a continuous function since sin x
and cos x are two continuous functions at x = p.
We know that every modulus function is a continuous
function everywhere.
Hence, f(x) = sin x + cos x is continuous function at x = p.
Q20. Examine the differentiability of f, where f is defined by
Ï x[ x], if 0 £ x < 2
f(x)
= Ì at x = 2.
ÔÓ( x - 1)x , if 2 £ x < 3
Sol. We know that a function f is differentiable at a point ‘a’ in its
domain if
Lf (c) = Rf (c)
f ( a - h ) - f ( a)
where Lf (c) = lim and
h Æ0 -h
f ( a + h ) - f ( a)
Rf (c) = lim
h Æ0 h
Ï x [ x] , if 0 £ x < 2
Here, f(x) = Ì at x = 2.
at x = 2 Ó( x - 1)x , if 2 £ x < 2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

f (2 - h) - f (2) (2 - h)[2 - h] - (2 - 1)2

Lf (c) = lim = lim
hÆ0 -h hÆ0 -h
(2 - h).1 - 2 ÎÈ [2 - h] = 1˚˘
= lim
hÆ0 -h
2 - h -2
= lim =1
hÆ0 -h
f (2 + h) - f (2)
Rf (c) = lim
hÆ0 h
(2 + h - 1) (2 + h) - (2 - 1).2
= lim
hÆ0 h
(1 + h) (2 + h) - 2 2 + h + 2h + h2 - 2
= lim = lim
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h
3h + h 2 h(3 + h)
= lim = lim =3
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h
Lf (2)  Rf (2)
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
Q21. Examine the differentiability of f, where f is defined by
Ï 2 1
Ô x sin , if x π 0
f(x) = Ì x at x = 0.
ÔÓ 0, if x = 0
Sol. Given that:
Ï 2 1
Ô x sin , if x π 0
f(x) = Ì x at x = 0
ÔÓ 0, if x = 0
For differentiability we know that:
Lf (c) = Rf (c)
f (0 - h) - f (0)
\ Lf (0) = lim
hÆ0 -h
1 1
(0 - h)2 sin -0 h 2 .sin ÊÁ - ˆ˜
(0 - h) Ë h¯
= lim =
hÆ0 -h -h
Ê 1ˆ È Ê 1ˆ ˘
= h.sin ÁË ˜¯ = 0 ¥ Í - 1 £ sin Á ˜ £ 1˙
h Î Ë h ¯ ˚
= 0
Ê 1 ˆ
(0 + h)2 sin Á -0
f (0 + h) - f (0) Ë 0 + h ˜¯
Rf (0) = lim = lim
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1
h 2 sin ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ë h¯ Ê 1ˆ
= lim = lim h .sin Á ˜
hÆ0 h hÆ0 Ë h¯
È Ê 1ˆ ˘
= 0 ¥ Í - 1 £ sin Á ˜ £ 1˙ = 0
Î Ë h ¯ ˚
So, Lf (0) = Rf (0) = 0
Hence, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
Q22. Examine the differentiability of f, where f is defined by
Ï1 + x , if x £ 2
f(x) = Ì at x = 2.
Ó5 - x , if x > 2
Sol. f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 if
Lf (2) = Rf (2)
f (2 - h) - f (2)
\ Lf (2) = lim
hÆ0 -h
(1 + 2 - h) - (1 + 2) 3-h-3 -h
= lim = lim = =1
hÆ0 -h hÆ0 -h - h
f (2 + h) - f (2)
Rf (2) = lim
hÆ0 h
ÈÎ 5 - (2 + h) ˘˚ - (1 + 2) 3-h-3
= lim = lim
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h
-h
= =-1
h
So, Lf (2)  Rf (2)
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
Q23. Show that f(x) = x - 5 is continuous but not differentiable at
x = 5.
Sol. We have f(x) = x - 5
Ï - ( x - 5) if x - 5 < 0 or x < 5
 f(x) = Ì
Ó x - 5 if x - 5 > 0 or x > 5
For continuity at x = 5
L.H.L. lim- f ( x) = – (x – 5)
hÆ5
= lim - (5 - h - 5) = lim h = 0
hÆ0 hÆ0

R.H.L. lim+ f ( x) = x – 5
xÆ5
= lim (5 + h - 5) = lim h = 0
hÆ0 hÆ0
L.H.L. = R.H.L.

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

So, f(x) is continuous at x = 5.

Now, for differentiability
f (5 - h) - f (5)
Lf (5) = lim
hÆ0 -h
- (5 - h - 5) - (5 - 5) h
= lim = lim =-1
hÆ0 -h hÆ0 - h
f (5 + h) - f (5)
Rf (5) = lim
hÆ0 h
(5 + h - 5) - (5 - 5) h-0
= lim = lim =1
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h
 Lf (5)  Rf (5)
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 5.
Q24. A function f : R  R satisfies the equation f(x + y) = f(x).f(y)
 x, y  R, f(x)  0. Suppose that the function is differentiable
at x = 0 and (0) = 2. Prove that f (x) = 2f(x).
Sol. Given that: f : R  R satisfies the equation f(x + y) = f(x).f(y)
 x, y  R, f(x)  0.
Let us take any point x = 0 at which the function f(x) is
differentiable.
f (0 + h) - f (0)
\ f (0) = lim
hÆ0 h
f (0). f ( h) - f (0)
2 = lim [ f (0) = f ( h)] ...(i)
hÆ0 h
f (0) ÈÎ f ( h) - 1˘˚
 2 = lim
hÆ0 h
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
Now f (x) = lim
hÆ0 h
f ( x). f ( h) - f ( x)
= lim ÈÎ f ( x + y ) = f ( x). f ( y )˘˚
hÆ0 h
f ( x)[ f ( h) - 1]
= lim = 2f(x) from eqn. (i)
hÆ0 h
Hence, f (x) = 2f(x).
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x (Exercises 25 to 43):
2
Q25. 2 cos x 2
Sol. Let y = 2cos x
Taking log on both sides, we get
2x
log y = log 2cos  log y = cos2x . log 2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x

1 dy d
 . = log 2. cos 2 x
y dx dx
1 dy È d ˘
 . = log 2 Í 2 cos x . cos x ˙
y dx Î dx ˚
1 dy
 . = log 2 [2 cos x ( - sin x)]
y dx
1 dy
 . = log 2 (– sin 2x)
y dx
dy
= – y . log 2 sin 2x
dx
dy 2
Hence, = –2cos x (log 2 sin 2x)
dx
8x
Q26. 8
x
8x
Sol. Let y= 8
x
8x
Taking log on both sides, we get, log y = log
x8
x 8
 log y = log 8 – log x  log y = x log 8 – 8 log x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
1 dy 8 dy È 8˘
 . = log 8.1 -  = y Í log 8 - x ˙
y dx x dx Î ˚
dy 8x È 8˘
Hence,
dx
= 8
x ÍÎ log 8 - x ˙˚

(
Q27. log x + x 2 + a )
Sol. Let ( 2
y = log x + x + a )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy
dx
=
d
dx (
log x + x 2 + a )
=
1
x+ x +a2
.
d
dx (
x + x2 + a )
1 È 1 d ˘
= . Í1 + ¥ ( x 2 + a) ˙
x + x 2 + a ÍÎ 2 x 2 + a dx ˙˚

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 È 1 ˘
= . Í1 + .2 x ˙
x + x 2 + a ÎÍ 2 x2 + a ˚˙
1 È x ˘
= . Í1 + ˙
2 2
x + x + a ÍÎ x + a ˙˚

1 Ê x2 + a + x ˆ 1
= .Á ˜ =
x + x 2 + a ÁË x 2 + a ˜¯ 2
x +a
dy 1
Hence, = .
dx 2
x +a
Q28. log [log (log x 5 )]
Sol. Let y = log [log (log x 5 )]
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
= log [log (log x 5 )]
dx dx
1 d
= ¥ log (log x 5 )
log (log x 5 ) dx
1 1 d
= ¥ ¥ log x 5
log (log x 5 ) log( x 5 ) dx
1 1 1 d 5
= 5
. 5
. 5. x
log (log x ) log( x ) x dx
1 1 1
= . . . 5x4
log (log x 5 ) log( x 5 ) x 5
5
=
x log ( x ).log (log x 5 )
5

dy 5
Hence, = .
dx x log ( x ).log (log x 5 )
5

Q29. sin x + cos 2 x

Sol. Let y = sin x + cos 2 x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d d
dx
=
dx
sin x +( dx
cos 2 x ) ( )
d d
= cos x .
dx
x + 2 cos x .( )
dx
cos x ( )

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1 d
= cos x .
2 x
+ 2 cos x - sin x .
dx
x( )
1 1
= .cos x - 2 cos x .sin x .
2 x 2 x
cos x sin 2 x
= -
2 x 2 x
dy cos x sin 2 x
Hence, = - .
dx 2 x 2 x
Q30. sinn (ax2 + bx + c)
Sol. Let y = sinn (ax2 + bx + c)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
= sin n ( ax 2 + bx + c )
dx dx
d
= n. sinn – 1(ax2 + bx + c). sin(ax2 + bx + c)
dx
d
= n.sinn – 1(ax2 + bx + c).cos(ax2 + bx + c). (ax2 + bx + c)
dx
= n.sinn – 1(ax2 + bx + c).cos(ax2 + bx + c).(2ax + b)
dy
Hence, = n(2ax + b).sinn – 1(ax2 + bx + c).cos(ax2 + bx + c)
dx
Q31. cos (tan x + 1 )
Sol. Let (
y = cos tan x + 1 )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
dx
=
dx
cos tan x + 1 ( )
(
= - sin tan x + 1 . ) dxd (tan x +1 )
d
( 2
= - sin tan x + 1 .sec x + 1 . ) dx
x +1

1
(
= - sin tan x + 1 .sec
2
) x + 1.
2 x +1
.1

dy 1
Hence,
dx
= -
2 x +1
(
sin tan x + 1 .sec 2 x + 1 )
Q32. sin x2 + sin2 x + sin2(x2)
Sol. Let y = sin x2 + sin2 x + sin2(x2)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy d d d
= sin( x 2 ) + sin 2 x + sin 2 ( x 2 )
dx dx dx dx
d 2 d d
2
( x ) + 2 sin x . (sin x) + 2 sin ( x 2 )
= cos x . sin( x 2 )
dx dx dx
d 2
= cos x2.2x + 2 sin x.cos x + 2 sin x2.cos x2 . ( x )
dx
= 2x.cos x2 + sin 2x + 2 sin x2.cos x2.2x
dy
Hence, = 2x.cos x2 + sin 2x + 2x sin 2x2
dx
Ê 1 ˆ
Q33. sin - 1 Á ˜
Ë x + 1¯
-1
Ê 1 ˆ
Sol. Let y = sin Á ˜
Ë x + 1¯
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d Ê 1 ˆ 1 d Ê 1 ˆ
= sin - 1 Á ˜ = . Á ˜
dx dx Ë x + 1¯ Ê 1 ˆ
2 dx Ë x + 1 ¯
1-Á ˜
Ë x + 1¯
1 d
=
1
.
dx
( x + 1)
- 1/ 2

