Week 2 - Communication  Social Context – refers to the relationship

the participants hold for each other.

Communication comes from Latin word  Psychological Context – which has to do
“communis”, which means “commons”. To be with the mood and emotions of the
common means “to come together” or to communicators at the moment of the
“commune” – “To share something in common” communication.
It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, Process of Oral Communication
feelings and emotions from one person to another
with the use of symbols which may be verbal and 1. Encoding - is everything that goes inside the
non- verbal and aims for understanding. brain of an individual. It involves the sender
who, grounded by communicative intentions
Elements of Human Communication and goals, decides on assigning codes.
1. Sender – Is the one who initiates the - Is a systematic arrangement of symbols used by
communication. individuals to create meaning.
2. Receiver – provides the sender with feedback 2. Transmission - is the process by which the
which may prompt the sender to clarify the sender, having assigned codes to come up with
message or signal to carry on as planned. thought symbols (message) that are also
3. Message – Is made up of the ideas and feelings comprehensible by the participant/s of the
that a sender-receiver wants to share with communication, transmits or sends message to
others. its recipient.
 Verbal Symbols – Express through words. 3. Receiving - Having been submitted through
 Non-Verbal Symbols – Express through sound waves and light waves, the comes from
gestures, inflection, tone, etc. the sender then reaches the receiver. It is
4. Channel – are means through which we assumed that the receiver’s attention is focused
transmit the message in either vocal or non- on the communication at hand to facilitate
vocal messages. better understanding of the message
 Vocal Messages – Verbal or Spoken. transported by the sender.
 Non-Vocal Messages – may be expressed in 4. Decoding - It is the process by which the
words or non-verbal symbols. receiver interprets or assigns meanings to the
5. Feedback – the behavioral response of the codes transported by the source. The receiver
sender and receiver to each other. It is the tries to give meanings to these symbols which
Information that comes back to the sender of may be literal or may give associations
the message and informs how well the message depending on knowledge and/or experience.
is getting through. 5. Responding - response is anticipated by the
6. Noise – an inference that bars the message sender from the receiver. Feedback.
from being understood or interpreted. FIVE SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION
 External Noise – Comes from the Physical
Environment, 1. Listening – It is the ability to accurately receive
 Internal Noise – confined with psychological and interpret messages in Communication
and sociological nature of individuals when Process. It is the key to all effective
thoughts and feelings are engrossed on communication.
something other than communication at hand. 2. Speaking Skills – Are defined as the skills which
7. Context – refers to the surrounding allow us to communicate effectively. They Give
/environment that helps share the interaction us the ability to convey Information verbally in
between and/ or among individuals. a way that the listener can understand.
 Physical Context – the Physical environment 3. Reading Skills – The Ability to Process text,
where the environment take place. understand its meaning, and to integrate with
that the reader already knows.
4. Writing Skills he/she has prepared beforehand and delivers
5. Viewing Skills nit before an audience. Feedback is limited.
4. Mass Communication
WEEK 3 - Has highly structured messages and able to
Communication is the foundation for sharing reach a larger number of audiences at the same
information between people to ensure that time through the use of electronic devices or
everything is understood and can be acted upon. print media like newspapers and magazines.
5. Technology-Mediated Communication
Communication is highly necessary for our - From electronic emails, texting, instant
society, as it is quite hard to imagine a life where messaging, social networking, tweeting, blogs
there is absolutely no communication, in fact; and video conferencing-they all share one thing
maybe it is not even possible to lead a life without in common.
communication.
Importance of Communication in Society
So, we can surely say it is a most important
aspect of our lives because it is only through  Transferring of Ideas and feelings
exchange of ideas and cooperation that a society - To transfer ideas from one person to another,
can grow and develop. communication plays a vital role. Every human
being has some ideas that are unique to his
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION own mind and he wants to convey those
messages or ideas to others. Until the person
1. Intrapersonal Communication doesn't communicate and share his ideas, he
- Operates within the communicator. cannot let others know what he is thinking or
- (What to wear for the day. What activities to what he has in his mind.
engage in, reflecting different situations, talking  Interaction with Society
to oneself) - Humans are social animals they need to
2. Interpersonal Communication interact with each other. It is highly important
- Occurs between two or more People. that we interact with our surroundings and
- (Private conversation with friends, Interview people living in the surroundings.
with prospective employer, simple group  For Education
meetings) - To educate someone, we need to communicate
the ideas, information regarding syllabus or the
Kinds of Interpersonal Communication
study material to the student. If a teacher is
1. Dyadic or face-to-face Interaction communicating well with his students, his
- Is a conversation between two persons which students will be satisfied with him and they will
