1.

Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous)

A random variable is a function that assigns a numerical value to each outcome in a sample space.
Which of the following is an example of a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students in a classroom
B. The number of cars in a parking lot
C. The height of students in a school
D. The number of textbooks owned by a student

Answer: C

2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable

Which statement is true about discrete and continuous random variables?

A. A discrete random variable can take any value within an interval.
B. A continuous random variable can only take whole number values.
C. The number of calls received in a day is an example of a continuous random variable.
D. The weight of a newborn baby is an example of a continuous random variable.

Answer: D

3. Finds the possible values of a random variable

Which of the following could be the possible values of a discrete random variable?
A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {2.1, 3.5, 4.8, 5.9}
C. {All real numbers between 0 and 10}
D. {Negative and positive fractions between -1 and 1}

Answer: A

4. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties

Which of the following is not a valid probability distribution for a discrete random variable?

X 1 2 3 4

P(X) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

A. The sum of probabilities should be 1.

B. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
C. There should be more values for X.
D. The probability of each value of X must be equal.

Answer: C

5. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable

If a fair die is rolled, what is the probability that the outcome is an even number?
A. 1/3
B. 1/2
C. 2/3
D. 1/6

Answer: B

6. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable

The mean (expected value) of a discrete random variable is:

A. The sum of the values of the random variable
B. The sum of the probabilities of the random variable
C. The weighted average of all possible values of the random variable
D. The highest value of the random variable

Answer: C

7. Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable

Given the probability distribution of X:

X 1 2 3

P(X) 0.2 0.5 0.3

Find the expected value (mean) of X.

A. 1.8
B. 2.1
C. 2.5
D. 3.0

Answer: B

8. Finds the variance of a discrete random variable

Using the same probability distribution in question 7, find the variance of X.

A. 0.56
B. 0.61
C. 0.64
D. 0.70

Answer: A

9. Computes the probability of a given discrete random variable

If X represents the number of heads in 3 coin flips, what is the probability that X = 2?

A. 1/8
B. 3/8
C. 1/2
D. 5/8

Answer: B
10. Identifies the standard deviation of a discrete random variable

The standard deviation of a discrete random variable is:

A. The square root of the mean
B. The square root of the variance
C. The mean multiplied by the variance
D. The sum of all probabilities

Answer: B

1. Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous)

A random variable is a function that assigns a numerical value to each outcome in a sample space.
Which of the following is an example of a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students in a classroom
B. The number of cars in a parking lot
C. The height of students in a school
D. The number of textbooks owned by a student

Answer: C

2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable

Which statement is true about discrete and continuous random variables?

A. A discrete random variable can take any value within an interval.
B. A continuous random variable can only take whole number values.
C. The number of calls received in a day is an example of a continuous random variable.
D. The weight of a newborn baby is an example of a continuous random variable.

Answer: D

3. Finds the possible values of a random variable

Which of the following could be the possible values of a discrete random variable?
A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {2.1, 3.5, 4.8, 5.9}
C. {All real numbers between 0 and 10}
D. {Negative and positive fractions between -1 and 1}

Answer: A

4. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties

Which of the following is not a valid probability distribution for a discrete random variable?

X 1 2 3 4

P(X) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2

A. The sum of probabilities should be 1.

B. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
C. There should be more values for X.
D. The probability of each value of X must be equal.

Answer: C

5. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable

If a fair die is rolled, what is the probability that the outcome is an even number?
A. 1/3
B. 1/2
C. 2/3
D. 1/6

Answer: B

6. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable

The mean (expected value) of a discrete random variable is:

A. The sum of the values of the random variable
B. The sum of the probabilities of the random variable
C. The weighted average of all possible values of the random variable
D. The highest value of the random variable

Answer: C

7. Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable

Given the probability distribution of X:

X 1 2 3

P(X) 0.2 0.5 0.3

Find the expected value (mean) of X.

