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The document introduces fuzzy logic, contrasting it with classical sets and crisp logic, emphasizing its ability to handle ambiguity and uncertainty in complex real-world problems. It explains the concept of fuzzy sets, which allow for degrees of membership between 0 and 1, and how fuzzy logic can model linguistic variables and approximate reasoning. Additionally, it discusses the structure of fuzzy systems, including fuzzy IF-THEN rules, and the challenges associated with rule complexity in fuzzy modeling.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views22 pagesFuzzy Sets
The document introduces fuzzy logic, contrasting it with classical sets and crisp logic, emphasizing its ability to handle ambiguity and uncertainty in complex real-world problems. It explains the concept of fuzzy sets, which allow for degrees of membership between 0 and 1, and how fuzzy logic can model linguistic variables and approximate reasoning. Additionally, it discusses the structure of fuzzy systems, including fuzzy IF-THEN rules, and the challenges associated with rule complexity in fuzzy modeling.
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a
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic,
Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
Learning Objectives
* Definition of classical sets and Fuzzy sets.
* Solved problems performing the operations
* The various operations and properties of and properties of fuzzy sets.
classical and fuzzy sets.
+ How functional mapping of crisp set can be
carried our.
I 7.1. Introduction to Fuzzy Logic
In general, the entire real world is complex, and the complexity arises from uncertainty in the form of
ambiguity. One should closely look into the real-world complex problems to find an accurate solution, amidse
the existing uncertainties, using certain methodologies. Henceforth, the growth of fuzzy logic approach, to
handle ambiguity and uncertainty existing in the complex problems. In general, fuzzy logic is a form of
multi-valued logic to deal with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise, This is in contradiction
with “crisp logic” that deals with precise values. Also, binary sets have binary or Boolean logic (cither 0 or 1),
which finds solution to a particular set of problems. Fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges
between 0 and 1 and is not constrained to the two truth values of classic propositional logic. Also, as linguistic
variables are used in fuzzy logic, these degrees have to be managed by specific functions.
As the complexity of « system increases, it becomes more difficult and eventually impossible to make a precise
statement about its behavior, eventually arriving at a point of complexity where the fuzzy logic method born in
humans is the only way to get at the problem.
(Originally identified and set forth by Lotfi A. Zadeh, Ph.D, University of California, Berkeley)
Fuzzy logic, introduced in the year 1965 by Lotfi A. Zadeh, isa mathematical rool for dealing with uncertainry.
Dr. Zadeh states that the Principle of complexity and imprecision are correlated: “The closer one looks
at a real world problem, the fuzzier becomes its solution.” Fuzzy logic offers soft computing paradigm
the important concept of computing with words. It provides a technique to deal with imprecision and
information granularity. The fuzzy theory provides a mechanism for representing linguistic constructs such as
“high,” “low,” “medium,” “tal,” “many.” In general, fuzzy logic provides an inference structure that enables
appropriate human reasoning capabilities. On the contrary, the traditional binary set theory describes crisp
vents, that is, events that either do or do not occur. I uses probability theory to explain if an event will
‘occur, measuring the chance with which a given event is expected to occur. The theory of fuzzy logic is based
upon the notion of relative graded membership and so are the functions of cognitive processes. The utility
PL eS So A a a ee aa 5 SSS necstarregem une acetone ots ec —
252 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic, Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
Decisions
Imprecis dat
Impreciso and vague Cal | euzzy Logic System
Figure 7-1. A fuzzy logic system accepting imprecise dara and providing a decision.
fi . 2 s . ic cable decisions as in
of fuzzy set lies in their ability to model uncertain or ambiguous data and to provide suits
Figure 7-1 : :
Though fuzzy i rol theory to artificial intelligence, it still
hough fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control th EI, aio
remains controversial among most statisticians, who prefer Bayesian lo
prefer radkiond pwo-ylued logic, In fuzzy systems, values are indicated by a number (called a ali)
ranging from 0 to 1, where 0.0 represents absolute falscness and 1.0 represents absolute truth. While this
range evokes the idea of probability, fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets operate quite differently from probability.