1-
x+1
1 -1 d
= . ( x + 1)- 3/ 2 . ( x + 1)
x +1-1 2 dx
x+1

x+1 -1
= . ( x + 1)- 3/ 2 .1
x 2
-1 x+1 1 1
= . . = -
2 x ( x + 1)3/ 2 2 x ( x + 1)
dy 1
Hence, = -
dx 2 x ( x + 1)
Q34. (sin x)cos x
Sol. Let y = (sin x)cos x
Taking log on both sides,
log y = log (sin x)cos x
 log y = cos x.log (sin x) [ log xy = y log x]

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

1 dy d
. = cos x .log (sin x)
y dx dx
1 dy d d
 . = cos x . log (sin x) + log (sin x). cos x
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d
 . = cos x . . (sin x) + log (sin x).( - sin x)
y dx sin x dx
1 dy
 . = cot x . cos x – sin x . log (sin x)
y dx
dy
= y [cot x .cos x - sin x .log (sin x)]
dx
2
dy cos x È cos x ˘
Hence, = (sin x) Í - sin x .log (sin x) ˙
dx Î sin x ˚
Q35. sinm x . cosn x
Sol. Let y = sinm x . cosn x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
= (sin m x.cosn x)
dx dx
m d n n d m
= sin x. (cos x) + cos x . sin x
dx dx
n-1 d
m
= sin x . n .cos x (cos x) + cosn x . m .sin m - 1 x
dx
d
(sin x)
dx
= n.sinm x.cosn – 1 x.(– sin x) + m.cosn x.sinm –1 x.cos x
= – n.sinm + 1 x.cosn – 1 x + m cosn + 1 x. sinm – 1x
m n È sin x cos x ˘
= sin x.cos x Í - n + m. ˙
Î cos x sin x ˚
dy m n
Hence, = sin x.cos x ÈÎ - n tan x + m.cot x ˘˚
dx
Q36. (x + 1)2(x + 2)3(x + 3)4
Sol. Let y = (x + 1)2(x + 2)3(x + 3)4
Taking log on both sides,
log y = log [( x + 1)2 .( x + 2)3 .( x + 3)4 ]
 log y = log (x + 1)2 + log (x + 2)3 + log (x + 3)4
[ log xy = log x + log y]

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

 log y = 2 log (x + 1) + 3 log (x + 2) + 4 log (x + 3)

[ log xy = y log x]
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
1 dy d d d
. = 2. log( x + 1) + 3. log( x + 2) + 4. log( x + 3)
y dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 1 1
 . = 2. + 3. + 4.
y dx x+1 x+2 x+3

dy È 2 3 4 ˘
 = yÍ + + ˙
dx Î x + 1 x + 2 x + 3˚
dy 2 3 4È 2 3 4 ˘
 = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3) Í + + ˙
dx Î x + 1 x + 2 x + 3˚
= (x + 1)2(x + 2)3(x + 3)4
È 2( x + 2)( x + 3) + 3( x + 1)( x + 3) + 4( x + 1)( x + 2) ˘
Í ˙
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
Î ˚
= (x + 1)(x + 2)2(x + 3)3(2x2 + 10x + 12 + 3x2 + 12x + 9
+ 4x2 + 12x + 8)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)2(x + 3)3(9x2 + 34x + 29)
dy
Hence, = (x + 1)(x + 2)2(x + 3)3(9x2 + 34x + 29)
dx
Ê sin x + cos x ˆ - p < x < p
Q37. cos - 1 Á ˜¯ ,
Ë 2 4 4
Ê sin x + cos x ˆ
Sol. Let y = cos - 1 Á ˜¯
Ë 2
È 1 1 ˘
= cos - 1 Í sin x + cos x ˙
Î 2 2 ˚
È p p ˘ -1 È Êp ˆ˘
= cos - 1 Í sin sin x + cos .cos x ˙ = cos Í cos Á - x˜ ˙
Î 4 4 ˚ Î Ë 4 ¯ ˚
p È p p ˘
y = -x
ÍÎ - 4 < x < 4 ˙˚
4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy
= –1
dx
È 1 - cos x ˘ p p
Q38. tan - 1 Í ˙, - < x <
ÎÍ 1 + cos x ˚˙ 4 4

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

È 1 - cos x ˘
Sol. Let y = tan - 1 Í ˙
ÎÍ 1 + cos x ˚˙
È 2 sin 2 x/2 ˘ È 1 - cos x = 2 sin 2 x/2 ˘
= tan - 1 Í ˙ Í ˙
ÍÎ 2 cos 2 x/2 ˙˚ 2
ÍÎ 1 + cos x = 2 cos x/2 ˙˚

- 1 È sin x/2 ˘ -1 È x˘
= tan Í ˙ = tan Í tan
Î cos x/2 ˚ Î 2 ˙˚
x
\ y=
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy 1 d 1 1
= ( x) = .1 =
dx 2 dx 2 2
dy 1
Hence, =
dx 2
-p p
Q39. tan– 1(sec x + tan x), <x<
2 2
Sol. Let y = tan– 1(sec x + tan x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
= [tan - 1 (sec x + tan x)]
dx dx
1 d
= . (sec x + tan x)
1 + (sec x + tan x)2 dx
1

= .(sec x tan x
1 + sec 2 x + tan 2 x + 2 sec x tan x
+ sec2 x)
1

= 2 2 . sec x(tan x
(1 + tan x) + sec x + 2 sec x tan x + sec x)
1

= 2 2 . sec x(tan x + sec x)
sec x + sec x + 2 sec x tan x
1
= 2
.sec x (tan x + sec x)
2 sec x + 2 sec x tan x
1 1

= .sec x (tan x + sec x) =
2 sec x (sec x + tan x) 2
dy 1
Hence, =
dx 2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Alternate solution
-p p
Let y = tan– 1 (sec x + tan x), <x<
2 2
Ê 1 sin x ˆ Ê 1 + sin x ˆ
= tan - 1 Á + ˜ = tan - 1 Á
Ë cos x cos x ¯ Ë cos x ˜¯
È cos 2 x/2 + sin 2 x/2 + 2 sin x/2 cos x/2 ˘
= tan - 1 Í ˙
ÍÎ cos 2 x/2 - sin 2 x/2 ˙˚
È sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ˘
Í 2 2 ˙
Î cos 2 x = cos x - sin x ˚
È
= tan - 1 Í
(cos x /2 + sin x /2)2 ˘
˙
Í (cos x /2 + sin x /2 )(cos x /2 - sin x /2 ) ˙
Î ˚
È cos x /2 + sin x /2 ˘
= tan - 1 Í ˙
Î cos x/2 - sin x/2 ˚
È 1 + tan x/2 ˘
= tan - 1 Í ˙ [Dividing the Nr. and
Î 1 - tan x/2 ˚ Den. by cos x/2]
È tan p/ 4 + tan x/2 ˘ -1 È Ê p xˆ ˘
= tan - 1 Í ˙ = tan Í tan Á + ˜ ˙
Î 1 - tan p/4.tan x/2 ˚ Î Ë 4 2¯˚
p x
\ y= +
4 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy 1 d 1 1
= ( x) = .1 =
dx 2 dx 2 2
dy 1
Hence, = .
dx 2
Ê a cos x - b sin x ˆ - p p a
Q40. tan - 1 Á ˜ , < x < and tan x > - 1 .
Ë b cos x + a sin x ¯ 2 2 b
Ê a cos x - b sin x ˆ
Sol. Let y = tan - 1 Á
Ë b cos x + a sin x ˜¯
È a cos x b sin x ˘
Í -
- 1 Í b cos x b cos x ˙˙
 y = tan
Í b cos x a sin x ˙
Í + ˙
Î b cos x b cos x ˚

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

È a - tan x ˘
Í b
-1 ˙
 y = tan Í a ˙
Í 1 + tan x ˙
Î b ˚
-1 a -1
 y = tan - tan (tan x)
b
È -1 Ê x - y ˆ
˘
Í tan Á ˜ = tan - 1 x - tan - 1 y ˙
ÍÎ Ë 1 + xy ¯ ˙˚
-1a
 y = tan -x
b
Differentiating both sides with respect to x
dy d Ê - 1 aˆ d
= ÁË tan ˜¯ - ( x) = 0 – 1 = – 1
dx dx b dx
dy
Hence, = – 1.
dx
Ê 1 ˆ 1
Q41. sec - 1 Á 3 ˜, 0<x< .
Ë 4 x - 3x ¯ 2
Ê 1 ˆ
Sol. Let y = sec - 1 Á 3 ˜
Ë 4 x - 3x ¯
Put x = cos q \ q = cos– 1 x
Ê 1 ˆ
y = sec - 1 Á 3 ˜
Ë 4 cos q - 3 cos q ¯
Ê 1 ˆ
 y = sec - 1 Á [ cos 3q = 4 cos3q – 3 cos q]
Ë cos 3q ˜¯
 y = sec– 1 (sec 3q)  y = 3q
y = 3 cos– 1 x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d Ê -1 ˆ -3
= 3. cos - 1 x = 3 Á ˜ =
dx dx ÁË 1 - x 2 ˜¯ 1 - x2
dy -3
Hence, = .
dx 1 - x2
Ê 3a 2 x - x 3 ˆ - 1 x 1
Q42. tan - 1 Á 3 2˜
, < < .
Ë a - 3 ax ¯ 3 a 3
È 2
- 1 3a x - x
3
˘
Sol. Let y = tan Í 3 2˙
ÍÎ a - 3ax ˙˚