A. 1.8
B. 2.1
C. 2.5
D. 3.0

Answer: B

8. Finds the variance of a discrete random variable

Using the same probability distribution in question 7, find the variance of X.

A. 0.56
B. 0.61
C. 0.64
D. 0.70

Answer: A
9. Computes the probability of a given discrete random variable

If X represents the number of heads in 3 coin flips, what is the probability that X = 2?

A. 1/8
B. 3/8
C. 1/2
D. 5/8

Answer: B

10. Identifies the standard deviation of a discrete random variable

The standard deviation of a discrete random variable is:

A. The square root of the mean
B. The square root of the variance
C. The mean multiplied by the variance
D. The sum of all probabilities

Answer: B
1. Illustrates a Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)

Question 1

Which of the following best defines a random variable?

A. A variable that takes on unpredictable values

B. A variable that assigns numerical values to outcomes of a random experiment
C. A variable that always follows a pattern
D. A fixed numerical value

Answer: B

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a continuous random variable?

A. The number of students in a class

B. The time it takes to complete a race
C. The number of books on a shelf
D. The number of pets a person owns

Answer: B

Question 3

A factory records the weight of randomly selected apples. The recorded weights represent:

A. A discrete random variable

B. A continuous random variable
C. A categorical variable
D. A constant variable

Answer: B

2. Distinguishes Between a Discrete and a Continuous Random Variable

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Discrete random variables take only whole number values.

B. Continuous random variables are always measured, not counted.
C. The number of cars passing a toll booth is a continuous random variable.
D. The height of a building is a discrete random variable.

Answer: B

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a discrete random variable?

A. The amount of rainfall in a city
B. The number of goals scored in a soccer game
C. The temperature in degrees Celsius
D. The weight of a newborn baby

Answer: B

Question 6

A company tracks the daily sales revenue from their store. The revenue is an example of:

A. A discrete random variable

B. A continuous random variable
C. A categorical variable
D. A dependent variable

Answer: B

3. Finds the Possible Values of a Random Variable

Question 7

Which of the following could be the set of possible values for a discrete random variable?

A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {2.5, 3.7, 4.8, 5.9}
C. {All real numbers between 0 and 10}
D. {Negative and positive fractions between -1 and 1}

Answer: A

Question 8

Which of the following could be the possible values of a continuous random variable?

A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
C. {All real numbers between 2 and 10}
D. {Whole numbers between 1 and 100}

Answer: C

Question 9

The random variable X represents the number of heads obtained in 3 coin flips. What are the possible
values of X?

A. {0, 1, 2, 3}
B. {H, T}
C. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
D. {All numbers from -∞ to ∞}

Answer: A

4. Illustrates a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and Its Properties

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?

X 1 2 3

P(X) 0.4 0.6 0.2

A. The sum of probabilities should be 1.

B. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
C. The probability of each value of X must be equal.
D. There should be more values for X.

Answer: C

Question 11

What must the sum of all probabilities in a discrete probability distribution be?

A. Less than 1
B. Exactly 1
C. Greater than 1
D. Any positive number

Answer: B

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct probability value in a probability distribution?

A. -0.5
B. 1.2
C. 0.8
D. 2.0

Answer: C
5. Computes Probabilities Corresponding to a Given Random Variable

Question 13

A fair six-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 4?

A. 1/3
B. 1/6
C. 1/2
D. 2/3

Answer: A

Question 14

If a fair coin is flipped twice, what is the probability of getting exactly one head?

A. 1/4
B. 1/2
C. 3/4
D. 1

Answer: B

Question 15

A box contains 3 red balls and 2 blue balls. If one ball is randomly selected, what is the probability that it
is red?

A. 2/5
B. 3/5
C. 1/2
D. 3/2

Answer: B

6. Illustrates the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Question 16

The mean (expected value) of a discrete random variable represents:

A. The sum of the values of the random variable

B. The sum of the probabilities of the random variable
C. The weighted average of all possible values of the random variable
D. The highest value of the random variable

Answer: C

Question 17
Variance measures:

A. The spread of the random variable around the mean

B. The highest possible value of the random variable
C. The number of possible values a random variable can take
D. The probability of an event occurring

Answer: A

Question 18

If the variance of a probability distribution is zero, what does this indicate?