Fuzzy sets that represent fuzzy logic provide means to model che uncertainty associated with vagueness,
imprecision and lack of information regarding a problem or a plant ot a system, etc. Consider the meaning
of a “short person”, For an individual X, a short person may be one whose height is below 425°. For other
individual ¥, a short person may be one whose height is below or ‘equal to 390". The word “short” is called a
i dividuals X‘and Y, but it can be seen
linguistic descriptor. The term “short” provides the same meaning to in f
that they both do nor provide unique definition, The term “short” would be conveyed effectively only when
a computer compares the given height value with the pre-assigned value of “short”, This variable “shore” is
called as linguistic variable which represents the imprecision existing in the system,
‘The basis ofthe theory lies in making the membership function lie over a range of real numbers from 0.0
to 1.0. The fuzzy setis characterized by (0.0,0,1.0). Real world is vague and assigning rigid values to linguistic
variables means that some of the meaning and semantic value is invariably lost. The uncertainty is found to
arise from ignorance, from chance and randomness, due to lack of knowledge, from vagueness (unclear), like
the fuzziness existing in our natural language. Ds. Zadeh proposed the set membership idea to make suitable
decisions when uncertainty occurs. Consider the “short” example discussed previously. If we take “shore” as
a height equal to or less than 4 feet, then 3'90" would easily become the member of the set “short” and 4'25"
will not be a member of the set “short.” The membership value is “1” if ic belongs to the set and “O” if it
is not a member of the set. Thus membership in a set is found to be binary, that is, either the element is a
member of a set or not. It can be indicated as
wef b xed
ee oe [FO eA
where x4 (x) is the membership of element x in the set A and A is the entire set on the universe.
fics said that the height is 5'6" (or 168 em), one might think a bit before deciding whether co consider
ias short or nor short (ie. tall). Moreover, one might reckon its short fora man but tall fora woman. Let’
make the statement “John is shore”, and give ita truth value of 0.70. If 0.70 represented a probability value, it
would be read as “There isa 70% chance that John is short,” meaning that itis stil believed that John is either
short or not short, and there exists 70% chance of knowing which group he belongs to. But fuzzy terminology
actually translates to “John’s degree of membership in the set of short people is 0.70,” by which it is meant
thar ifall the (Fuzzy set of) short people are considered and lined up, John is positioned 70% of the way to the
shortest. In conversation, itis generally said that John is “kind of” shoreand recognize that there is no definite
demarcation between short and tall. This could be stated mathematically as ~SHORT(Russell) = 0.70,
where /1 is the membership function. = nae. ee
124 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic. 253
Tall
Membership
05
150, 180 210
Helght (em)
Figure 7-2 Graph showing membership functions for fuzzy set “all.”
Fuzzy logic operates on the concept of membership. For example, the statement “Elizabeth is old” can
be translated as Elizabeth is a member of the set of old people and can be written symbolically as OLD),
where 11 is the membership function that can return a value between 0.0 and 0.1 depending on the degree of
membership. In Figure 7-2, the objective term “tall” has been assigned fuzzy values. At 150 cm and below, a
person does not belong to the fuzzy class while for above 180, the person certainly belongs to category “tall.”
However, between 150 and 180 cm, the degree of membership for the class “tall” can be assigned from the
‘curve varying linearly between 0 and 1, The fuzzy concept “tallness” can be extended into “short,” “medium”
and “tall” as shown in Figure 7-3. This is different from the probability approach that gives the degree of
probability of an occurrence of an event (Elizabeth being old, in this instance).
‘The membership was extended to possess various “degrees of membership” on the real continuous incerval
(0,1). Zadeh formed fiezzy sets as the sets on the universe Xwhich can accommodate “degrees of membership.”
‘The concept of a fuzzy set contrasts with the classical concept of a bivalent set (crisp set) whose boundary
required to be pi hat is, a crisp set is a collection of things for which it is known irrespective of whether
any given thing is inside it or not. Zadeh generalized the idea of a crisp set by extending a valuation set {1,0}
(definitely in/definitely out) co the interval of real values (degrees of membership) between 1 and 0, denoted
as [0,1]. We can say that the degree of membership of any particular element of a fuzzy set expresses the degree
of compatibility of the element with a concept represented by Fuzzy set. It means that a fuzzy set A contains
an object x to degree a(x), thats, a(x) = Degree(x € A), and the map a: X—> {Membership Degrees} is called
a set function or a membership function. The fuzzy set A can be expressed as A = {(x, a(x))}, x € X; itimposes an
elastic constrain of the possible values of elements x € X, called the possibility distribution. Fuzzy sets tend to
Short Medium Tail
4 ‘Membership
054
150 180210
Height (cm)
Figure 7-3. Graph showing membership functions for fuzzy sets “short,” “medium” and “tall.” 254 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic, Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
X-- universe of discourse
Figure 7-4 Boundary region of a fuzzy set.
‘Capture vagueness exclusively via membership functions that are mappings from a given universe of discourse
X'to a unit interval containing membership values. Itis important to note that membership can take values
between 0 and 1.