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

x
Put x = a tan q \ q = tan - 1
a
2
È 3 a . a tan q - a 3 tan 3 q ˘
y = tan - 1 Í ˙
ÎÍ a 3 - 3a.a 2 tan 2 q ˙˚
È 3a 3 tan q - a 3 tan 3 q ˘
 y = tan - 1 Í 3 3 2 ˙
ÍÎ a - 3a tan q ˙˚
È 3 tan q - tan 3 q ˘
 y = tan - 1 Í 2 ˙
ÍÎ 1 - 3 tan q ˙˚
È 3 tan q - tan 3 q ˘
 y = tan - 1 [tan 3q] Í tan 3q = ˙
ÍÎ 1 - 3 tan 2 q ˙˚
x
 y = 3q  y = 3 tan - 1
a
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d
Ê - 1 xˆ
= 3. ÁË tan ˜
dx dx a¯
1 d Ê xˆ a2 1 3a
= 3. . . Á ˜ = 3. . = 2
x 2 dx Ë a ¯ a2 + x2 a a + x2
1+ 2
a
dy 3a
Hence, = 2 .
dx a + x2
Ê 1 + x2 + 1 - x2 ˆ
-1
Q43. tan Á ˜ , – 1 < x < 1, x  0.
ÁË 1 + x 2 - 1 - x 2 ˜¯
Ê 1 + x2 + 1 - x2 ˆ
Sol. Let y = tan - 1 Á ˜
ÁË 1 + x 2 - 1 - x 2 ˜¯
1
Putting x2 = cos 2q \ q = cos - 1 x 2
2
Ê 1 + cos 2q + 1 - cos 2q ˆ
y = tan - 1 Á ˜
Ë 1 + cos 2q - 1 - cos 2q ¯
Ê 2 cos 2 q + 2 sin 2 q ˆ
-1
 y = tan Á ˜
ÁË 2 cos 2 q - 2 sin 2 q ˜¯

Ê 2 cos q + 2 sin q ˆ
 y = tan Á 2 cos q - 2 sin q ˜
Ë ¯

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

- 1 Ê cos q + sin q ˆ
 y = tan Á
Ë cos q - sin q ˜¯
È cos q sin q ˘
Í cos q + cos q ˙
-1
 y = tan Í cos q sin q ˙
Í ˙
Í cos q - cos q ˙
Î ˚
- 1 È 1 + tan q ˘
 y = tan Í ˙
Î 1 - tan q ˚
È tan p + tan q ˘
-1 Í 4 ˙
 y = tan Í ˙
p
Í 1 - tan .tan q ˙
Î 4 ˚
-1 È Êp ˆ˘
 y = tan Í tan Á + q˜ ˙
Î Ë 4 ¯˚
p p 1 -1 2
 y= + q  y = + cos x
4 4 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy d Ê pˆ 1 d
= + (cos - 1 x 2 )
dx dx ÁË 4 ˜¯ 2 dx
1 -1 d - 1.2 x x
= 0 + ¥ . ( x2 ) = =-
2 4 dx 4
1- x 2 1- x 1 - x4
dy x
Hence, = - .
dx 1 - x4
dy
Find of each of the functions expressed in parametric form in
dx
Exercises from 44 to 48:
1 1
Q44. x = t + , y = t -
t t
Sol. Given that:
1 1
x= t+ , y= t-

t t
Differentiating both the given parametric functions w.r.t. t
dx 1 dy 1
= 1- 2 , = 1+ 2
dt t dt t

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy 1
1+ 2
dy dt = t2 = t + 1
\ = dx 1 t2 - 1
dx 1-
dt t2
dy t2 + 1
Hence, = 2 .
dx t -1
Ê 1ˆ -q Ê 1ˆ
Q45. x = e q Á q + ˜¯ , y = e ÁË q - ˜
Ë q q¯
Sol. Given that:
qÊ 1ˆ -q Ê 1ˆ
x = e Áq + ˜ , y = e ÁË q - ˜
Ë q¯ q¯
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. q.
dx qÊ 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ q
= e Á1 - 2 ˜ + Áq + ˜ .e
dq Ë q ¯ Ë q ¯

dx qÊ 1 1ˆ Ê 2 3
q q -1+q +q
ˆ
= e ÁË 1 - + q + ˜ fi e Á ˜
dq q 2 q¯ Ë q 2
¯
e q (q 3 + q 2 + q - 1)
=
q2
-q Ê 1ˆ
y = e Áq - ˜
Ë q¯
dy -q Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ -q
= e ÁË 1 + 2 ˜¯ + ÁË q - q ˜¯ .( - e )
dq q
dy -q Ê 1 1ˆ Ê 2 3
-q q + 1 - q + q
ˆ
= e Á 1 + 2 - q + ˜ fi e Á ˜
dq Ë q q¯ Ë q2 ¯

-q ( - q 3 + q 2 + q + 1)
= e
q2
Ê - q3 + q2 + q + 1ˆ
e- q Á ˜
dy dy/dq Ë q2 ¯
\ = =
dx dx/dq Ê q3 + q2 + q - 1ˆ
eq Á ˜
Ë q2 ¯
Ê - q3 + q2 + q + 1ˆ
= e - 2q Á 3 2 ˜
Ë q +q +q-1 ¯

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

3 2
dy Ê
- 2q - q + q + q + 1
ˆ
Hence, = e Á 3 2 ˜.
dx Ë q +q +q-1 ¯
Q46. x = 3 cos q – 2 cos3 q, y = 3 sin q – 2 sin3 q.
Sol. Given that: x = 3 cos q – 2 cos3 q and y = 3 sin q – 2 sin3 q.
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. q
dx d
= - 3 sin q - 6 cos 2 q . (cos q)
dq dq
= – 3 sin q – 6 cos2 q . (– sin q)
= – 3 sin q + 6 cos2 q . sin q
dy d
= 3 cos q - 6 sin 2 q . (sin q)
dq dq
= 3 cos q – 6 sin2 q . cos q
dy dy /dq 3 cos q - 6 sin 2 q cos q
\ = =
dx dx /dq - 3 sin q + 6 cos 2 q .sin q

dy cos q (3 - 6 sin 2 q) cos q ÈÎ 3 - 6 (1 - cos 2 q) ˘˚

 = =
dx sin q ( - 3 + 6 cos 2 q) sin q ÈÎ - 3 + 6 cos 2 q ˘˚
Ê 3 - 6 + 6 cos 2 q ˆ Ê - 3 + 6 cos 2 q ˆ
= cot q Á 2 ˜ = cot q Á 2 ˜
Ë - 3 + 6 cos q ¯ Ë - 3 + 6 cos q ¯
= cot q
dy
Hence, = cot q.
dx
2t 2t
Q47. sin x = 2
, tan y =
1+ t 1 − t2
2t 2t
Sol. Given that sin x = 2
and tan y =
1+ t 1 − t2
2t
\ Taking sin x =

1 + t2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t t, we get
d d
(1 + t 2 ) . (2t ) − 2t . (1 + t 2 )
dx dt dt
cos x. =
dt (1 + t 2 )2
2
dx 2(1 + t ) − 2t . 2t
⇒ cos x. =
dt (1 + t 2 )2
dx 2 + 2t 2 − 4t 2 1
⇒ = ×
dt 2
(1 + t ) 2 cos x

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dx 2 − 2t 2 1
⇒ = 2 2
×
dt (1 + t ) 1 − sin 2 x
dx 2(1 − t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt (1 + t 2 )2 2
 2t 
1− 2
1+ t 
dx 2(1 − t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt (1 + t 2 )2 (1 + t 2 )2 − 4t 2
(1 + t 2 )2
2
dx 2(1 − t ) 1 + t2
⇒ = ×
dt (1 + t 2 )2 1 + t 4 + 2t 2 − 4t 2

dx 2(1 − t 2 ) (1 + t 2 )
⇒ = ×
dt (1 2 )2 1 + t 4 − 2t 2
dx 2(1 − t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt 2
(1 + t ) (1 − t 2 )2
dx 2(1 − t 2 ) 1 dx 2
⇒ = × ⇒ =
dt (1 + t ) (1 − t 2 )
2
dt 1 + t2
2
Now taking, tan y =
1 − t2

Differentiating both sides w.r.t, t, we get
d  
(tan y ) = d  2t 
dt dt  1 − t 2

d d
dy (1 − t 2 ) . (2t ) − 2t . (1 − t 2 )
2 dt dt
⇒ sec y =
dt (1 − t 2 )2
dy (1 − t 2 ) . 2 − 2t . ( − 2t )
⇒ sec2 y =
dt (1 − t 2 )2

2
dy 2 − 2t 2 + 4t 2
⇒ sec y =
dt (1 − t 2 )2
dy 2 + 2t 2 1
⇒ = ×
dt 2 2
(1 − t ) sec 2 y

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy 2(1 + t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt 2 2
(1 − t ) 1 + tan 2 y
dy 2(1 + t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt (1 − t 2 )2  2t 
2

1+  2
1− t 
dy 2(1 + t 2 ) 1
⇒ = ×
dt (1 − t 2 )2 (1 − t 2 )2 + 4t 2
(1 − t 2 )2
dy 2(1 + t ) 2
(1 − t 2 )2
⇒ = ×
dt (1 − t 2 )2 1 + t 2 + 2t 2 + 4t 2
dy 2(1 + t 2 ) (1 − t 2 )2
⇒ = ×
dt (1 − t 2 )2 1 + t 4 + 2t 2
dy 2(1 + t 2 ) (1 − t 2 )2 dy 2
⇒ = × ⇒ =
dt (1 − t 2 )2 (1 + t 2 )2 dt 1 + t2
2
dy dy / dt 1 + t 2
\ = = =1
dt dx / dt 2
dy 1 + t2
Hence =1
dt
1 + log t 3 + 2 log t
Q48. x = 2
, y= .
t t
1 + log t 3 + 2 log t
Sol. Given that: x = 2
,y= .
t t
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. t
d d
dx t 2 . (1 + log t ) - (1 + log t ). (t 2 )
= dt dt
dt t4
1
t 2 . ÊÁ ˆ˜ - (1 + log t ).2t t - (1 + log t ).2t
Ët¯
= =
t 4
t4
t È1 - 2 - 2 log t ˚˘ - (1 + 2 log t )
= Î =
t 4
t3
3 + 2 log t
y=
t

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

d d
t. (3 + 2 log t ) - (3 + 2 log t ). (t )
dy dt dt
=
dt t2
t (2/t ) - (3 + 2 log t ) .1
=
t2
2 - 3 - 2 log t - (1 + 2 log t )
= =
t 2
t2
- (1 + 2 log t )
dy dy/dt t2 t3
\ = = = 2 =t
dx dx/dt - (1 + 2 log t ) t
dy t3
Hence, = t.
dx
dy - y log x
Q49. If x = ecos 2t and y = esin 2t, prove that = .
dx x log y
Sol. Given that: x = ecos 2t and y = esin 2t
 cos 2t = log x and sin 2t = log y.

Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. t
dx cos 2 t d
= e . (cos 2t ) = e cos 2t ( - sin 2t ). d (2t )
dt dt dt
cos 2t
= – e . sin 2t . 2 = – 2ecos 2t . sin 2t
Now y = esin 2t
dy sin 2 t d
= e . (sin 2t ) = e sin 2t .cos 2t . d (2t )
dt dt dt
sin 2t
= e . cos 2t . 2 = 2 esin 2t . cos 2t

dy dy/dt 2 e sin 2t .cos 2t e sin 2t .cos 2t y cos 2t

\ = = = =
dx dx/dt -2 e cos 2 t
.sin 2t -e cos 2 t
.sin 2t - x sin 2t
y log x È cos 2t = log x ˘
= Í sin 2t = log y ˙
- x log y Î ˚
dy y log x
Hence, = - .
dx x log y
Q50. If x = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t), show that
Ê dy ˆ b
ÁË ˜¯ = .
dx at t = p a
4

Sol. Given that: x = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t).
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. t

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dx È d d ˘
= a Í sin 2t . dt (1 + cos 2t ) + (1 + cos 2t ). dt sin 2t ˙
dt Î ˚
= a [sin 2t .( - sin 2t ).2 + (1 + cos 2t )(cos 2t ).2]
= a[ - 2 sin 2 2t + 2 cos 2t + 2 cos 2 2t ]
= a[2(cos 2 2t - sin 2 2t ) + 2 cos 2t ]
= a [2 cos 4t + 2 cos 2t ] [ cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x]
= 2 a [cos 4t + cos 2t ]
y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t)
dy È d d ˘
= b Í cos 2t. (1 - cos 2t ) + (1 - cos 2t ). (cos 2t ) ˙
dt Î dt dt ˚
= b [cos 2t.sin 2t.2 + (1 - cos 2t ).( - sin 2t ).2]
= b [2 sin 2t.cos 2t - 2 sin 2t + 2 sin 2t cos 2t ]
= b [sin 4t - 2 sin 2t + sin 4t ] [ sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x]
= b [2 sin 4t - 2 sin 2t ] = 2b (sin 4t – sin 2t)
dy dy/dt 2b [sin 4t - sin 2t ] b È sin 4t - sin 2t ˘
\ = = = Í ˙
dx dx/dt 2 a [cos 4t + cos 2t ] a Î cos 4t + cos 2t ˚
p
Put t=
4
È p p ˘ È sin p - sin p ˘
sin 4 ÊÁ ˆ˜ - sin 2. ÊÁ ˆ˜ ˙
Ê dy ˆ bÍ Ë 4¯ Ë 4¯ bÍ 2˙
\Á ˜ = Í ˙ = Í ˙
Ë dx ¯ at t = p aÍ Ê p ˆ + cos 2. Ê p ˆ ˙ a Í cos p + cos p ˙
4 cos 4 ÁË ˜¯ ÁË ˜¯ ˙
ÎÍ 4 4 ˚ Î 2˚
bÈ 0-1 ˘ b Ê - 1ˆ b
= Í ˙ = Á =
a Î- 1 + 0˚ a Ë - 1 ˜¯ a
dy b
Hence, ÊÁ ˆ˜ = .
Ë dx ¯ at t = p a
4
dy p
Q51. If x = 3 sin t – sin 3t, y = 3 cos t – cos 3t, find at t = .
dx 3
Sol. Given that: x = 3 sin t – sin 3t, y = 3 cos t – cos 3t.
Differentiating both parametric functions w.r.t. t
dx
= 3 cos t – cos 3t.3 = 3(cos t – cos 3t)
dt
dy
= – 3 sin t + sin 3t.3 = 3(– sin t + sin 3t)

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy dy/dt 3( - sin t + sin 3t ) - sin t + sin 3t

\ = = =
dx dx/dt 3(cos t - cos 3 t ) cos t - cos 3t
p
Put t =
3
p p
- sin + sin 3 ÊÁ ˆ˜
dy 3 Ë 3¯
=
p p
dx cos - cos 3 ÁÊ ˜ˆ
3 Ë 3¯
3 3 3 3
- + sin p - +0 - - -1
= 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 =
1 1 1 3 3
- cos p - ( - 1) +1
2 2 2 2
dy -1
Hence, = .
dx 3
x
Q52. Differentiate w.r.t. sin x.
sin x
x
Sol. Let y= and z = sin x.
sin x
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. x,
d d
sin x . ( x) - x . (sin x)
dy dx dx
=
dx (sin x)2
sin x .1 - x .cos x sin x - x cos x
= 2
=
sin x sin 2 x
dz
= cos x
dx
sin x - x cos x
dy dy/dx sin 2 x sin x - x cos x
\ = = =
dz dz / dx cos x sin 2 x cos x
sin x x cos x
= -
sin x cos x sin 2 x cos x
2

tan x x tan x - x
= 2
- 2
=
sin x sin x sin 2 x
dy tan x - x
Hence, = .
dz sin 2 x
Ê 1 + x2 - 1ˆ
-1
Q53. Differentiate tan Á ˜ w.r.t. tan– 1 x, when x  0.
ÁË x ˜¯

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Ê 1 + x2 - 1ˆ
-1
Sol. Let y = tan Á ˜ and z = tan– 1 x.
ÁË x ˜¯
Put x = tan q.
Ê 1 + tan 2 q - 1 ˆ
\ y = tan - 1 Á ˜ and z = tan– 1(tan q) = q.
ÁË tan q ˜¯

Ê sec q - 1 ˆ Ê sec q - 1 ˆ
 tan Á ˜ = tan - 1 Á
ÁË tan ˜¯ Ë tan q ˜¯
Ê 1 ˆ
-1
Á cos q ˜ - 1 Ê 1 - cos q ˆ
 tan - 1 Á ˜ = tan Á
Á sin q ˜ Ë sin q ˜¯
ÁË cos q ˜¯

Ê 2 sin 2 q/2 ˆ Ê sin q/2 ˆ

 tan - 1 Á ˜ = tan - 1 Á
Ë 2 sin q/2 cos q/2 ¯ Ë cos q/2 ˜¯
Ê qˆ q
 y = tan - 1 Á tan ˜  y =
Ë 2¯ 2
Differentiating both parametric functions w.r.t. q
dy 1 d dz d
= . (q) and = (q)
dq 2 dq dq dq
1 1 dz
= .1 = and =1
2 2 dq
dy dy/dq 1/ 2 1
\ = = = .
dz dz/dq 1 2
dy
Find when x and y are connected by the relation given in each
dx
of the Exercises 54 to 57:
x
Q54. sin xy + = x2 – y.
y
x
Sol. Given that: sin xy + = x2 – y.
y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d Ê xˆ d 2 d
sin ( xy ) + Á ˜ = ( x ) - ( y)
dx dx Ë y ¯ dx dx
d dy
y. .x - x.

d
cos xy. ( xy ) + dx dx = 2 x - dy
dx y 2 dx

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

È dy ˘ y.1 x dy dy
 cos xy Í x. + y.1˙ + 2 - 2 . = 2x -
Î dx ˚ y y dx dx
dy 1 x dy dy
 x cos xy. + y cos xy + - 2 = 2x -
dx y y dx dx
dy x dy dy 1
 x cos xy. - 2 . + = - y cos xy - + 2 x
dx y dx dx y
È x ˘ dy 1
 Í x cos xy - 2 + 1˙ = 2 x - y cos xy -
Î y ˚ dx y
È xy 2 cos xy - x + y 2 ˘ dy 2 xy - y 2 cos xy - 1
 Î ˚ =
y2 dx y
dy 2 xy - y 2 cos xy - 1 y2
 = ¥ 2
dx y xy cos xy - x + y 2
2 xy 2 - y 3 cos ( xy ) - y
=
xy 2 cos ( xy ) - x + y 2
dy 2 xy 2 - y 3 cos ( xy ) - y
Hence, = .
dx xy 2 cos ( xy ) - x + y 2
Q55. sec (x + y) = xy
Sol. Given that: sec (x + y) = xy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d
sec ( x + y ) = ( xy )
dx dx dy
d
 sec( x + y ) tan( x + y). ( x + y) = x . + y.1
dx dx
Ê dy ˆ dy
 sec( x + y ).tan( x + y) Á 1 + ˜ = x . + y
Ë dx ¯ dx
dy dy
 sec( x + y ).tan( x + y) + sec( x + y).tan( x + y). = x. + y
dx dx
dy dy
 sec( x + y).tan( x + y). - x = y – sec(x + y).tan(x + y)
dx dx
dy
 [sec( x + y).tan( x + y) - x] = y – sec(x + y).tan(x + y)
dx
dy y - sec( x + y ).tan( x + y)
 =
dx sec( x + y).tan( x + y) - x
dy y - sec( x + y ).tan( x + y)
Hence, = .
dx sec( x + y ).tan( x + y) - x

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Q56. tan– 1(x2 + y2) = a

Sol. Given that: tan– 1(x2 + y2) = a
 x2 + y2 = tan a.
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x.
d 2 d
(x + y2 ) = (tan a)
dx dx
dy dy
 2x + 2 y . = 0  2y . = – 2x
dx dx
dy - 2x - x
 = =
dx 2y y
dy -x
Hence, = .
dx y
Q57. (x2 + y2)2 = xy
Sol. Given that: (x2 + y2)2 = xy
 x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 = xy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d 4 d d d
( x ) + ( y 4 ) + 2. ( x 2 y 2 ) = ( xy )
dx dx dx dx
dy È dy ˘ dy
 4x3 + 4 y 3 . + 2 Í x 2 .2 y. + y 2 .2 x ˙ = x + y.1
dx Î dx ˚ dx
dy dy dy
 4x3 + 4 y 3 .+ 4 x 2 y. + 4 xy 2 = x + y
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
 4y3 + 4x2 y -x = y – 4x3 – 4xy2
dx dx dx
dy
 (4 y 3 + 4 x 2 y - x) = y – 4x3 – 4xy2
dx
dy y - 4 x3 - 4 xy 2
 =
dx 4 y 3 + 4 x2 y - x
dy y - 4 x3 - 4 xy 2
Hence, = .
dx 4x2 y + 4 y 3 - x
dy dx
Q58. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then show that . = 1.
dx dy
Sol. Given that: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d
(ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c) = (0)
dx dx