A. The random variable has only one possible value.

B. The values are widely spread.
C. The probability distribution is skewed.
D. The mean must be negative.

Answer: A

7. Calculates the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Question 19

If X has the probability distribution:

X 1 2 3

P(X) 0.2 0.5 0.3

Find E(X) (the expected value of X).

A. 1.8
B. 2.1
C. 2.5
D. 3.0

Answer: B

Question 20

Using the same probability distribution in question 19, find the variance of X.

A. 0.56
B. 0.61
C. 0.64
D. 0.7
Answer: A

Question 21

The standard deviation of a discrete random variable is:

A. The square root of the mean

B. The square root of the variance
C. The mean multiplied by the variance
D. The sum of all probabilities

Answer: B

Topic 1: Interprets the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Questions:

1. The mean of a discrete random variable represents:

a) The most frequently occurring value
b) The expected value or long-term average outcome
c) The probability of each outcome occurring
d) The spread of the data

2. Which of the following correctly defines the variance of a discrete random variable?
a) The expected value of the random variable
b) The squared difference between each value and the mean, multiplied by its probability
c) The probability distribution of the variable
d) The absolute differences between outcomes and the mean

3. If a discrete random variable XXX has outcomes 1, 2, and 3 with probabilities 0.2, 0.5, and 0.3
respectively, what is the mean E(X)E(X)E(X)?
a) 1.5
b) 2.0
c) 2.3
d) 2.5

Answer Key:
1 - b, 2 - b, 3 - c

Topic 2: Solves Problems Involving Mean and Variance of Probability Distributions

Questions:

1. Suppose a discrete random variable XXX has values 2, 4, and 6 with probabilities 0.3, 0.4, and
0.3, respectively. What is the mean E(X)E(X)E(X)?
a) 3.5
b) 4.0
 c) 4.5
d) 5.0

2. If a discrete random variable has a mean of 10 and a variance of 4, what is the standard
deviation?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16

3. A game involves rolling a fair six-sided die. If you win $10 for rolling a 6 and lose $2 for rolling
any other number, what is the expected value of the game?
a) -$1.00
b) $0.00
c) $1.00
d) $2.00

Answer Key:
1 - b, 2 - a, 3 – b

Topic 1: Identifies Regions Under the Normal Curve Corresponding to Different Standard Normal
Values

1. The total area under the standard normal curve is always equal to:
a) 0
b) 1
c) 100
d) 0.5

Answer: b) 1

2. The area to the left of the mean (z = 0) in a standard normal distribution is:
a) 1
b) 0.75
c) 0.50
d) 0.25

Answer: c) 0.50

3. What is the probability that a standard normal variable (Z) is greater than zero (P(Z > 0))?
a) 0.25
b) 0.50
c) 0.75
d) 1.00

Answer: b) 0.50
Topic 2: Converts a Normal Random Variable to a Standard Normal Variable and Vice Versa

4. A raw score XXX is transformed into a standard normal score ZZZ using which formula?
a) Z=X−μσZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}Z=σX−μ
b) Z=X+μσZ = \frac{X + \mu}{\sigma}Z=σX+μ
c) Z=X×σ+μZ = X \times \sigma + \muZ=X×σ+μ
d) Z=X−σ+μZ = X - \sigma + \muZ=X−σ+μ

Answer: a) Z=X−μσZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}Z=σX−μ

5. If a normal random variable XXX has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, what is the
standard normal value (Z-score) for X=60X = 60X=60?
a) -1
b) 0
c) 1
d) 2

Answer: c) 1
(Calculation: Z=60−5010=1Z = \frac{60 - 50}{10} = 1Z=1060−50=1)

