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Re lation s an d Fu n ction s

O r d er ed Pai r

: Two nu mber s a an d b list ed in a sp e

cif ic or d er an d en closed in

p are nt h eses
for m

an

ord er ed p

air (a,b ). In th e ord ered p air (

a,b ), we call a as f irst nu mber and b as secon d

n u mber .

Th u s (

a,b )

(b,a )

Eq u alit y of t wo ord er ed p airs: weh ave

(a,b ) = (c,d )

a=

an d b = d .

Car tesi an pr odu ct s of tw o sets

: Let A an d B b e t wo

n on

emp t y

set s. Th en , th e Cart esian

p ro du ct of A and B is t he set d en ot ed b y (A X B), c

on sist in g of all ord ered p airs (

a,b )

su ch t h at a

A and b

B.

(A X B) = {(a,b) : a

A an d b

B}
If A =

or B =

, we d ef in eA X B =

Remar ks

(i)

If n (A) = p and n (B) =

th

en

n (AXB) = p q and n (BXA)

=pq.
(ii)

If at lea st on e of A and Bis in f in ite th u s

(AxB) is inf in it e an d (BXA) is

in f in ite.

Ex 1

: If (x + 1, y

2)= (3,1), f ind t h e value of x and y.

Sol u ti on

: Sin ce th e or dere d p airs are eq u el, th e cor re sp on d in g eleme nt s are equ al. Th eref ore

X + 1 =3 an d y

2 =1

So lvin g we get : x =2 and y = 3.

Ex 2

: IfAXB =
{

(p,q ), (p ,r

), (m,q ), (m,r)

f in d A and B.

Sol u ti on

: A= set of f irst elements = {p ,m}

B = set of secon d elemen t s = {q ,r}

O r d er ed Tr i pl et

:Th reenu mb er s a , b an d c listedin a sp ecif icor d er an d enclose d in p are nt

t h ese s f orm an ord er ed trip let (a, b, c).

Th u s (1,2,3 )

(2,1,3 )

M
(3,2,1) et c.

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Fo r an y n on emp t y set A

we d ef in e

(A x A x A) =

(a, b , c) : a,b , c

}
EX

: If P = {1,2 },f ro m th eset P x P x P.

Sol u ti on

: If P= {1,2 }t hus

P x P = {1,2} x {1,2 }

(1,1) , (1,2) , (2,1) ,(2.2)

P x P x P = (P xP) xP

(1,1), (1,2) , (2,1), (2,2)

x {1,2 }
=

(1,1,1) , (1,1,2) , (1,2,1 ) , (1,2,2 ), (2,1,1), (2,1 ,2) , (2,2,1 ) , (2,2,2 )

Ex2

: If R ist h e set of all rea

l nu mb ers, wh at dot he Cart esian p ro du ct s

R xR an d R x R x R

re p re sen t ?

Sol u ti on

: Th e Cartesian p ro du ct R x R re p rese nt s th e set R x R =

(x,y) : x,y

wh ich rep re sen t s

t h e coor d in ates of all th e p oints in th e

t wo
d imension

al

sp ace and th e

Cartesian p roduct R x R x

R=

(x, y, z ) : x, y,z

wh ich rep re sen t s th e coo rd in at es of all t h e points in th ree d imen sion al

sp ace.

Rel ati on s

: A re lat ion R f rom

n on

empty

set A t o a

n on

-
emp t y

set B is a su b set of th e Cart esian

p ro du ct A x B.

Th u s R is a relat ion fro m A t o B

(A x B). If (a,b)

?Z µ Á ?Z ? ?? o???

? Z v ? Á? Á?]? X

Domai n , Ran ge an d Co

d omai n of a Rel ati on

: Let R

b e a re lat ion fro m At o B. Th u s R

C
(A x B).

(i)

Th e set of all f irst coor d in at es of eleme nt s of R is calle d th e d om ain of R, writ t en as

d om (R) .

(ii)

Th e set of all secon d coor d in at es of ele men t s of R is calle d th e ran ge of R, d enot ed

b y ra n ge (R).

(iii)

Th e set B is

calle d th e co

d om ain of R .

D om (R) = {a: (a,b)

R} and Ran ge (R) = {b : (a,b )

R}
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T ot al n u mb er of Rel ati on f r om A to B

: Let

(A) = P and n (B) = q, Th u s ,

(A x B) = pq .

We kn ow

t h at ever y

su b set of

A x B is a rela t ion f ro m At o B.
õ

To at aln u mb er of su

b set of A x B is

ãä

To tal nu mber of rela t ion f ro m At o B=

ãä

Rep r esent ati on of a

Rel ati on

Let A and B b e two given set s

,th u s a relat ion R

A x B can be

re p re sen ted in an y of t he f orms given b elow.