usually occurs in an informal interaction. This able to grasp more. Inefficient communication
interaction provides a great deal of feedback as can lead to transfer of ambiguous knowledge.
compared to other types of communication  To Entertain World
2. Small Group Communication - Entertainment, today, is mostly based on the
- Occurs when each member or participant channels of mass communication, like films and
speaks out or is actively participating in the television. Internet is another common
process to come up with a consensus. Degree platform for entertainment, which again is a
of formality may range from intimate to formal. mode of communication. In short, we can easily
3. Public Communication say that communication and entertainment are
- An enlarged form of group communication that entwined in today's world.
involves a resource person addressing a specific  To Understand the World
audience. The speaker or the resource person - Unless we communicate with the world, we will
has a message about a certain topic which never understand the way things function and
how things are piled up and related to one
 another. We need to interact with the PowerPoint presentations, cards, post-it notes,
environment in order to understand life. People and more. This isn’t just limited to words
who do not communicate tend to get isolated, either, it includes drawings, emojis, even GIFs
which thereby leads to many problems. that help you deliver a message.
- Being able to write effectively is critical in any
Interpersonal Communication environment, but especially the workplace
What is interpersonal communication? where so much communication takes place
over platforms like Slack and email.
Whether you’re in school, at work, or even a 3. Nonverbal communication
restaurant, interpersonal communication is a - Nonverbal communication encompasses all the
critical part of any environment where you’re communication cues that don’t involve any
interacting with others. Interpersonal actual words. This includes things like body
communication can be defined as all of the language, hand gestures, eye contact, the tone
elements that go into the process of exchanging of your voice, and even how much physical
information, ideas, and feelings between people. space you give another person while speaking
to them.
Key takeaways 4. Listening
- When you think of communication, you often
 Interpersonal communication is the process of
think of what’s being said, but listening is a
exchanging information, ideas, and feelings
huge part of interpersonal communication as
with other people
well. There’s a difference between listening and
 The 4 types of interpersonal communication
active listening.
are: communication, nonverbal
- Active listening involves being engaged with the
communication, and listening
person speaking and displaying verbal and
 Examples of interpersonal communication are
nonverbal cues that indicate that. It also
phone calls, Zoom meetings, text messages,
involves paying attention to not only what is
class lectures, body language, facial
being said but the nonverbal communication
expressions, and written letters
that goes along with it. Practicing active
 Strong interpersonal skills are critical whether
listening, it makes others more comfortable
you are a student, a job candidate, an
sharing with you.
employee, a manager – or any combination of
these positions. Oral communication: formal conversations,
informal conversations, presentations, interviews,
FOUR TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
speeches, elevator pitches, phone calls, video
COMMUNICATION
conferences, meetings.
1. Oral Communication
Written communication: websites, letters, faxes,
- As the name indicates, oral communication is
postcards, contracts, Slack messages, brochures,
any form of spoken communication. This
emails, text messages, greeting cards.
involves what you say, as well as how you say
it, including what words you choose, how loud Nonverbal communication: facial expressions,
or quiet you are speaking, the speed that body language, posture, gestures, eye contact,
you’re speaking at, the tone and the pitch of space, voice, tone, movement.
your voice. Even with a simple phrase like “Hi,
how are you?” there can be endless ways to Listening: nodding, eye contact, asking and
communicate this by changing how you phrase answering questions, facial expressions,
and say it. empathizing, leaning forward.
2. Written communication
- This includes all types of written verbal WEEK 4
communication: emails, reports, text messages, Categories of Communication Function
1. THE SENDER’S STANDPOINT - is the function played by media in teaching
- Functions are information, instruction, members of society what their roles are & how
persuasion and entertainment. things work so
2. INFORMATION - Local officials of the city of Antipolo to do their
- Refers to data or facts, is shared every time a job on garbage collection.
sender communicates something to another 10. ENTERTAINMENT
person. - Is the primary function of mass media as a
- A teacher telling students about earthquakes source of enjoyment or pleasure.
- A student talking about her research - Sitcoms, Soap Opera, Noon time Variety Show
- A travelogue about the Tower of London 11. THE RECEIVER’S STANDPOINT
- A computer programmer speaking about new - Functions are personal identity function, social
software integration function, cognitive function and
3. INSTRUCTION escape function.
- Refers to data or facts, is shared every time a 12. PERSONAL IDENTITY
sender communicates something to another - Provides individuals an understanding of who
person. they are. Self-concept is not inborn. It is
- If you give someone your name (informational) developed by observing ourselves and by
- If he/she uses it to teach you how to write in observing how others behave towards us.
Chinese (instructional message) 13. SOCIAL INTEGRATION