6. Given a standard normal score Z=−2Z = -2Z=−2, what is the corresponding raw score XXX if the
mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15?
a) 85
b) 70
c) 100
d) 130

Answer: b) 70
(Calculation: X=μ+Zσ=100+(−2×15)=70X = \mu + Z\sigma = 100 + (-2 \times 15) = 70X=μ+Zσ=100+
(−2×15)=70)

Topic 3: Computes Probabilities and Percentiles Using the Standard Normal Table

7. Using the standard normal table, what is P(Z<1.96)P(Z < 1.96)P(Z<1.96)?

a) 0.4750
b) 0.5000
c) 0.9750
d) 0.0250

Answer: c) 0.9750

8. What is the probability that ZZZ is greater than 2.33 (P(Z>2.33)P(Z > 2.33)P(Z>2.33))?
a) 0.0099
b) 0.0228
c) 0.5000
d) 0.9772

Answer: b) 0.0228
 9. If the 90th percentile of a standard normal distribution corresponds to a Z-score of
approximately 1.28, what percentage of data lies below this Z-score?
a) 28%
b) 50%
c) 90%
d) 10%

Answer: c) 90%

Topic 3: Illustrates a Normal Random Variable and Its Characteristics

Questions:

1. A normal distribution is:

a) Skewed to the right
b) Skewed to the left
c) Symmetric and bell-shaped
d) Uniformly distributed

2. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of data falls within one standard
deviation of the mean?
a) 50%
b) 68%
c) 95%
d) 99%

3. If a normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what value is one
standard deviation above the mean?
a) 45
b) 50
c) 55
d) 60

Answer Key:
1 - c, 2 - b, 3 – c

Topic 1: Illustrates Random Sampling

1. Which of the following best defines random sampling?

a) A method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
b) A method where individuals are chosen based on convenience.
c) A method where only specific groups are chosen deliberately.
d) A method where samples are selected based on prior knowledge of the population.

Answer: a) A method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
 2. Which of the following is NOT a type of random sampling?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Convenience sampling
d) Stratified sampling

Answer: c) Convenience sampling

3. If a researcher selects 50 students randomly from a list of all students in a school using a random
number generator, which type of sampling is being used?
a) Cluster sampling
b) Simple random sampling
c) Stratified sampling
d) Convenience sampling

Answer: b) Simple random sampling

Topic 2: Distinguishes Between Parameter and Statistic

4. Which of the following describes a parameter?

a) A numerical value calculated from a sample.
b) A numerical value that describes an entire population.
c) A value that changes from sample to sample.
d) A statistic used to infer information about a sample.

Answer: b) A numerical value that describes an entire population.

5. A researcher calculates the average height of 200 randomly selected students from a university.
This value is an example of a:
a) Parameter
b) Statistic
c) Population
d) Census

Answer: b) Statistic

6. The average salary of all teachers in a country is $50,000. This value represents a:
a) Parameter
b) Statistic
c) Sample
d) Variable

Answer: a) Parameter
Topic 3: Identifies Sampling Distributions of Statistics (Sample Mean)

7. What is a sampling distribution of the sample mean?

a) A distribution of all possible population values.
b) A distribution of all possible sample means from a population.
c) A distribution of individual data points from a single sample.
d) A distribution that shows only the highest and lowest values in a sample.

Answer: b) A distribution of all possible sample means from a population.

8. According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of the sample mean:
a) Always has the same shape as the population distribution.
b) Becomes approximately normal if the sample size is sufficiently large.
c) Is always skewed to the right.
d) Has a variance equal to the population variance.

Answer: b) Becomes approximately normal if the sample size is sufficiently large.

