Parts of Speech Sentence Structure

There are eight parts of speech in English, Understanding sentence structure is crucial for
each serving a distinct function in a sentence: constructing clear and coherent sentences.

Types of Sentences

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or Simple Sentence: Contains one independent
ideas. clause.

Example: "dog," "city," "happiness" Example: "She reads."

Pronouns: Words that replace nouns. Compound Sentence: Contains two or more
independent clauses joined by a conjunction or
Example: "he," "she," "it"
semicolon.
Verbs: Words that describe actions or states of
Example: "She reads, and he writes."
being.
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent
Example: "run," "is," "think"
clause and at least one dependent clause.
Adjectives: Words that describe nouns or Example: "She reads because she loves
pronouns.
books."
Example: "happy," "blue," "tall"
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at
Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, least two independent clauses and at least one
adjectives, or other adverbs. dependent clause.

Example: "quickly," "very," "well" Example: "She reads because she loves
books, and he writes novels."
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship
between a noun (or pronoun) and other words
in a sentence. Sentence Components
Example: "in," "on," "at"
Subject: The person, place, thing, or idea that
Conjunctions: Words that connect clauses, is doing or being something.
sentences, or words.
Example: "The cat is sleeping."
Example: "and," "but," "or"
Predicate: The part of the sentence that tells
Interjections: Words or phrases that express something about the subject.
strong emotion.
Example: "The cat is sleeping."
Example: "Wow!," "Oh no!"
Object: The person, place, thing, or idea that is
affected by the action of the verb.

Example: "She reads a book."

Tenses Articles

English has 12 tenses, each indicating the time There are three articles in English: "a," "an,"
of an action or state. These tenses are and "the."
grouped into three main categories (past,
present, future) with four variations (simple,
continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). Definite Article: "The" (used to refer to a
specific noun).
Present Simple: "She reads."
Example: "The book on the table."
Present Continuous: "She is reading."
Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An" (used to refer
Present Perfect: "She has read."
to a non-specific noun).
Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been
Example: "A book," "An apple."
reading."

Past Simple: "She read."

Modifiers
Past Continuous: "She was reading."
Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that
Past Perfect: "She had read."
provide more information about a noun or
Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been verb.
reading."
Adjectives: Modify nouns.
Future Simple: "She will read."
Example: "A red apple."
Future Continuous: "She will be reading."
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other
Future Perfect: "She will have read." adverbs.

Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been Example: "She reads quickly."
reading."

Clauses and Phrases

Agreement
Independent Clause: A group of words with a
Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb subject and predicate that can stand alone as a
must agree in number (singular or plural). sentence.

Example: "She reads," "They read." Example: "She reads."

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement: Pronouns Dependent Clause: A group of words with a

must agree with their antecedents in number, subject and predicate that cannot stand alone
gender, and person. as a sentence.

Example: "The student lost his book," Example: "Because she loves books."
"The students lost their books."
Phrase: A group of words that does not contain
a subject and predicate.

Example: "On the table," "Running

quickly."

Punctuation

Proper punctuation is essential for clear and

effective writing.

Period (.): Ends a sentence.

Comma (,): Separates items in a list, clauses,

and more.

Semicolon (;): Connects closely related

independent clauses.

Colon (:): Introduces a list or explanation.

Exclamation Point (!): Expresses strong

emotion.

Question Mark (?): Ends a question.