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Operating System Memory Management

The document outlines key concepts in operating system memory management, including memory allocation methods (contiguous and non-contiguous), address translation mechanisms, and protection measures for unauthorized access. It discusses fragmentation types (external and internal), and compares paging and segmentation in terms of their structure and effects on fragmentation. Key takeaways emphasize the roles of MMU, TLB, base and limit registers, and protection bits in memory management.

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5 views

Operating System Memory Management

The document outlines key concepts in operating system memory management, including memory allocation methods (contiguous and non-contiguous), address translation mechanisms, and protection measures for unauthorized access. It discusses fragmentation types (external and internal), and compares paging and segmentation in terms of their structure and effects on fragmentation. Key takeaways emphasize the roles of MMU, TLB, base and limit registers, and protection bits in memory management.

Uploaded by

f1f22ubscs064
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System Memory Management - Quick Summary for Quiz

1. Memory Allocation

• Contiguous Allocation: Assigns a single block of memory (Base & Limit Registers).

• Non-Contiguous Allocation: Uses Paging or Segmentation for better flexibility.

2. Address Translation

• Converts logical addresses (CPU-generated) to physical addresses (RAM).

• Uses MMU (Memory Management Unit), page tables, and segment tables.

• Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) speeds up translation.

3. Protection

• Ensures processes don’t access unauthorized memory.

• Uses base & limit registers, protection bits (Read/Write/Execute), and


user/kernel modes.

4. Fragmentation

• External Fragmentation: Free memory exists but is scattered. (Occurs in


segmentation & contiguous allocation)

• Internal Fragmentation: Wasted space inside allocated memory blocks. (Occurs


in paging)

5. Paging

• Divides memory into fixed-size pages (logical) & frames (physical).

• Eliminates external fragmentation but causes internal fragmentation.

• Uses a page table to map pages → frames.

• TLB caches page table entries for faster access.

6. Segmentation

• Divides memory into variable-sized segments (Code, Stack, Heap, Data, etc.).

• Eliminates internal fragmentation but causes external fragmentation.

• Uses a segment table to store base & limit addresses.

7. Hardware Support
• MMU (Memory Management Unit): Translates logical → physical addresses.

• TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer): Speeds up page table lookups.

• Page Table Base Register (PTBR): Stores page table location in RAM.

• Protection Bits: Control read/write/execute access per memory page.

8. Paging vs. Segmentation

Feature Paging Segmentation

Division Fixed-size pages Variable-sized segments

Fragmentation Internal External

Address Mapping Page Table Segment Table

Logical Structure Does not follow program structure Matches program structure

Key Takeaways for the Quiz

Paging eliminates external fragmentation but causes internal fragmentation.


Segmentation aligns with logical program structure but causes external
fragmentation.
MMU translates addresses, and TLB speeds up the process.
Base & Limit Registers protect memory in contiguous allocation.
Page tables store logical-to-physical mappings.
Protection bits restrict unauthorized access to memory.

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