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Ê dy ˆ dy dy
 a.2 x + 2 h Á x. + y.1˜ + b.2 y. + 2 g.1 + 2 f . + 0 = 0
Ë dx ¯ dx dx
dy dy dy
 2 ax + 2 hx. + 2 hy + 2by. + 2 g + 2 f . =0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
 2 hx. + 2by +2f = – 2ax – 2hy – 2g
dx dx dx
dy
 (2 hx + 2by + 2 f ) = – 2(ax + hy + g)
dx
dy
 2( hx + by + f ) = – 2(ax + hy + g)
dx
dy - 2( ax + hy + g )
 =
dx 2( hx + by + f )

dy - ( ax + hy + g )
 =
dx ( hx + by + f )
Now, differentiating the given equation w.r.t. y.
d d
(ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c) = (0)
dy dy
dx Ê dx ˆ dx
 2 ax. + 2 h Á y. + x.1˜ + 2by + 2 g. + 2 f .1 + 0 = 0
dy Ë dy ¯ dy
dx dx dx
 2 ax. + 2 hy. + 2 hx + 2by + 2 g. + 2 f = 0
dy dy dy
dx dx dx
 2 ax + 2 hy. + 2 g. = – 2hx – 2by – 2f
dy dy dy
dx
 (2 ax + 2 hy + 2 g ) = – 2hx – 2by – 2f
dy
dx - 2 hx - 2by - 2 f
 =
dy 2 ax + 2 hy + 2 g
dx - 2( hx + by + f ) dx - ( hx + by + f )
 =  =
dy 2( ax + hy + g ) dy ( ax + hy + g )
dy dx È - ( ax + hy + g ) ˘ È - ( hx + by + f ) ˘
\ . = Í ˙Í ˙ =1
dx dy Î ( hx + by + f ) ˚ Î ( ax + hy + g ) ˚
dy dx
Hence, . = 1. Hence, proved.
dx dy

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy x-y
Q59. If x = ex/y, prove that = .
dx x log x
Sol. Given that: x = ex/y
Taking log on both the sides,
log x = log ex/y
x x
 log x = log e  log x = [ log e = 1] ...(i)
y y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d Ê xˆ
log x =
dx dx ÁË y ˜¯
dy
y.1 - x .
1 dx
 =
x y2
2 dy 2 dy
 y2 = xy - x .  x . = xy – y2
dx dx
dy y( x - y ) dy y Ê x - yˆ
 = 2  = .Á ˜
dx x dx x Ë x ¯
dy 1 Ê x - yˆ Ê x ˆ
 = .Á ˜ Á log x = from eqn. (i )˜
dx log x Ë x ¯ Ë y ¯
dy x-y
Hence, = .
dx x log x
dy (1 + log y )2
Q60. If yx = ey – x, prove that = .
dx log y
Sol. Given that: yx = ey – x
Taking log on both sides log yx = log ey – x
 x log y = (y – x) log e
 x log y = y – x [ log e = 1]
 x log y + x = y
 x (log y + 1) = y
y
 x= .
log y + 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y
dx d Ê y ˆ
=
dy dy ÁË log y + 1 ˜¯
d
(log y + 1).1 - y . (log y + 1)
dy
=
(log y + 1)2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

1
log y + 1 - y.
y log y + 1 - 1 log y
= = 2 =
(log y + 1) 2 (log y + 1) (log y + 1)2
We know that
dy 1 1 (log y + 1)2
= = =
dx dx/dy log y log y
2
(log y + 1)
dy (log y + 1)2
Hence, = .
dx log y
(cos x ) ... • dy y 2 tan x
Q61. If y = (cos x)(cos x ) , show that = .
dx y log cos x - 1
(cos x ) ... •
(cos x )
Sol. Given that y = (cos x)
 y = (cos x)y È y = (cos x)(cos x )(cos x ) ... • ˘
Î ˚
Taking log on both sides log y = y.log (cos x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
1 dy d dy
. = y . log (cos x) + log(cos x).
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d dy
 . = y. . (cos x) + log(cos x).
y dx cos x dx dx
1 dy 1 dy
 . = y. .( - sin x) + log(cos x).
y dx cos x dx
1 dy dy
 . - log (cos x ) = – y tan x
y dx dx
È1 ˘ dy
 Í - log (cos x) ˙ = – y tan x
Îy ˚ dx
dy - y tan x y 2 tan x
 = =
dx 1 y log cos x - 1
- log (cos x)
y
dy y 2 tan x
Hence, = . Hence, proved.
dx y log cos x - 1
dy sin 2 ( a + y )
Q62. If x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0, prove that = .
dx sin a
Sol. Given that: x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

 x sin (a + y) = – sin a cos (a + y)

- sin a .cos ( a + y )
 x=  x = – sin a.cot (a + y)
sin ( a + y )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y
dx d
 = - sin a . cot ( a + y )
dy dy
dx
 = - sin a [ - cosec 2 ( a + y )]
dy
dx sin a
 =
dy sin 2 ( a + y )
dy 1 1
\ = =
dx dx/dy sin a
sin 2 ( a + y )
dy sin 2 ( a + y )
Hence, = . Hence proved.
dx sin a
dy 1 - y2
Q63. If 1 - x 2 + 1 - y 2 = a( x - y ), prove that = .
dx 1 - x2

Sol. Given that: 1 - x 2 + 1 - y 2 = a(x – y)

Put x = sin q and y = sin f.
\ q = sin– 1 x and f = sin– 1 y

1 - sin 2 q + 1 - sin 2 f = a(sin q – sin f)

 cos 2 q + cos 2 f = a(sin q – sin f)

 cos q + cos f = a(sin q – sin f)
q+f q-f
cos q + cos f 2 cos .cos
 =a  2 2 =a
sin q - sin f q+f q-f
2 cos .sin
2 2
È A + B A - B˘
Í cos A + cos B = 2 cos 2 .cos 2 ˙
Í ˙
Í sin A - sin B = 2 cos A + B .sin A - B ˙
ÍÎ 2 2 ˙˚

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Ê q - fˆ
cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ê q - fˆ
 =a  cot Á =a
Ê q - fˆ Ë 2 ˜¯
sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
q-f
 = cot– 1 a  q – f = 2 cot– 1 a
2
 sin– 1 x – sin– 1 y = 2 cot– 1 a
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d d
(sin - 1 x) - (sin - 1 y ) = 2. cot - 1 a
dx dx dx
1 1 dy
 - . =0
1- x 2
1- y 2 dx

1 dy 1
 . =
1- y 2 dx 1 - x2

dy 1 - y2
\ =
dx 1 - x2

dy 1 - y2
Hence, = .
dx 1 - x2

d2 y
Q64. If y = tan– 1 x, find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
Sol. Given that: y = tan– 1 x  x = tan y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y
dx dy 1
= sec2 y  = = cos 2 y
dy dx sec 2 y
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d Ê dy ˆ d 2
ÁË ˜¯ = dx (cos y )
dx dx

d2 y d
 = 2 cos y . (cos y )
dx 2 dx

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

d2 y dy
 = 2 cos y ( - sin y ).
dx 2 dx
d2 y
 = – 2 sin y cos y . cos2 y
dx 2
d2 y
\ = – 2 sin y cos3 y
dx 2
Verify the Rolle’s Theorem for each of the functions in
Exercises 65 to 69:
Q65. f(x) = x(x – 1)2 in [0, 1]
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x(x – 1)2 in [0, 1]
(i) f(x) = x(x – 1)2, being an algebraic polynomial, is continuous
in [0, 1].
(ii) f (x) = x.2 (x – 1) + (x – 1)2.1
= 2x2 – 2x + x2 + 1 – 2x
= 3x2 – 4x + 1 which exists in (0, 1)
(iii) f(x) = x(x – 1)2
f(0) = 0(0 – 1)2 = 0; f(1) = 1(1 – 1)2 = 0

 f(0) = f(1) = 0
As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist at
least one point c  (0, 1) such that f (c) = 0
\ f (c) = 3c2 – 4c + 1 = 0  3c2 – 3c – c + 1 = 0
 3c(c – 1) – 1(c – 1) = 0  (c – 1)(3c – 1) = 0
 c–1 = 0 c=1
1
3c – 1 = 0  3c = 1 \ c = Œ (0, 1)
3
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
È p˘
Q66. f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x in Í 0, ˙ .
Î 2˚
È p˘
Sol. Given that: f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x in Í 0, ˙
Î 2˚
4 4
(i) f(x) = sin x + cos x, being sine and cosine functions, f(x) is
p
continuous function in È 0, ˘ .
ÍÎ 2 ˙˚
(ii) f (x) = 4 sin3 x.cos x + 4 cos3 x (– sin x)
= 4 sin3 x.cos x – 4 cos3 x.sin x

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

= 4 sin x cos x (sin2 x – cos2 x)

= – 4 sin x cos x (cos2 x – sin2 x)
È cos 2 x = cos 2 x - sin 2 x ˘
= – 2.2 sin x cos x.cos 2x Í ˙
Î sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ˚
= – 2 sin 2x.cos 2x
p
= – sin 4x which exists in ÊÁ 0, ˆ˜ .
Ë 2¯
p
So, f(x) is differentiable in ÊÁ 0, ˆ˜ .
Ë 2¯
(iii) f(0) = sin4(0) + cos4(0) = 1
Ê pˆ 4 Ê pˆ 2 Ê pˆ
f Á ˜ = sin Á ˜ + cos Á ˜ = 1
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
Ê pˆ
\ f(0) = f Á ˜ = 1
Ë 2¯
As the above conditions are satisfied, there must exist at least
Ê pˆ
one point c Œ Á 0, ˜ such that f (c) = 0
Ë 2¯
 – sin 4c = 0
 sin 4c = 0  sin 4c = sin 0
 4c = np
np
\ c= , n ŒI
4
p Ê pˆ
For n = 1, c = Œ Á 0, ˜
4 Ë 2¯
Hence, the Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
Q67. f(x) = log (x2 + 2) – log 3 in [– 1, 1].
Sol. Given that: f(x) = log (x2 + 2) – log 3 in [– 1, 1]
(i) f(x) = log (x2 + 2) – log 3, being a logarithm function, is
continuous in [– 1, 1].
1 2x
(ii) f (x) = 2 .2 x - 0 = 2 which exists in (– 1, 1)
x +2 x +2
So, f(x) is differentiable in (– 1, 1).
(iii) f(– 1) = log (1 + 2) – log 3  log 3 – log 3 = 0
f(1) = log (1 + 2) – log 3  log 3 – log 3 = 0
\ f(– 1) = f(1) = 0

As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist
atleast one point c  (– 1, 1) such that f (c) = 0.

