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Cbse Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 1 Real Numbers

This document provides revision notes for Class 10 Maths, focusing on real numbers, Euclid's Division Lemma and Algorithm, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, and the concepts of HCF and LCM. It explains the definitions of rational and irrational numbers, number theory principles, and the decimal expansions of rational numbers. Key formulas and examples are included to illustrate the concepts discussed.

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Sabia Idrisi
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52 views3 pages

Cbse Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 1 Real Numbers

This document provides revision notes for Class 10 Maths, focusing on real numbers, Euclid's Division Lemma and Algorithm, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, and the concepts of HCF and LCM. It explains the definitions of rational and irrational numbers, number theory principles, and the decimal expansions of rational numbers. Key formulas and examples are included to illustrate the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

Sabia Idrisi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class - 10 Maths
Chapter 1 - Real Numbers
● Real numbers:
- All rational and irrational numbers taken together make the real
numbers. On the number line, any real number can be plotted.

● Euclid’s Division Lemma:


- A lemma is a verified statement that is utilised to prove another.
Euclid’s Division Lemma states that for any two integers a and b ,
there exists a unique pair of integers q and r such that a = b × q + r
where 0r < b.
- The lemma can be simply stated as :
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
- For any pair of dividend and divisor, the quotient and remainder
obtained are going to be unique.

● Euclid’s Division Algorithm:


- An algorithm is a set of well-defined steps that describe how to solve a
certain problem. The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two positive
integers is computed using Euclid's division algorithm.
- Follow the steps below to find the HCF of two positive integers, say c
and d , with c > d:
Step 1: We apply Euclid’s Division Lemma to find two integers q
and r such that c = d × q + r where 0r <d .
Step 2: If r = 0, the H.C.F is d , else, we apply Euclid’s division
Lemma to d (the divisor) and r (the remainder) to get another pair of
quotient and remainder.
Step 3: Repeat Steps 1–3 until the remainder is zero. The needed HCF
will be the divisor at the last step.

● The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:


The process of expressing a natural number as a product of prime
numbers is known as prime factorization.
Apart from the sequence in which the prime components occur, the
prime factorisation for a given number is unique.

Class X Maths 1
Example: 12=223, here 12 is represented as a product of its
prime factors 2 and 3 .

● Finding LCM and HCF:


- HCF is the product of the smallest power of each common prime
factor in the given numbers.
- LCM is the product of the greatest power of each prime factor,
involved in the given numbers.
- For any two positive integers a and b ,
HCF ( a, b ) × LCM ( a, b ) = a × b
- L.C.M can be used to find common occurrence sites. For instance, the
time when two people running at different speeds meet, or the ringing
of bells with various frequencies.

● Rational and Irrational numbers:


- If a number can be expressed in the form p /q where p and q are
integers and q  0 , then it is called a rational number.
- If a number cannot be expressed in the form p /q where p and q are
integers and q  0 , then it is called an irrational number.

● Number Theory:
- If p (a prime number) divides a2 , then p divides a as well. For
example, 3 divides 62 , resulting in 36, implying that 3 divides 6 .
- The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is
irrational
- A non-zero rational and irrational number's product and quotient are
both irrational.
- p is irrational when p is a prime number. For example, 7 is a prime
number and 7 is irrational. The preceding statement can be proven
by the process of “Proof by contradiction”.

● Decimal Expansions of Rational Numbers:


p
- Let x = be a rational number with the prime factorization 2 n 5m ,
q
where n and m are non-negative integers. The decimal expansion of
x then comes to an end. Then x has a non-terminating repeated
decimal expansion (recurring).

Class X Maths 2
a
- If is a rational number, then its decimal expansion would terminate
b
if both of the following conditions are satisfied :
a) The H.C.F of a and b is 1 .
b) b can be expressed as a prime factorisation of 2 and 5 i.e in
the form 2 n 5m where either m or n , or both can be zero.
- If the prime factorisation of b contains any number other than 2 or 5 ,
then the decimal expansion of that number will be recurring

Class X Maths 3

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