D and F block

#
Transition Element : Acc to IUPAC transition metals are
defined as metal
-

which have a
incomplete subshell either in neutral atom or in their

ions .

#
filled & subshell
partially .

d'to d9 -
Transition Element .

do to do
completely .
filled
-

Ex Cd Cn (UVd)
Ug
: -zn
, , ,

-
do
configuration

1
#
Agat
+

Aga Ag
10 9
d
configi-do &
W

transition
Ag is element because it has deconfiguration
in its + 2 oxidh state .

&mid and do are colourless transition]

I_wod-a

Land
1

I' are colored because of d-d transition

Due to
poor sheilding of
#
>
-
Atomic Size 4fe-
-

Metallic

[3d-Series ]
Radius ordur
.

137
~ 137

So Ti > V Cr /Mn) fe = CoNi < Cu < In

3rd Group
e Sc <Y < La [No ·
Lanthenoid Contraction]

4th to 12th >

-

3d[Yd = 5d [Due to lanthenoid contraction ]

# Fonization
Enthalpy .

L-R > Min" for the first element each series and for the
of
=
max

last element in each series

·
# 3d Series
final order for

Sc < V < Cr < Ti < Mn < Nic cu < Co < Fe < In .

# Imp .
points .

Cr < Mn (1 . +] Mn < Fe

3d54g1395492

Cr > Mn (EE2) Mn <fe [I . E2]

395439545 3d5

Cy < Mn [[ E3] .

3dY 3d5s1]

&

#
Top-to Bottom

Except 3rd group It for the d series element is maximum in

each due to lanthenoid contraction .

group

s
lanthenoid

s
>
No contraction
-

La

# spin on
magnetic
movement t

# formation
Alloy .

Alloys formed atoms with metallic radii that within

are
by are

%
about 15
percent of each other .

Ex : -

Brass (C(60 % ) + 2n (40 % )7

German Silver (((l) + In (1) + Ni(L) (

Bronze (C + Sn)
# Interstitial formation
Compound .

prepared by metal
These can be
trapping of small sized non

like B n, N in interstitial of lattice .

metals
crystal of
c
, , space

Non-stoichiometric compound .

Neither ionic nor covalent

Hardness (NiBI hardness similar to diamond (

M .
P

conductance remain same

.

chemically inert .

# Point
Melting .

Point depends cis unpaired e-in In-11 & subshell

Melting on

[ii] Atomic mass

(iii) .
solid
packing efficiency in

# Maximum M . Pind -
Block : >
-
W

# > & Sc > Y) La

M P
.
-
2n (d >
ng ,

C > Au >
Ag spowder)
fe Ni/Pd
Ex8
~ Veg
N2 + 342 >
2NH3 Oil >
Veg glee
a
2

#
Catalytic Properties Sor + "202 Vos
, Soz ,
Check
Pola , crscho

Reasons : (i) Variable oxidation state

ciiy complex formation .

property
# oxid"
variable state

Example : I - + S208
2-

> 12 + So ~ STEPS

Cit Fest + I >

-
fett + 12
O O

sco-felt+
2
-

fest
11
peroxide
linkage [ii] son
+
.

· -0 -

0 - -
0

- -2-
o 02 O

d0 -13
Peroxide .
S
of "0" =
#
Nata Tic Al(L2ns)
Zeigler + 3

in
use
polymerization
# Rh C
Wilkinson catalyst (PPh3) 3

Ihydrogenation of Alkene).

#
variable oxi" state

Due to low
gap Pu us & Cn-1 &
energy
nS (n- 1)d
↓ ↓
Y unpaired e-of (n-1)d X
c-ofns
= =

Oxid" state Y to (X + Y)
range
=

NOTE 8-

6
Sc - > + 2 -
These oxid" state do not exist .

fe co > +5
-

Em (v - + 1

= >

00880 .
0
G
G
O
O

> >
0 .
S -
↑es 0 . S- Nes

NOTE : -Ind-Block
top bottom in oxid"
to a
group etability of higher state increases

(Inverse of inert pair effects

+
Example oxid" state
stability of +6 increases
: - Cr >
-

+ G
Mo

+ 6
w *
#
Imp. point about oxides

*
As the oxid" tes in oxides -
tonic nature Les

1 : +remes >
- covalent ch .
↑
I
[cajan Rule ]

* CrOs ,
V2O5 E M .
P and B .
P low

Coxid" ↑ and cov .

ch * ]

* V20s (But acidic) Acc

can show
amphoteric Nature
mainly .
To NCERT .

- Cr
. O is also I
Base Amphoteric
.
Acid

3- t

gives
-

Von gives -

voz

#
Standard red "potential
Ei /M + =
-Ve for all 3d-series
except Ecution = the

come to
greater IP11)

t-
3
If the
S
-
ve Non-spontaneous

AG--ve + ve
T

-
Spontaneous

#
EcuttIm >
-

+ ve
↑

#
Eculcust >
-

-ve

that's liberate
not from acid
.
Gan
why gas -

NOTE :We can be oxidised

by Conc . 1NOz and not and core .
Mason
.