Fuzziness describes the ambiguity ofan event and randomness describes the uncertainty in the occurrence of
an event. Itcan be generally seen in classical sets that there is no uncertainty, hence they have crisp boundaries,
but in the case of a fuzzy set, since uncertainty occurs, the boundaries may be ambiguously specified.
From Figure 7-4 it can be noted that “a” is clearly a member of fuzzy set P, “c” is clearly not a member
of fuzzy set Pand the membership of “6” is found to be vague. Hence “a” can take membership value 1, “c”
can take membership value 0 and “6” can take membership value between 0 and 1 [0 to 1), say 0.4, 0.7, ete.
This is said co be a partial membership of Fuzzy set P.
The membership function for a set maps each element of the set to a membership value between 0
and 1 and uniquely describes that set. The values 0 and 1 describe “nor belonging to” and “belonging to” a
conventional set, respectively; values in between represent “fuzziness.” Determining the membership function
is subjective to varying degrees depending on the situation. It depends on an individual's perception of the
data in question and does not depend on randomness. This concept is important and distinguishes fuzzy set
theory from probability theory.
Fuzzy logic also consists of fuzzy inference engine or fuzzy rule-base to perform approximate reasoning
somewhat similar to (but much more primitive than) that of the human brain. Computing with words seems
to be a slightly futuristic phrase today since only certain aspects of natural language can be represented by
the calculus of fuzzy sets; still fuzzy logic remains one of the most practical ways to mimic human expertise
in a realistic manner. The fuzzy approach uses a premise that humans dont represent classes of objects
(eg. “class of bald men” or the “class of numbers which are much greater than 50”) as fully disjoinc sets but
rather as sets in which there may be grades of membership intermediate between full membership and non-
membership. Thus, a fuzzy set works as a concept that makes it possible to treat fuzziness in a quantitative
manner.
Fuzzy sets form the building blocks for fuzzy IF-THEN rules which have the general form “IF X is A
THEN Y is B,” where A and B are fuzzy sets. The term “fuzzy systems” refers mostly to systems that are
governed by fuzzy IF-THEN rules. The IF part of an implication is called the antecedent whereas the THEN
partis called a consequent. A fuzzy system is a set of fuzzy rules that converts inputs to outputs. The basic
configuration of a pure fuzzy system is shown in Figure 7-5. The fuzzy inference engine (algorithm) combines
fuzzy IF-THEN rules into a mapping from fuzzy sets in the input space X to fuzzy sets in the output space —
12 Clasical Sets (Crisp Sets)
255
Fuzzy Rule Base
Fuzzy Inference Engine ptaf Fuzzy sets in ¥
Figure 7-5 Configuration of a pure fuzzy system.
Y based on fuzzy logic principles. From a knowledge representation viewpoint, a fuzzy [F-THEN tule is a
scheme for capturing knowledge that involves imprecision. The main feature of reasoning using these rules is
its partial matching capability, which enables an inference to be made from a fuzzy rule even when the rules
condition is only partially satisfied.
Fuzzy systems, on one hand, are rule-based systems that are constructed from a collection of linguistic
rules; on the other hand, fuzzy systems are nonlinear mappings of inputs (stimuli) to outputs (responses), that
is, certain types of fuzzy systems can be written as compact nonlinear formulas. The inputs and ourputs can
be numbers or vectors of numbers. These rule-based systems can in theory model any system with arbitrary
accuracy, that is, they work as universal approximators.
The Achilles’ heel of a fuzzy system is its rules; smart rules give smart systems and other rules give less
smart or even dumb systems. The number of rules increases exponentially with the dimension of the input
space (number of system variables). This rule explosion is called the curse of dimensionality and is a general
problem for mathematical models. For the last 5 years several approaches based on decomposition, (cluster)
‘merging and fusing have been proposed to overcome this problem.
Hence, fuzzy models are not replacements for probability models. The fuzzy models are sometimes found
to work better and sometimes they do not, But mostly fuzzy logic has evidently proved that it provides better
solutions for complex problems.
I 7.2. Classical Sets (Crisp Sets)
Basically, a set is defined as a collection of objects, which share certain characteristics. A classical set is a
collection of distinct objects. For example, the user may define a classical set of negative integers, a set of
persons with height less than 6 feet, and a set of students with passing grades. Each individual entity in a set
is called a member or an element of the set. The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of
discourse is splitted into two groups: members and nonmembers, Consider an object x in a crisp set A. This
object x is either a member or a nonmember of the given set A. In case of crisp sets, no partial membership
‘iiss. A crisp set is defined by its characteristic function.
