Definition of Data Modelling

Data Modelling is the process of structuring and organizing data.

The data structures are then typically implemented in a database
management system. In addition to defining and organising
the data, data modelling may also impose constraints or limitations
on data placed within the structure.
Managing large quantities of structure and unstructured data is a primary
function of information systems. Data Models describe structured data for
storage in data management system such as relational databases. They do
not describe unstructured data such as word processing documents, email
messages, pictures, digital audio and video.
Concept of Data Modelling
 Data modelling techniques and tools help to capture and translate
complex system designs into easily understood representation
of data flows and processes, creating a blueprint for construction and
re-engineering.
 Data Models provide a structure for data used within information
system by providing specific definition and format.
 Data Model shows the dataflow and logical interrelationship among
different data elements.
 Compatibility of data can be achieved, if a data model is consistently
used across the systems.
The term data model actually refers to two different things: a description
of data structure and the way data are organized using Database
Management System (DBMS).
Data Structure
A data model describes the structure of the data within a given domain and,
by implication, the underlying structure of that domain itself.
Data Organisation
A data Model also describes how to organized data using a database
management system.
EVALUATION
1. State the concepts of data modelling.
2. Describe the following; Data Structure and data Organization.
APPROACH IN DATA MODELLING
There are different approaches to data modelling, including;
Conceptual Data Modelling: The conceptual data modelling identifies the
highest level relationships between different entities. This is the first step in
organising the data requirements.
Logical Data Modelling: The logical Data modelling illustrates the specific
entities, attribute and relationships involves in a business function. It serves
as the basis for the creation of the physical data model.
Physical Data Modelling: The physical Data Modelling represents an
application and database-specific implication of a logical data model and
describes the physical means used to store data.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Explain the different approaches to data modelling.
2. Define data modelling.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D
1. In the approach of data modeling ____ data modeling illustrate the
specific entities, attribute and relationship involved
in business function.
2. Conceptual Data Modeling (b) Logical Data Modeling (c)
Flat data Modeling
(d)Physical Data Modeling
 The processing of structuring and organizing data is referred to as
______
(a)Data Structure (b) Data Organization (c) Data Manipulation
(d) Data Modeling
3. The major concept for data modeling is to _____________________
(a) Translate simple system design to complex representation of data
(b) Translate complex system design to simple representation of data
(c) Translate simple system design to simple representation of data
(d) Translate complex system design to complex representation of data
  The term “Data Model” refers to two different things- data organization
and ________
 Data Model (b) Data Processing (c) Data Structure
(d) Data Organization
 The following are unstructured data Except
 Video (b) email message (c) Picture (d) Database
SECTION B
1a. Define data modeling.
 List three (3) approaches to Data modeling.
2. State the major concept of Data Modeling.

Significance of Data Model

Data model is a great communication tool because it facilitates interaction
and communication between the designers, programmers and end users. In
essence it does not allow one party’s bias towards a certain view of
a data (whether they consider to be most important) to take hold.
 A well-developed data model can even foster improved understanding
of the organization for which the database design is developed.
 Data model help in structuring and organizing data.
These data structure are then typically implemented in a database
management system which is used mostly by organization for decision
making.
 In addition to defining and organizing the data, data modelling will
impose (implicitly or explicitly) constraints or limitation on
the data placed within the structure
Standard Data Model
A standard data model or industry standard model (ISDM) is a data model
that is widely applied in some industry, and shared amongst competitors to
some degree. They are often defined by standard bodies, database vendors
or operating system vendors. The most effective standard model have
developed in the banking, insurance, pharmaceutical and automotive
industries, to reflect the stringent standards applied to customer information
gathering, customer privacy, customer safety, or just in time manufacturing.
They enable easier and faster information sharing because heterogeneous
organizations have a standard vocabulary and pre-negotiated semantics,
format, and quality standards for exchanged data.
EVALUATION
1. State the significance of Data Model.
a. What is another name for “standard data model”?
Example of Standard Data Models
1. ISO 10303: ISO 10303 is an ISO standard for the computer-
interpretable representation and exchange of product manufacturing
information.
2. ISO 15926: The ISO 15926 is a standard for data integration, sharing,
exchange, and handover between computer systems.
3. IDEAS Group: The IDEA Group is the international Defence Enterprise
architecture Specification for exchange Group. The deliverable of the
project is a data exchange format for military Enterprise Architectures.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Explain the significance of data model.
2. State two examples of standard data model.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D
1. Standard Data model can also be called ____.
2. Manufacture Standard data Model
3. Industry Standard data Model
4. Structured Standard data Mode
5. Enhanced Standard data Model
6. ____ are great communication tool because it allows interaction and
communication between designers, programmers and end users.
7. Data Model (b) Normal Form (c) Database (d)
Attribute
8. What is the full meaning of ISDM?
9. Industry Significant Data model
 10. International Standard Data Model
11. International Significant Data Model
12. Industry Standard Data Model
13. ____ is the international defense enterprise architecture
specification for exchange group. (a) Ideas Group (b) Standard
Group (c) Best Group (d) Normal Group
14. The following are significance of data model except
15. It can foster improved understanding of the organization for
which the database design is developed
16. It also imposes constraints or limitations on the data placed
within the structure
17. It helps in structuring and organizing data
18. It creates database management system for organization
SECTION B
1. Give two (2) examples of Standard data Model.
2. Explain the need for Industry Standard Data Model.

TYPES OF DATA MODELLING

Flat Model: The flat Model (or Table) model consists of a single, two-
dimensional array of data elements, where all members of a given column
are assumed to be similar in values, and all member of row are assumed to
be related to one another.
Flat Model

Route No. Miles Activities

RECORD 1 1 – 95 12 Overlay

RECORD 2 1 -495 05 Parching

RECORD 3 SR – 301 33 Crack Seal

HIERARCHICAL MODEL
In a hierarchical database, data is organized into an upside-down tree-like
structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe the
nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each
same-level list. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early
mainframe database management systems.

Network Model:
This model organizes data using two fundamental construct, called records
and sets. Records contain fields, and sets define one-to-many relationships
between records: one owner, many members.

EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between Hierarchical and Network Model.
a. Explain Flat data model.
Relational Model
The relational model or relational data base model is based on first-order
predicate logic. Its core idea is to describe a database as a collection of
predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing constraints on
the possible values and combinations of values.

Object-Relational Model
The object relational model is similar to relational database model, but
objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas
and in the query language. An object-relational database can be said to
provide a middle ground between relational databases and object-oriented
databases (OODBMS)
Star Schema
The star schema is the simplest style of data warehouse schema. The star
schema consists of a few “fact table” (possibly only one, justifying the name)
referencing any number of dimension tables”. The star schema is considered
an important special case of the snowflake schema.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. List and explain the types of data model.
2. With the aid of a chart, using the school setting as a case study,
explain Network model.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D
1. One of the following is an example of a DBMS package.
2. Ms Word (b) Ms Power-point (c) Ms access (d) Ms Outlook
2. In the approach of data modeling ____ data modeling identifies the
highest level relationship between different entities.
 Conceptual Data Modeling
 Logical Data Modeling
 Flat data Modeling
 Physical Data Modeling
1. ____ model organizes data using two fundamental construct called
record and set.
 2. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d) Star Schema
3. ____model consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements.
4. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d) Star Schema
5. ____database model is organized into an upside-down tree-like
structure
6. Network (b) Relational (c) Object Oriented (d) Hierarchical
SECTION B
1. List and explain four types of database model
2. Define the following; Data, Field, record, File.