4. PERSUASION - Is the way in which communication is used to
- A message designed to alter a person’s beliefs meet our need to belong. It is communication’s
or behavior. It is also identified through appeals linking function. People need human contact &
to personal motives and behavior. interaction
- Senders are usually motivated by the desire for 14. COGNITIVE FUNCTION
power - Is the ability to use symbols & internalize
- Financial Reward like political campaigns or speech. Makes memory & imagination possible.
commercials Allows us to see & understand things from
5. ENTERTAINMENT others point of view.
- Amuses and gives pleasure. 15. ESCAPE FUNCTION
- People from an entertainment industry such a - Is the use of communication as a means to
Radio, Television, Theater, and Film. (Provide relax.
entertainment events to make profit)
6. THE SOCIETY’S STANDPOINT LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
- Functions are surveillance, correlation, Verbal Level of Communication
socialization and entertainment.
7. SURVEILLANCE - Although this is perhaps the most apparent
- The function served by mass media when they level of human communication, people can
monitor and report what is happening in the spend a lifetime trying to master it. This
environment. level includes our selection of words based
- Progress of Kidnapping case of the Chinese on an understanding of meaning between
businessman in Makati the speaker and the listener.
8. CORRELATION
- The function provided by mass media when Physical Level of Communication
they interpret what is happening in the
- Visual cues like eye contact, gestures,
environment.
movements, stances, breathing, posture,
- Previous kidnapping case of the Chines
and facial expressions influence how we
businessman in Makati.
feel and communicate. When used with
9. SOCIALIZATION
integrity, techniques like “matching and
 mirroring” people’s posture and gestures Types of Figures of Speech
(and certain words too) can increase their
receptivity of your message. 1. Simile – In a simile, two things which are
completely unlocked are compared with each
Auditory Level of Communication other. A simile is introduced by words such as like,
so, as etc.
- The sound of our voice, including the tone,
range, volume, and speed affects how our Examples
messages are received and interpreted by
others. For example, fast talkers will find it  The flower is as pretty as a picture.
beneficial to slow their speech when  He is as sober as a judge.
speaking to a thoughtful, introverted
person or risk being unheard. Also, how we  The floor was as slippery as an eel.
enunciate, inflect, and place emphasis on
certain words affects how others interpret  They looked like peas in a pod.
the meaning of what we say.
2. Metaphor – When you compare two unlike or
Emotional Level of Communication different things or ideas, it is known as a metaphor.
It is an informal or implied simile in which the
- Few people appreciate how our emotional words ‘like’ ‘as’ are avoided. For example, He is like
states affect what we communicate and a Giant - Simile and He is a Giant - Metaphor.
how the message is interpreted by the
recipient. Are you more receptive to Example:
someone who is positive and life-affirming
 You are the apple of my eye.
or one who is negative and critical?
Enthusiastic or boring? The speaker’s  Ocean’s sound is music to my ear.
emotions put the recipient in a particular
state of mind and influence how the listener  Heart of gold.
interprets what is said.
 He is a night owl.
Energetic Level of Communication
3. Personification – In Personification, non-living
- Also called the psychic level, this level of things, abstract ideas or qualities are mentioned as
communication encompasses a vast range of humans or living things.
unseen factors including a person’s level of
Example:
consciousness, the frequency or harmonics of
the message, and other subtle energies. Some  Angry clouds surrounded the island.
people seem to have an “X-factor”—a unique
presence—that naturally imparts their  Earth was thirsty for water.
messages to others with greater receptivity and
 The flowers talked to them in the garden.
understanding.
 The wind howled that night.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
4. Apostrophe – In this figure of speech, the writer
 A figure of speech is a deviation from the
mentions the absent or inanimate objects as alive
ordinary use of words in order to increase their
and writes about them.
effectiveness. It is also known as a rhetorical
figure too because it produces a rhetorical Example:
effect. It deviates a statement from its real
meaning or common usage to create a new  “O, Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou
required effect. Romeo?
 “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what 8. Alliteration – It is a series of words, which
you are” commence with the same letter. Alliteration
consists of the repetition of a sound or of a letter at
 Walter, remember when the world was young the beginning of two or more words.
and all the girls knew Walter's name? Walter,
isn't it a shame the way our little world has Example:
changed.”
 Dirty dolphins dove across the ocean
5. Oxymoron – An Oxymoron is when two words
are used together in a sentence but they seem to  Purple pandas painted portraits.
be in contrast with each other. An oxymoron is a  She sells seashells.
figure of speech that willingly uses two differing
ideas. This contradiction creates a paradoxical 9. Onomatopoeia – It is the figure of speech where
image in the reader or listener's mind that creates the word is used to describe a sound. When we
a new concept or meaning for the whole. explain any action by putting the sounds into
language, it is known as onomatopoeia. It is
Example: generally used in fiction or in nursery rhymes, for
 open secret eg- Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O. Words like
whoosh, splat, buzz, oink, click, etc., are used to
 Alone together create this effect.