9. If the population has a mean of μ = 75 and a standard deviation of σ = 20, what is the standard
deviation of the sampling distribution (standard error) if the sample size is n = 25?
a) 20
b) 4
c) 75
d) 5

Answer: b) 4
(Formula: Standard Error = σn=2025=4\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}} = \frac{20}{\sqrt{25}} = 4nσ=2520=4)

Topic 1: Finds the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

1. What is the expected value of the sample mean Xˉ\bar{X}Xˉ in a sampling distribution?
a) The population mean (μ\muμ)
b) The population variance (σ2\sigma^2σ2)
c) The standard error (σ/n\sigma/\sqrt{n}σ/n)
d) The median of the population

Answer: a) The population mean (μ\muμ)

2. If the population variance is σ2\sigma^2σ2, what is the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean?
a) σ2\sigma^2σ2
b) σ2/n\sigma^2/nσ2/n
c) σ/n\sigma/nσ/n
d) nσ2n\sigma^2nσ2

Answer: b) σ2/n\sigma^2/nσ2/n
 3. As the sample size increases, what happens to the standard error of the sample mean?
a) It increases
b) It remains constant
c) It decreases
d) It depends on the sample mean

Answer: c) It decreases

Topic 2: Defines the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean for Normal Population

4. If a population is normally distributed, the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be:
a) Normally distributed for large sample sizes only
b) Normally distributed for any sample size
c) Uniformly distributed
d) Skewed right for small sample sizes

Answer: b) Normally distributed for any sample size

5. According to the Central Limit Theorem, for a sufficiently large sample size, the sampling
distribution of the sample mean approaches:
a) A uniform distribution
b) A binomial distribution
c) A normal distribution
d) A Poisson distribution

Answer: c) A normal distribution

6. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is equal to:
a) The standard deviation of the population
b) The population mean
c) The sample variance
d) Zero

Answer: b) The population mean

Topic 3: When the Variance is (a) Known; (b) Unknown

7. When the population variance (σ2\sigma^2σ2) is known, which test statistic is typically used for
hypothesis testing about the mean?
a) Student’s t-test
b) Chi-square test
c) Z-test
d) F-test

Answer: c) Z-test
 8. When the population variance is unknown and the sample size is small (n<30n < 30n<30), which
test is most appropriate?
a) Z-test
b) t-test
c) F-test
d) Chi-square test

Answer: b) t-test

9. The t-distribution differs from the normal distribution because:

a) It is skewed to the right
b) It has a higher peak
c) It has heavier tails
d) It is discrete

Answer: c) It has heavier tails

Topic 1: Defines the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean Using the Central Limit Theorem

1. What does the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) state?

A) The mean of a population is always equal to the mean of any random sample.
B) The sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size
increases.
C) The variance of the population is equal to the variance of the sampling distribution.
D) The shape of the population distribution determines the shape of the sampling distribution.

2. According to the CLT, which of the following is true when the sample size increases?
A) The sample mean will always equal the population mean.
B) The standard deviation of the sample increases.
C) The sampling distribution of the sample mean becomes approximately normal.
D) The population distribution becomes normal.

3. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A) Always greater than the population mean
B) Always less than the population mean
C) Equal to the population mean
D) Not related to the population mean

Answer Key for Topic 1:

1. B

2. C

3. C

Topic 2: Solves Problems Involving Sampling Distributions of the Sample Mean

4. A population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. If a random sample of 25 is taken,
what is the standard error of the mean?
A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 50

5. A population has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 20. If a sample of size 16 is taken, what
is the probability that the sample mean is greater than 105? (Assume normality)
A) 0.1587
B) 0.3085
C) 0.8413
D) 0.6915

6. If a population is normally distributed with mean 75 and standard deviation 12, what is the
probability that a random sample of size 36 will have a mean between 72 and 78?
A) 0.6826
B) 0.9544
C) 0.2119
D) 0.7881

Answer Key for Topic 2:

4. A (Standard error = 10 / sqrt(25) = 2)
5. A (Z = (105 - 100) / (20 / sqrt(16)) = 1. The probability of Z > 1 is 0.1587)
6. B (Using Z-scores and normal probability calculations)