Let universe of discourse be U. The collection of elements in the universe is called whole set. The cotal
‘umber of elements in universe Us called cardinal number denoted by my. Collections of elements within
a universe are called sets, and collections of elements within a set are called subsets.
We know that for a crisp set A in universe U:
1, An object x is a member of given set A (x € A), i.e.,x belongs to A.
2. An object x is not a member of given set A (x ¢ A), i.e. x does not belong to A. Introduction to Fuzzy Logic, Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
256
There are several ways for defining a set. A set may be defined using one of the following:
1, The lise of all the members of a set may be given. Example
A= (2,4,6,8, 10}
2. The properties of the set elements may be specified. Example
A= (x{vis prime number< 20)
3. The formula for the definition of a set may be mentioned. Example
xtl
Fs 11010, wheres i}
A= {s a
4. The set may be defined on the basis of the results of a logical operation. Example
A = {xvis an element belonging to PAND Q)
5. There exists a membership function, which may also be used to define a set. The membership is denoted
by the letter 2 and the membership function for a set A is given by (for al values of x)
ya{t fea
Hal) = 10 ifxe A
The set with no elements is defined as an empty set or null set. It is denoted by symbol . The occurrence
of an impossible event is denoted by a null set, and the occurrence of a certain event indicates a whole set.
‘The set which consists ofall possible subsets of a given set A is called a power set and is denoted as
PIA) = {xlx SA)
For crisp sets A and B containing some elements in universe X, the notations used are given below:
x€A=> xbelongs 0 A
x A= xdoes not belong to A
x € X= x belongs to universe X
For classical sets A and Bon X, we also have some notations:
AC B= Ais completely contained in B (ie, ifx € A, then x € B)
A B= Ais contained in or is equivalent to B
A=B=>ACBandBCA
L221 Operations on Classical Sets
Classical ses can be manipulated through numerous operations such as union, intersection, complement and
difference. All these operations are defined and explained in the following sections. 79 Classical Sets (Crisp Sots) is
Figure 7-6 Union of ewo sets.
72.1.1. Union
The union between ewo sets gives all those clements in the universe that belong to either set A or set B or
both sets A and B. The union operation can be termed as a logical OR operation. The union of two sets A
and Bis given as
AUB = (sx\x € Aorx € B}
The union of sets A and
illustrated by the Venn diagram shown in Figure 7-6.
7.2.1.2 Intersection
The intersection between two sets represents all those elements in the universe that simultancously belong to
both the sets. The intersection operation can be termed as a logical AND operation. The intersection of sets
A and Bis given by
ANB= {xx € Aandx € B}
‘The intersection of sets A and Bis represented by the Venn diagram shown in Figure 7-7.
72.1.3 Complement
The complement of set A is defined as the collection of all elements in universe X that do not reside in set A,
i.e,, the entities that do not belong to A. It is denoted by A and is defined as
A= (six € Axe X)
where Xis the universal set and A is a given set formed from universe X. The complement operation of set A
is shown in Figure 7-8.
a)
Figure 7-7. Intersection of wo sets.
oe
Figure 7-8 Complement of set A. 258 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic, Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
G
A) VF
(A) 6)
Figure 7-9 (A) Difference A|B or (A — B); (B) difference BIA or (B — A).
7.2.1.4 Difference (Subtraction)
The difference of set A with respect to set Bis the collection of all elements in the universe that belong to A
bur do not belong to B, ie., the difference set consists ofall elements that belong to A but do nor belong to
Blt is denoted by A|B or A — Band is given by
A\B or (A — B) = {x|x € Aand x ¢ B) =A- (ANB)
The vice versa of it also can be performed
BIA or (B— A) = B— (BNA) = (x|x € Band x ¢ A)
‘The above operations are shown in Figures 7-9(A) and (B).
I 2 Properties of Classical Sets
The important properties that define classical sets and show their similarity to fuzzy sets are as follows:
1, Commutativity
AUB=BUA, ANB=BNA
2. Associativicy
AU(BUC)=(AUB)UG AN(BNC)=NBAC
3. Distributivicy fe "
AU (BNC) = (AUB) (AUC)
AN (BUC) = (ANB) U(ANC)
4, Idempotency
AUA=4, ANA=A
5. Transitivicy
IFAC BC Gthen ACC
6. Identity
AUg=A, ANG=O
AUX=X, ANX=X Re
19 Classical Sets (Crisp Sets) 259
7, Involution (double negation)
a=A
8, Law of excluded middle
AUA=X
9, Law of contradiction
ANA=¢
10. DeMorgan’s law
ANB =AUB, |AUB
nB
From the properties mentioned above, we can observe the duality existing by replacing , U, 0 with
X, 0, U, respectively. Iris important ro know the law of excluded middle and the law of contradicrion..