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

2c
\ = 0  2c = 0 \ c = 0  (– 1, 1)
c2 + 2
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
Q68. f(x) = x(x + 3) e– x/2 in [– 3, 0].
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x(x + 3) e– x/2 in [– 3, 0]
(i) Algebraic functions and exponential functions are continuous
in their domains.
\ f(x) is continuous in [– 3, 0]

d d d
(ii) f (x) = x( x + 3). e - x/ 2 + x.e - x/ 2 . ( x + 3) + ( x + 3).e - x/ 2 .x
dx dx dx
Ê 1 ˆ
= x( x + 3).e - x/ 2 . Á - ˜ + x.e - x/ 2 .1 + ( x + 3).e - x/ 2 .1
Ë 2¯
È - x( x + 3) ˘
= e - x/ 2 Í + x + x + 3˙
Î 2 ˚
È - x( x + 3) ˘ È - x2 - 3x + 4 x + 6 ˘
= e - x/ 2 Í + 2 x + 3 ˙ = e - x/ 2 Í ˙
Î 2 ˚ ÎÍ 2 ˚˙
2
È
- x/ 2 - x + x + 6
˘
= e Í ˙ which exists in (– 3, 0).
ÍÎ 2 ˙˚
So, f(x) is differentiable in (– 3, 0).
(iii) f(– 3) = (– 3) (– 3 + 3) e– 3/2 = 0
f(0) = (0) (0 + 3) e– 0/2 = 0
\ f(– 3) = f(0) = 0
As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist
atleast one point c  (– 3, 0) such that
È 2
- c/2 - c + c + 6
˘
f (c) = 0  e Í ˙ =0
ÎÍ 2 ˚˙
e- c/2 2

 - [c - c - 6] = 0
2
e- c/2

 - (c - 3)(c + 2) = 0
2
 e– c/2  0 \ (c – 3)(c + 2) = 0

Which gives c = 3, c = – 2  (– 3, 0).
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Q69. f(x) = 4 - x 2 in [– 2, 2].

Sol. Given that: f(x) = 4 - x 2 in [– 2, 2]

(i) Since
algebraic polynomials are continuous,
\ f(x) is continuous in [– 2, 2]

d 1 -x
(ii) f (x) = 4 - x2 = ¥ - 2x = which exists
dx 2 4 - x2 4 - x2
in (– 2, 2)
So, f (x) is differentiable in (– 2, 2).
(iii) f (– 2) = 4 - ( - 2)2 = 4 - 4 = 0

f (2) = 4 - (2)2 = 4 - 4 = 0
So f (– 2) = f (2) = 0
As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist
atleast one point c  (– 2, 2) such that
-c
f (c) = 0  = 0  c = 0  (– 2, 2)
4 - c2
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
Q70. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s Theorem on the function
given by
2
ÔÏ x + 1, if 0 £ x £ 1
f(x) = Ì

ÔÓ 3 - x , if 1 £ x £ 2
Sol. (i) f(x) being an algebraic polynomial, is continuous
everywhere.
(ii) f(x) must be differentiable at x = 1
f ( x) - f (1)
L.H.L. = lim-
xÆ1 x - 12
( x + 1) - (1 + 1)
= lim
xÆ1 x-1
x2 + 1 - 2 x2 - 1
= lim = lim
xÆ1 x-1 xÆ1 x - 1

( x - 1)( x + 1)
= lim = lim( x + 1) = (1 + 1) = 2
xÆ1 x-1 xÆ1

f ( x) - f (1)
and R.H.L. = lim+
xÆ1 x-1

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

(3 - x) - (1 + 1)
= lim
xÆ1 x-1
(3 - x) - 2 1- x
= lim = lim =-1
xÆ1 x-1 xÆ1 x - 1

\ L.H.L.  R.H.L.
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable in [0, 2].
Q71. Find the points on the curve y = (cos x – 1) in [0, 2p], where the
tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Sol. Given that: y = cos x – 1 on [0, 2p]
We have to find a point c on the given curve y = cos x – 1 on
[0, 2p] such that the tangent at c  [0, 2p] is parallel to x-axis
i.e., f (c) = 0 where f (c) is the slope of the tangent.
So, we have to verify the Rolle’s Theorem.
(i) y = cos x – 1 is the combination of cosine and constant
functions. So, it is continuous on [0, 2p].
dy
(ii) = – sin x which exists in (0, 2p).
dx
So, it is differentiable on (0, 2p).
(iii) Let f(x) = cos x – 1
f(0) = cos 0 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0; f(2p) = cos 2p – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
\ f(0) = f(2p) = 0

As the above conditions are satisfied, then there lies a point
c  (0, 2p) such that f (c) = 0.
\ – sin c = 0  sin c = 0
\ c = np, n  I
 c = p  (0, 2p)
Hence, c = p is the point on the curve in (0, 2p) at which the
tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Q72. Using Rolle’s theorem, find the point on the curve y = x(x – 4),
x  [0, 4], where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Sol. Given that: y = x(x – 4), x  [0, 4]
Let f(x) = x(x – 4), x  [0, 4]
(i) f(x) being an algebraic polynomial, is continuous function
everywhere.
So, f(x) = x(x – 4) is continuous in [0, 4].
(ii) f (x) = 2x – 4 which exists in (0, 4).
So, f(x) is differentiable.

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

(iii) f(0) = 0(0 – 4) = 0

f(4) = 4(4 – 4) = 0
So f(0) = f(4) = 0
As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist at
least one point c  (0, 4) such that f (c) = 0
\ 2c – 4 = 0  c = 2  (0, 4)
Hence, c = 2 is the point in (0, 4) on the given curve at which
the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
Verify mean value theorem for each of the functions given in
Exercises 73 to 76.
Statement of Mean Value Theorem:
Let f(x) be a real valued function defined on [a, b] such that if
(i) f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable on (a, b)
Then there is some c  (a, b) such that
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) =
b-a
1
Q73. f(x) = in [1, 4].
4x - 1
1
Sol. Given that: f(x) = in [1, 4].
4x - 1
(i) f(x) is an algebraic function, so it is continuous in [1, 4].
-4
(ii) f (x) = which exists in (1, 4).
(4 x - 1)2
So, f(x) is differentiable.
As the above conditions are satisfied then there must exist a
point c  (1, 4) such that
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) =
b-a
1 1
-
-4 4(4) - 1 4(1) - 1
=
(4c - 1) 2 4-1
1 1
- 1-5 -4 1 1
-4 15 3
 = = = = =
(4c - 1) 2 3 15 ¥ 3 45 (4c - 1) 2 45
 (4c – 1)2 = 45
 4c – 1 = ± 3 5  4c = + 1 ± 3 5
+ 1± 3 5
 c=
4

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

+ 1± 3 5
\ c= Π(1, 4)
4
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified.
Q74. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 3 in [0, 1].
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 3 in [0, 1]
(i) Being an algebraic polynomial, f(x) is continuous in [0, 1]
(ii) f (x) = 3x2 – 4x – 1 which exists in (0, 1).
So, f(x) is differentiable.
As the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist
atleast one point c  (0, 1) such that
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) =
b-a
[(1)3 - 2(1)2 - (1) + 3] - [0 - 0 - 0 + 3]
 3c2 – 4c – 1 =
1-0
(1 - 2 - 1 + 3) - (3)
 3c2 – 4c – 1 =
1
 3c2 – 4c – 1 = 1 – 3  3c2 – 4c – 1 = –2
 3c2 – 4c + 1 = 0  3c2 – 3c – c + 1 = 0
 3c (c – 1) –1 (c – 1) = 0  (c – 1) (3c – 1) = 0
 c–1 = 0 \c=1
1
3c Р1 = 0 \ c = Π(0, 1)
3
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified.
Q75. f(x) = sin x – sin 2x in [0, p].
Sol. Given that: f(x) = sin x – sin 2x in [0, p]
(i) Since trigonometric functions are always continuous on their
domain.
So, f(x) is continuous on [0, p].
(ii) f (x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x which exists in (0, p)
So, f(x) is differentiable on (0, p).
Since the above conditions are satisfied, then there must exist
atleast one point c  (0, p) such that
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) =
b-a
(sin p - sin 2 p) - (sin 0 - sin 0)
cos c – 2 cos 2c =
p-0
 cos c – 2(2 cos2 c – 1) = 0  cos c – 4 cos2 c + 2 = 0
 4 cos2 c – cos c – 2 = 0

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

- ( - 1) ± ( - 1)2 - 4 ¥ 4 ¥ - 2
 cos c =
2¥4
1 ± 1 + 32 1 ± 33
 cos c = =
8 8
- 1 Ê 1 ± 33 ˆ
 c = cos Á Œ (0, p).
Ë 8 ˜¯
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified.
Q76. f(x) = 25 - x 2 in [1, 5].
Sol. Given that: f(x) = 25 - x 2 in [1, 5]
(i) f(x) is continuous if 25 – x2  0  – x2  – 25
 x2  25  x  ± 5  – 5  x  5

So, f(x) is continuous on [1, 5].
1 -x
(ii) f (x) = ¥ ( - 2 x) = which exists in (1, 5).
2 25 - x 2 25 - x 2
So, f(x) is differentiable in [1, 5].
Since the above conditions are satisfied then there must exist
atleast one point c  (1, 5) such that
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) =
b-a
-c 25 - 25 - 25 - 1
=
25 - c 2 5-1
-c 0 - 24
 =
25 - c 2 4
c 2 6 c 6
 =  =
25 - c 2 4 25 - c 2 2
Squaring both sides
c2 6 3
= =
25 - c 2 4 2
 2c2 = 75 – 3c2  5c2 = 75  c2 = 15
\ c = ± 15 Œ (1, 5)
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified.
Q77. Find a point on the curve y = (x – 3)2, where the tangent is
parallel to the chord joining the points (3, 0) and (4, 1).

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Sol. Given that: y = (x – 3)2

Let f(x) = (x – 3)2
(i) Being an algebraic polynomial, f(x) is continuous at x1 = 3 and
x2 = 4 i.e. in [3, 4].
(ii) f (x) = 2(x – 3) which exists in (3, 4).
Hence, by mean value theorem, there must exist a point c on
the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the chord joining
the points (3, 0) and (4, 1).
f ( b) - f ( a )
\ f (c) = where b = 4 and a = 3
b-a
(4 - 3)2 - (3 - 3)2
 2(c – 3) =
4-3
1-0
 2c – 6 = = 1  2c = 6 + 1 = 7
1
7
\ c=
2
2
7 Ê7 ˆ 1
If x = \ y = Á - 3˜ = .
2 Ë 2 ¯ 4
Ê 7 1ˆ
Hence, Á , ˜ is the point on the curve at which the tangent
Ë 2 4¯
is parallel to the chord joining the points (3, 0) and (4, 1).
Q78. Using Mean Value Theorem, prove that there is a point on the
curve y = 2x2 – 5x + 3 between the points A(1, 0) and B(2, 1),
where tangent is parallel to the chord AB. Also, find that
point.
Sol. Given that: y = 2x2 – 5x + 3
Let f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3
(i) Being an algebraic polynomial, f(x) is continuous in [1, 2].
(ii) f (x) = 4x – 5 which exists in (1, 2).
As per the Mean Value Theorem, there must exist a point
c  (1, 2) on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the
chord joining the points A(1, 0) and B(2, 1).
f ( b) - f ( a )
So f (c) =
b-a
(8 - 10 + 3) - (2 - 5 + 3)
4c – 5 =
2-1
1-0
 4c – 5 = = 1  4c = 1 + 5  4c = 6
1