 true lies Example:

 pretty ugly  I could hear the leaves rustling and the wind
howling.
6. Hyperbole – Hyperbole is when you use words
to exaggerate what you mean or emphasize a  Bam! He hit the truck at the speed of 80 kmph.
point. It is used to make something seem bigger or
more important than it actually is. 10. Anaphora – When many phrases or verses start
with the same word, it is known as anaphora.
Example:
Example:
 It has been ages since I have had a proper meal.
 I came, I saw, I conquered.
 Usain Bolt runs faster than the wind.
 We shall not stop. We shall go on and on. We
 I could do this forever. shall move forward.

 She’s older than this world. 11. Assonance – When we use repetition of vowel
sounds, it is known as assonance.
7. Pun – A pun is generally used in plays where one
word has two different meanings. It is used to Example:
create humor. Humorous use of words of different
meanings or the words of the same sound but  The light of the fire is a sight. (repetition of the
different meanings is known as Pun. long i sound)

Example:  Go slow over the road. (repetition of the long o

sound)
 A sleeping bull is called a bull-dozer.
 Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
 Baseball players eat on home plates. (repetition of the short e and long i sounds)

 Polar bears vote at the North Poll.

12. Euphemism – It is known as a euphemism  Is there an Einstein in your physics class?
when we replace blunt, offensive, or harsh terms (Albert Einstein)
with soft, mild, vague, or indirect terms.
 Achilles’ heel (alluding to the one weakness of
Example: Achilles)

 Using letting you go instead of firing  arrow of love (allusion to Cupid)

 Using a little thin on top instead of getting bald  carrying the weight of the world on your
shoulders (allusion to Atlas)
 Using passed away instead of killed or died
16. Paradox – It is a statement that is seemingly
13. Irony – If you use terms that contrast with what contradictory or opposed to common sense and
you say and what you do, it is known as irony. It’s yet is perhaps true. The paradox is a rhetorical
like a difference between what is said and what is device used to attract attention, to secure
meant. emphasis.
Example: Examples:
 A traffic cop got a ticket for parking in a no-  He loves being in the public eye but also deeply
parking zone. values and protects his privacy.
 The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but got  Failures are the pillars of success.
sunk on its first trip.
 Cowards die many times before their death.
 When the viewer knows who the killer is in the
movie, but the actor doesn’t know that. 17. Understatement – When you try to say or show
something of no importance or less importance.
14. Synecdoche – If a part is represented by a
whole or a whole is represented by a part, it is Example:
known as synecdoche.
 Referring a big wound to just a scratch
Example:
 Saying it little dry instead of desert
 Colgate – any toothpaste
 Referring big destruction to just an accident
 Wheels – a car
18. Parable – It is a short fictitious story that
 Employed people – workers illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.

15. Allusion – An allusion is a reference, typically Example:

brief, to a person, place, thing, event, or other
literary work with which the reader is presumably “In some ways, his life is a parable of the corrupting
familiar. As a literary device, allusion allows a effect of great wealth, for he always assumed that
writer to compress a great deal of meaning and everyone was after his money and out to cheat
significance into a word or phrase. him.”

Example: 19. Fable – It is a legendary story that tells about

the happenings of something supernatural. In the
 His smile is like kryptonite to me. (Superman’s fable, animals speak and act like human beings.
weakness) The well-known fable of tortoise and hare teaches
the lesson, ‘Slow and steady wins the race’.
 She felt like she had a golden ticket. (Charlie
and the Chocolate Factory) Example
 The fable of the old man, his son, and the ass
show the folly of attempting to please
everyone.

 The story he won the battle single-handedly is

merely a fable.

Five Categories of Figure of Speech

1. Figures of Resemblance

- It is also known as the figure of relationship. It

is made up of simile, metaphor, or kenning.

2. Figures of Emphasis

- It is also known as a figure of an

understatement. It is made up of
hyperbole.

3. Figures of Sound

- It uses alliteration.

4. Verbal Games

- It is also known as gymnastics. It includes

puns.

5. Errors

- It is created of malapropism and usually

generated because of blunder.