Imp .
points given in NCERT for E3 + /M1 values
↑
.

EsctIscht ->
low value i. Set-Noble
gas configration .

(More-vel

Ezus +
/zn2 + value : In't do stable configration
High
>
-

(lees-ve or the >

E Must/Mn2 ++ Mu + &S
High value : .
half filled stable
configuration
It ve)
(1 .
37)
E test/ felt +
low value : Fest &S stuble configration .

+ (+ 0 79)
r

Eovst/12 + low value v2

:
tgs half filled stability
-

(- 026)

Ms strong oridising agent in ageous medium a

Ti2 +

u 3 I
strong

can
reducing agent
liberate n2
gas from acids

<
(solublity
# k2Cr07
2
NazEOz )

can se used as More soluble hygroscopic

standard
. in nature used
primary
cannot be

standard in -
as
primary
volumebic Analysis
.
#
Preparation of K2 Cr2 07

(fe Cr2 ( (sodium

By chromite One On
incomate)
felr2 Ou Airs Fez0s + CrOS NacCO3y Naz (r On Hellow)
coxidy) (Base)
↓
Yuzson)
~

Cl
Kz(r207 T Naz(r20f <Orange)

I
losange crystall
CKsp[FiP-
easily crystalize due to

Low Ksp.

#
(Potassium
K
+ 6
MnO4
7
Permanganate]
+ + 4
MnOu- >
MnOu + MnO2

cmanganate ion) Permagnated

dark green] Lion) [dark purple) ,
[violet]
 estable in
acidic) Mn +
7 = do
(medium]
n = 0
+6 dl
Mu =>

n = 1 Ediamagnetic]
[Paramagnetic] (But
temp .
dependent paramagnetic]

-
2-

MnOy MuOy

(permanganate ion] [Manganate ion ]

0-
-

I I
Mu
Aug
Mn-O Bond order =
En Mr
Aug .
Mn-O . Bond order =

-
= IX All Mu-O (B L). are equal /11 X All Mu-O Bond Length are

O
-

O O > Three dH-Pi Bond O O O

.
equal
-

[MU) (0)
two di-31 bond
Tetrahydral Tetrahydral
.
↑

>
-

2- (MU) (O)
#
Bond order MnOn > MnO

2 -

# Bond length MuOi < MuOy

Ht ↓ 7
Y
+
#
Preparation of KMnON >
kMn04 + MnO2
7
Air-0 - Powerful
A +
.

↑ 6 o
Kon + >
-
KMnO4
MnO2 > kaMn Ou CO .
As
KNO3 10 A)
Electrolysis +7
..

(pyrolusite) kMnO4

Lorel

#
Imp .

poop. of K2 Cre Of $kMnO4 .

+ 7 +
(Mu ,
cr )
1)
Oxidising Power Both Both
..
: O A-
present in
a re
strong .
a re

Mor (0 A) . Cr
+
Co . Al
higher oxidising state

↓ ↓ 3
+
Mu2
+
Cr

2-
# MnOy- > Cr207 (0 . A)
↓
reduced achieve
easily
· to
get
as
half filled state
configration

OXIDISING POWER

· Cr20- > voit

#
reaction [MnO (neutral
oxidising :

2-
or Weak Basic)J

MnOw Cacidic) Cr207

I
(purple) corange
>
-

feat -
Fest--

>
-

Sut-suit-l-
>
C2OF-CO2
-

-1 -

To
sweet
Exp
S
-
QuibreTelI Tazcroy
>
- HaS -

- (
-
① (0 .

A)

ribati I -- -10 Iodine (

- ~
. s
of
1 1 to +
5)
NO2 NOs
-
-

Sos2-
2-
Soz/ Soy
↓
- -

↓ + Y
3
Mn
+ (colourless ( Cr
(green) MnO2

# f-Block

Lantanoides - Activoides

90 to
58 to 71 n = 6
, group =
3 103
,
no .

I
group I
, , .

e-configration
>
-

>
-
size .

# Ionization
Energy
Lanthanoides : I E
. , and I .
Ez are 600k5 Imol & 1200K3/mol ·

is similar
respectively which to Ca

* Gd lower than
I .
Es of La
,
,
Lu is expectation .

as compare to IEs other element.

of

Actinoides : size Lanthanoids <Actinoids

I .
E Lauthanoids > Activoids .

I X + #
.
E Actinoides are more reactive
Reactivity
:

of
moles
.

# En Actinoids
of
18 Sizz
Actinoids (
:

En land
of
1 : size 4)
 oxi"
.

# Common state

Lanthenoid Actinoids ↑

common 0 S ...3 .
is common o . S = + 3

Although But can show variable o . S

Eu2 +, yeat May

w
0 S -
Py ( +
7]
.
Np ,

a+ y

-
Can be oul) .

* All trivalent ion

of
lauth anoids are coloured

Last Lust
exakt is ,

# Last ce +
Y
Y6
+ 2 Lust
So fo fo fo
↑

Eto dignanetic

fiyj2
+
- 4637
stay in
# All lauthenoids love to + 3

-En +
- East 00S