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

6 3
\ c= =
4 2
2
Ê 3ˆ Ê 3ˆ
\ y = 2Á ˜ - 5Á ˜ + 3
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
9 15 9 15 9 - 15 + 6
= 2 ¥ - +3 = - +3 = =0
4 2 2 2 2
3
Hence, ÊÁ , 0ˆ˜ is the point on the curve at which the tangent
Ë2 ¯
is parallel to the chord joining the points A(1, 0) and B(2, 1).
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q79. Find the values of p and q so that
2
ÔÏ x + 3 x + p , if x £ 1
f(x) = Ì
is differentiable at x = 1.
ÔÓ qx + 2, if x > 1
Sol. Given that:
ÏÔ x 2 + 3 x + p , if x £ 1
f(x) = Ì at x = 1.
ÔÓ qx + 2, if x > 1
f ( x) - f ( c )
L.H.L. f (c) = lim-
xÆ1 x-c
f ( x) - f (1)
 f (1) = lim-
xÆ1 x-1
( x 2 + 3 x + p) - (1 + 3 + p)
= lim-
xÆ1 x-1
[(1 - h)2 + 3(1 - h) + p] - [4 + p]
= lim
hÆ0 1-h-1
[1 + h 2 - 2 h + 3 -3h + p] - [4 + p]
= lim
hÆ0 -h
[h 2 - 5h + 4 + p] - [4 + p]
= lim
hÆ0 -h
h 2 - 5h + 4 + p - 4 - p
= lim
hÆ0 -h
h 2 - 5h h[h - 5]
= lim = lim =5
hÆ0 -h hÆ0 -h
f ( x) - f (1)
R.H.L. f (1) = lim
xÆ1 +
x-1

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

(qx + 2) - (1 + 3 + p)
= lim
xÆ1+
x-1
[q(1 + h) + 2] - [4 + p]
= lim
hÆ0 1+h-1
q + qh + 2 - 4 - p qh + q - 2 - p
= lim = lim
hÆ0 h hÆ0 h
For existing the limit
q–2–p=0  q–p=2 ...(i)
qh - 0
 lim =q
hÆ0h
If L.H.L. f (1) = R.H.L. f (1) then q = 5.
Now putting the value of q in eqn. (i)
5 – p = 2  p = 3.
Hence, value of p is 3 and that of q is 5.
Q80. If xm.yn = (x + y)m + n, prove that
dy y d2 y
(i) = (ii) =0.
dx x dx 2
Sol. (i) Given that: xm.yn = (x + y)m + n
Taking log on both sides
log xm.yn = log (x + y)m + n [ log xy = log x + log y]
 log xm + log yn = (m + n) log (x + y)
 m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d d d
 m. log x + n. log y = ( m + n) log ( x + y )
dx dx dx
1 1 dy 1 Ê dy ˆ
 m. + n. . = ( m + n). ÁË 1 + ˜¯
x y dx x+y dx
m n dy m+n Ê dy ˆ
 + . = .Á1 + ˜
x y dx x+y Ë dx ¯
m n dy m + n m + n dy
 + . = + .
x y dx x + y x + y dx
n dy m + n dy m+n m
 . - . = -
y dx x + y dx x+y x

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Ê n m + n ˆ dy m+n m
 ÁË y - x + y ˜¯ dx = x + y - x

Ê nx + ny - my - ny ˆ dy Ê mx + nx - mx - my ˆ
 Á ˜ = Á ˜¯
Ë y( x + y ) ¯ dx Ë x( x + y)

Ê nx - my ˆ dy Ê nx - my ˆ
 ÁË y( x + y ) ˜¯ dx = ÁË x( x + y ) ˜¯
dy nx − my y( x + y )
 = ×
dx x( x + y ) nx − my
dy y
 = Hence proved.
dx x
dy y
(ii) Given that: =
dx x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
d Ê dy ˆ d Ê yˆ
Á ˜ = dx ÁË x ˜¯
dx Ë dx ¯
dy y
x. y.1 x. - y
d2 y dx x È dy y ˘
 2
= =
x2 Í dx = x ˙
dx Î ˚
y-y 0
= 2
= 2 =0
x x
2
d y
Hence, = 0. Hence, proved.
dx 2
Q81. If x = sin t and y = sin pt, prove that
d2 y dy
(1 - x 2 ) - x. + p 2 y = 0.
dx 2 dx
Sol. Given that: x = sin t and y = sin pt
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. t
dx dy
= cos t and = cos pt . p = p cos pt
dt dt
dy dy/dt p cos pt
= =
dx dx/dt cos t
dy p cos pt
\ =
dx cos t
Again differentiating w.r.t. x,

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

d Ê dy ˆ d Ê cos pt ˆ
ÁË ˜¯ = p . dx ÁË cos t ˜¯
dx dx
È cos t . d (cos pt ) - cos pt . d (cos t ) ˘
d2 y Í dx dx ˙
 = pÍ 2 ˙
dx 2
Í cos t ˙
Î ˚
È dt dt ˘
Í cos t( - sin pt ). p dx - cos pt( - sin t ). dx ˙
= p Í ˙
Í cos 2 t ˙
Î ˚
È - p cos t sin pt + cos pt sin t ˘ dt
= p Í ˙
Î cos 2 t ˚ dx
È - p cos t sin pt + cos pt sin t ˘ 1
= p Í ˙ . cos t
Î cos 2 t ˚
È - p cos t sin pt + cos pt sin t ˘
= p Í ˙
Î cos 3 t ˚
Now we have to prove that
d2 y dy
(1 - x 2 ). 2 - x + p2 y = 0
dx dx
È Ê - p cos t sin pt + cos pt sin t ˆ ˘ cos pt
L.H.S.= (1 - x 2 ) Í p Á 3 ˜¯ ˙ - x.p + p2 y
Î Ë cos t ˚ cos t
È Ê - p cos t sin pt + cos pt sin t ˆ ˘ p sin t.cos pt
 (1 - sin 2 t ) Í p Á ˜¯ ˙ -
Î Ë cos 3 t ˚ cos t
+ p2.sin pt
2
2
È - p cos t sin pt + p cos pt sin t ˘ p sin t.cos pt
 cos t Í ˙-
ÎÍ cos 3 t ˚˙ cos t
+ p2.sin pt
- p 2 cos t sin pt + p cos pt sin t p sin t cos pt
 - + p 2 sin pt
cos t cos t
- p 2 cos t sin pt + p cos pt sin t - p sin t cos pt + p 2 sin pt cos t

cos t
0
 = 0 = R.H.S.
cos t
Hence, proved.

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy tan x x2 + 1
Q82. Find , if y = x + .
dx 2
tan x x2 + 1
Sol. Given that: y = x +
2

tan x
x2 + 1
Let u = x and v =
2
\ y = u+v
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy du dv
= + ...(i)
dx dx dx
Now taking u = xtan x
Taking log on both sides log u = log (x­tan x)
log u = tan x . log x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
1 du d
. = (tan x .log x)
u dx dx
1 du d d
 . = tan x . (log x) + log x . (tan x)
u dx dx dx
1 du 1 2
 . = tan x . + log x .sec x
u dx x
du È tan x ˘
 = uÍ + log x .sec 2 x ˙
dx Î x ˚
du tan x È tan x 2 ˘
\ = x Í x + log x sec x ˙
dx Î ˚
x2 + 1 1
Taking v=  v= x2 + 1
2 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dv 1 1 x
= . .2 x =
dx 2 2 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
du dv
Putting the values of and in eqn. (i)
dx dx
dy tan x È tan x ˘ x
= x Í log x sec 2 x + ˙ +
dx Î x ˚ 2 x2 + 1
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answers from the given four options in each of
the Exercises 83 to 96.

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

x2
Q83. If f(x) = 2x and g(x) = + 1, then which of the following can
2
be a discontinuous function
g( x)
(a) f(x) + g(x) (b) f(x) – g(x) (c) f(x).g(x) (d)
f ( x)
Sol. We know that the algebraic polynomials are continuous
functions everywhere.
\f(x) + g(x) is continuous [ Sum, difference and product
f(x) – g(x) is continuous of two continuous functions is
f(x) . g(x) is continuous also continuous]
g( x)
is only continuous if g(x)  0
f ( x)
f ( x) 2x 4x
\ = 2 = 2
g( x) x x +2
+1
2
x2
+ 1 x2 + 2
g( x) 2
Here, = = which is discontinuous at x = 0.
f ( x) 2x 4x
Hence, the correct option is (d).
4 - x2
Q84. The function f(x) = is
4x - x3
(a) discontinuous at only one point
(b) discontinuous at exactly two points
(c) discontinuous at exactly three points
(d) none of these
4 - x2
Sol. Given that: f(x) =
4x - x3
For discontinuous function
4x – x3 = 0
 x(4 – x2) = 0
 x(2 – x)(2 + x) = 0
 x = 0, x = – 2, x = 2
Hence, the given function is discontinuous exactly at three
points. Hence, the correct option is (c).
Q85. The set of points where the function f given by
f(x) = 2 x - 1 sin x is differentiable is

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

(a) R
1
(b) R -
2 {}
(c) (0, ) (d) none of these

Sol. Given that: f(x) = 2 x - 1 sin x

1
Clearly, f(x) is not differentiable at x =
2
1 1
f ÊÁ + hˆ˜ - f ÊÁ ˆ˜
1 Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2¯
R.H.L. = f ¢ ÊÁ ˆ˜ = lim
Ë 2¯ hÆ0 h
1 1
2 Á + hˆ˜ - 1 sin ÊÁ + hˆ˜ - 0
Ê
Ë2 ¯ Ë2 ¯
= lim
hÆ0 h
Ê 1 + 2h ˆ
2 h sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ê 1ˆ
= lim = 2 sin Á ˜
hÆ0 h Ë 2¯
1 1
f ÊÁ - hˆ˜ - f ÊÁ ˆ˜
Ê 1ˆ Ë2 ¯ Ë 2¯
Also L.H.L. = f ¢ Á ˜ = lim
Ë 2¯ h Æ 0 -h
1 È Ê1 ˆ˘
2 ÊÁ - hˆ˜ - 1 Í - sin ÁË 2 - h˜¯ ˙ - 0
Ë2 ¯ Î ˚
= lim
hÆ0 -h
È 1 ˘
- 2 h Í - sin ÊÁ - hˆ˜ ˙
Î Ë 2 ¯˚ Ê 1ˆ
= = - 2 sin Á ˜
-h Ë 2¯
Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
\ R.H.L. = f ¢ Á ˜  L.H.L. f ¢ Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯
1
So, the given function f(x) is not differentiable at x = .
2
1
\ f(x) is differentiable in R -
2
. {}
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Q86. The function f(x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set
(a) {x = np; n  Z} (b) {x = 2np; n  Z}
Ï
Ó
p
2
¸
(c) Ì x = (2n + 1) ; n Œ Z ˝
˛
(d) { x=
np
2
; n ŒZ }
Sol. Given that: f(x) = cot x
cos x
 f(x) =
sin x

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

We know that sin x = 0 if f(x) is discontinuous.