I 7.2.3 Function Mapping of Classical Sets
Mapping isa rule of correspondence between set-theoretic forms and function theoretic forms. A classical set
is represented by its characteristic function (x), where xis the element in the universe.
Now consider X and Yas two different universes of discourse. IFan element x contained in X corresponds
roan element y contained in ¥, its called mapping from Xto ¥, i.e., fs X—> Y. On the basis ofthis mapping,
the characteristic function is defined as
afb *e4
A a Oia.
where x4 is the membership in set A for element x in the universe. The membership concept represents
mapping from an clement x in universe X to one of the two elements in universe ¥ (either to element 0
or 1). There exists a function-theoretic set called value set V(A) for any set A defined on universe X, based on
the mapping of characteristic function. The whole set is assigned a membership value 1, and the null set is
assigned a membership value 0.
Let A and B be two sets on universe X. The function-theoretic forms of operations performed between
these two sets are given as follows:
1, Union (AU B)
xavl®) =xAls) Vx) = max{xa(>), Xa(%))
Here V is the maximum operator.
2, Intersection (AN B)
Xanax) =XA)Axa(x) = min{x4(x), xa)
Here A is the minimum operator.
3. Complement (A)
1=xa) a OCC
260 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic, Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets
4, Containment
IFA B, then x4(x) = xal>)
I 7.3 Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy sets may be viewed as an extension and generalization of the basic concepts of crisp sets. An important
property of fuzzy set is that it allows partial membership. A fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership
berween 1 and 0. The membership in a fuzzy set need not be complete, i.e., member of one furzy set can also
be member of other fuzzy sets in the same universe. Fuzzy sets can be analogous to the thinking of intelligent
People. If a person has to be classified as friend or enemy, intelligent people will not resort to absolute
classification as friend or enemy. Rather, they will classify the person somewhere between two extremes of
friendship and enmity. Similarly, vagueness is introduced in fuzzy set by eliminating the sharp boundaries
that divide members from nonmembers in the group. There is a gradual transition berween full membership
and nonmembership, not abrupt transition.
A fuzzy set A in the universe of discourse U can be defined as a set of ordered pairs and itis given by
A= (ug) |x € U)
where /14(x) is the degree of membership of xin A and it indicates the degree that x belongs to 4. The degree
of membership j14(x) assumes values in the range from 0 to 1, i.e., the membership is set to unit interval (0, 1]
or Hale) € (0, 1].
There are other ways of representation of fuzzy sets; all representations allow partial membership to be
expressed. When the universe of discourse U is discrete and finite, fuzzy set dis given as follows:
{ie 4 abe)
Le neta
where “n” isa finite value, When the universe of discourse Vis continuous and infinite, fuzzy set 4 is given by
2h
In the above two representations of fuzzy sets for discrete and continuous universe, the horizontal bar is
not a quotient but a delimiter. The numerator in each representation is the membership value in set A that
is associated with the element of the universe present in the denominator. For discrete and finite universe of
discourse U, the summation symbol in the representation of fuzzy set A does not denote algebraic summation
but indicates the collection of each element. Thus the summation sign (“+”) used is not the algebraic “add”
but rather it is a discrete function-theoretic union. Also, for continuous and infinite universe of discourse
U, the integral sign in the representation of fuzzy set 4 is not an algebraic integral but is a continuous
function-theoretic union for continuous variables.
‘A fuzzy set is universal fuzzy setifand only ifthe value of the membership function is 1 forall the members
under consideration. Any fuzzy set A defined on a universe U is a subset of that universe. Two fuzzy sets A
and B are said co be equal fuzzy sets if jt4(x) =ig(x) for all x € U. A fuzzy set A is said to be empry fuzzy set
if and only if the value of the membership function is 0 for all possible members considered. The universal
fuzzy set can also be called whole fuzzy set. ee paar ST ert ie ee eee
7g Fuzzy Sets 261
The collection of all fuzzy sets anc fuzzy subsets on universe Uis called fiey power set 2(U/). Since all the
fanzy sets can overlap, the cardinality ofthe fuzzy power set, nyu) is infinite,
On the basis of the above discussion we have
es MAU) = 00
ASU Spur)