\ If sin x = 0
\ x = np, n  np.
So, the given function f(x) is discontinuous on the set {x = np;
n  Z}.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Q87. The function f(x) = e x is
(a) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) continuous and differentiable everywhere.
(c) Not continuous at x = 0 (d) None of these
x
Sol. Given that: f(x) = e
We know that modulus function is continuous but not
differentiable in its domain.
Let g(x) = x and t(x) = ex
x
\ f(x) = got(x) = g[t(x)] = e
Since g(x) and t(x) both are continuous at x = 0 but f(x) is not
differentiable at x = 0.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
1
Q88. If f(x) = x 2 sin , where x  0, then the value of the function f
x
at x = 0, so that the function is continuous at x = 0, is
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) none of these
1
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x 2 sin where x  0.
x
So, the value of the function f at x = 0, so that f(x) is continuous
is 0.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Ï p
ÔÔ mx + 1, if x £ 2 p
Q89. If f(x) = Ì is continuous at x = , then
Ôsin x + n, if x > p 2
ÔÓ 2
np mp p
(a) m = 1, n = 0 (b) m = + 1 (c) n = (d) m = n =
2 2 2
Ï p
ÔÔ mx + 1, if x £ 2 p
Sol. Given that: f(x) = Ì is continuous at x =
Ôsin x + n, if x > p 2
ÔÓ 2
È Êp ˆ ˘ mp
L.H.L. = lim - ( mx + 1) = lim Í m Á - h˜ + 1˙ = +1
p hÆ0Î Ë 2 ¯ ˚ 2
xÆ
2

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

È Êp ˆ ˘
R.H.L. = lim + (sin x + n) = lim Í sin Á + h˜ + n˙
xÆ
p hÆ0Î Ë2 ¯ ˚
2
= lim cos h + n = 1 + n
hÆ0
p
When f(x) is continuous at x =
2
\ L.H.L. = R.H.L.
mp mp
+1 = 1+n n=
2 2
Hence, the correct option is (c).
Q90. Let f(x) = sin x . Then
(a) f is everywhere differentiable.
(b) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at
x = np, n  Z.

(c) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at
p
x = (2n + 1) , n ΠZ .
2
(d) none of these
Sol. Given that: f(x) = sin x
Let g(x) = sin x and t(x) = x
\ f(x) = tog(x) = t[g(x)] = t(sin x) = sin x
where g(x) and t(x) both are continuous.
\ f(x) = got(x) is continuous but t(x) is not differentiable at
x = 0.
So, f(x) is not continuous at sin x = 0  x = np, n  Z.
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Ê 1 - x2 ˆ dy
Q91. If y = log Á 2˜
, then is equal to
Ë1 + x ¯ dx
4x3 - 4x 1 - 4x3
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) (d)
1- x 1 - x 4 - x4 1 - x4
Ê 1 - x2 ˆ
Sol. Given that: y = log Á 2˜
Ë1 + x ¯
È x ˘
 y = log (1 – x2) – log (1 + x2) Í log = log x - log y ˙
Î y ˚
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy 1 d 1 d
= . (1 - x 2 ) -
2 dx
. (1 + x 2 )
2 dx
dx 1- x 1+ x
- 2x 2x - 2x - 2x3 - 2x + 2x3 - 4x
= 2
- 2 = 2 2
=
1- x 1+ x (1 - x )(1 + x ) 1 - x4
Hence, the correct option is (b).
dy
Q92. If y = sin x + y , then is equal to
dx
cos x cos x sin x sin x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y - 1 1 - 2y 1 - 2y 2y - 1
Sol. Given that: y = sin x + y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy 1 d
= . (sin x + y )
dx 2 sin x + y dx
dy 1 Ê dy ˆ
 = . Á cos x + ˜
dx 2 sin x + y Ë dx ¯
dy 1 È dy ˘
 = . Í cos x + ˙
dx 2y Î dx ˚
dy cos x 1 dy
 = + .
dx 2y 2 y dx
dy 1 dy cos x
 - . =
dx 2 y dx 2y
Ê 1 ˆ dy cos x Ê 2 y - 1 ˆ dy cos x
 ÁË 1 - 2 y ˜¯ dx = 2 y  Á
Ë 2 y ˜
¯ dx
=
2y
dy cos x 2y dy cos x
 = ¥  =
dx 2y 2y - 1 dx 2 y-1
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Q93. The derivative of cos– 1(2x2 – 1) w.r.t. cos– 1 x is
-1 2
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 1 – x2
2 1- x 2 x

Sol. Let y = cos– 1(2x2 – 1) and t = cos– 1 x

Differentiating both the functions w.r.t. x
dy d dt d
= cos - 1 (2 x 2 - 1) and = cos - 1 x
dx dx dx dx

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy -1 d dt -1
 = . (2 x 2 - 1) and =
dx 2
1 - (2 x - 1) 2 dx dx 1 - x2
- 1.4 x dt -1
= and =
4
1 - (4 x + 1 - 4 x ) 2 dx 1 - x2
- 4x - 4x - 4x
= = =
1 - 4x4 - 1 + 4x2 4x2 - 4x4 2x 1 - x2
dy -2
 =
dx 1 - x2
-2

dy dy /dx 1 - x2
Now = = =2
dt dt /dx -1
1 - x2
Hence, the correct option is (a).
d2 y
Q94. If x = t2 and y = t3, then is
dx 2
3 3 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4t 2t 3t
Sol. Given that x = t2 and y = t3
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. t
dx dy
= 2t and = 3t2
dt dt
dy dy/dt 3t 2 3 dy 3
\ = = = t  = t
dx dx/dt 2t 2 dx 2
Now differentiating again w.r.t. x
d Ê dy ˆ 3 dt d2 y 3 1 3
ÁË ˜¯ = 2 . dx  2
= . =
2 2 t 4 t
dx dx dx
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Q95. The value of ‘c’ in Rolle’s Theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 3x
in the interval [0, 3] is
3 1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) (d)
2 3
3
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x – 3x in [0, 3]
We know that if f(x) = x3 – 3x satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

Theorem in [0, 3] , then

f (c) = 0
 3c2 – 3 = 0  3c2 = 3  c2 = 1
\ c = ± 1  1 Œ 0, 3 ( )
Hence, the correct option is (a).
1
Q96. For the function f(x) = x + , x Œ[1, 3], the value of ‘c’ for
x
mean value theorem is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) none of these
1
Sol. Given that: f(x) = x + , x Œ[1, 3]
x 1
We know that if f(x) = x + , x Œ[1, 3] satisfies all the
x
conditions of mean value theorem then
f ( b) - f ( a )
f (c) = where a = 1 and b = 3
b-a
Ê 3 + 1 ˆ - Ê 1 + 1ˆ
ÁË ˜ Á ˜
1 3¯ Ë 1¯
 1- 2 =
c 3-1
10
-2 2
1 1 4 2 1
 1- 2 = 3  1- 2 = =  - 2 = -1
c 2 c 6 3 c 3
1 1 1 1
 - 2 = -  2 =  c = ± 3.
c 3 c 3
Here c = 3 Π(1, 3).
Hence, the correct option is (b).
Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 97 to 101
Q97. An example of a function which is continuous everywhere
but fails to be differentiable exactly at two points is ...............
Sol. x + x – 1 is the function which is continuous everywhere
but fails to be differentiable at x = 0 and x = 1.
We can have more such examples.
Q98. Derivative of x2 w.r.t. x3 is .................
Sol. Let y = x2 and t = x3
Differentiating both the parametric functions w.r.t. x
dy dt
= 2x and = 3x2
dx dx

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Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

dy dy/dx 2 x 2
\ = = 2 =
dt dt/ dx 3x 3 x
2
So, the derivative of x2 w.r.t. x3 is
3x
Ê pˆ
Q99. If f(x) = cos x , then f ¢ Á ˜ = .................
Ë 4¯
Sol. Given that: f(x) = cos x
Ê pˆ
 f(x) = cos x if x Œ Á 0, ˜
Ë 2¯
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get f (x) = – sin x
p Ê pˆ p 1
at x = , f ¢ Á ˜ = - sin = –
4 Ë 4¯ 4 2
Ê pˆ
Q100. If f ( x) = cos x - sin x , then f ¢ Á ˜ = ..................
Ë 3¯
Sol. Given that: f(x) = cos x - sin x
Ê p pˆ
We know that sin x > cos x if x Œ Á , ˜
Ë 4 2¯
 cos x – sin x < 0
\ f(x) = – (cos x – sin x)
f (x) = – (– sin x – cos x)  f (x) = (sin x + cos x)
Ê pˆ p p 3 1 3 +1
\ f ¢ Á ˜ = sin + cos = + =
Ë 3¯ 3 3 2 2 2
dy Ê 1 1 ˆ
Q101. For the curve x + y = 1, at Á , ˜ is ...................
dx Ë 4 4¯
Sol. Given that: x + y = 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
1 1 dy
+ . =0
2 x 2 y dx
1 1 dy
 + =0
x y dx
1 dy -1 dy - y
 =  =
y dx x dx x
1
dy Ê 1 1ˆ 4 =–1
\ at Á , ˜ = -
dx Ë 4 4¯ 1
4

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 Chapter 5 - Continuity and Differentiability NCERT Exemplar - Class 12

State True or False for the statements in each of the Exercises

102 to 106.
Q102. Rolle‘s Theorem is applicable for the function f(x) = x - 1 in
[0, 2].
Sol. False. Given that f(x) = x - 1 in [0, 2]
We know that modulus function is not differentiable. So, it is
false.
Q103. If f is continuous on its domain D, then f is also continuous
on D.
Sol. True. We know that modulus function is continuous function
on its domain. So, it is true.
Q104. The composition of two continuous functions is a continuous
function.
Sol. True. We know that the sum and difference of two or more
functions is always continuous. So, it is true.
Q105. Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions are
differentiable in their respective domain.
Sol. True.
Q106. If f.g is continuous at x = a, then f and g are separately
continuous at x = a.
Sol. False. Let us take an example: f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cot x
cos x
\ f(x).g(x) = sin x.cot x = sin x . = cos x which is continuous
sin x
at x = 0 but cot x is not continuous at x = 0.

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