(1)
RO STE R

FO RM

In th is form

R is given

as a set of ord er ed p airs.

Ex 1

: Let A = {

2,

1 ,0,1, 2} an d B= {0,1, 4, 9}

Let R =

2,4), (

1,1), (0,0 ), (1,1 ), (2,4 )

}
(i)

Sh ow that R is a re lat ionf ro mA to B.

(ii)

Fin d d om (R), ra n ge (R) an d co

d omain of R.

Sol u ti on

(i)

Sin ce R C A x B, so R

is a re lat ion f rom A t o B. Not e t hat

2R4 ,

, 0R0 , 1R1 and

2R4 .
(ii)

D om R= Set of f irst coo rd in at e of ele men t sof R = {

2,

1,0, 1, 2}.

Ran ge (R) = Set of second coo rd in at esof ele men ts of R.

= {0, 1, 4}

Co

d om ain of R= {0,1, 4, 9} = B.

(2)

SET BUI LDER FO RM :

Un d er th is metho d f or ever y (a,b)

R,
a gen eral relat ion is b ein g

given bet ween aan d b .Usin g th is re lat ion , all the ele men t s of R can b e ob t ain ed .

Ex1 :

Let A = {1,2, 3, 5} an d B = {4, 6, 9}d ef in e a rela t ion f ro mA to B, given b y

R=

a, b ) : a

A, b

B and (

b ) is od d

(i)
Writ e R in

rost er for m.

(ii)

Fin d d om (R) an d Ran ge (R).

Sol u ti on

(i)

Clea rly, we h ave

R=

(1,4) , (1,6) , (2,9) , (3,4 ) , (3,6) , (5,4) , (5,6)

(ii)

D om

(R) = Set of f irst coord in at es of ele men t sof R = {1,2, 3, 5}

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Ran ge (R) = Set of second coo rd in at esof ele men ts of R= {4,

6, 9}

(3)

A r row Di agr am

Let R be a relat ion f ro m A t o B. f irst we draw t wo b ound ed f igure s t o

re p re sen t A an d B re sp ect ively. We mar k t h e elemen t s of A and B in th ese f igu re s. Fo

ea ch (a,b)

Ð
R, wed raw an arro wf ro m at ob .

Ex:

Let A = {1, 2,3, 4, 5}.D ef in e a re lat ion Rf ro mA t o Ab y R = {(x,y) : y = 2x

3}.

(i)

D ep ict R u sin g

an arrow

diagram .

(ii )

Fin d d om (R) an d ran ge (R).

Sol u ti on

x=1

?
y= (

3) =

x=2

y=

3) =1
x=

y = (6

3) =3

x =4

y= (

3)

=5

x =5

y = (10
t

3) = 7

R=

(2, 1) , (3, 3) , (4, 5)

(i)

We may dep ict it b y arrow d iagram , as

(ii)

We h ave d om (R) = {2 , 3,

4} a nd ran ge (R) = {1,3,5}

Fu n cti on s

: we can visu aliz e a fu n ct ion

as a ru le wh ich p rod u ces new elemen t s ou t of some

P]À?v ?o? u?v? ?X ?? ?? uv ? ?? ?µ Z Zu? }? Zu?? ]v µ ??? ? ?

?v}?

f u n ct ion .

Def i n iti on

: A re lat ion

f rom a set A t o a set B

is said t o b e a fu n ct ion if ever y ele men t of set

A h ason e and on ly on e image in set B.

.
2

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In ot her word s , a fu nct ion

is a re lat ion f ro m a n on

empty set A t o a n on emp t y set B

su ch t h at th e d om ain of

is A an d n o t wo d ist inct

or d ered pairs in

h ave

t h e same f irst

ele ment.
If

is a fu n ct ion f ro m A t o B an d (a,b)

, t hen

(a) = b , wh er e b is calle d t he

image of a u nd er

and a is calle d t he p re image of b un der

. Th e fu n ct ion

f ro m A t o B is

d en ot ed b y

:A

B.
D om (

) = A an dran ge (

B, Als

o B is called th e co

dom ain of

Ex1

: Let x = {1, 2,3 4} and y = {1, 4, 9,16 ,25 }

Let

={(

x, y) : x

Ð
X ,y

y and y =

(i)

Sh ow that

is a fu n ct ion fro m X

to

. f in d it s d omain and ran ge.

(ii)

D raw ap ict or ial

rep re sen t at ion o f th eab ove fu nct ion s.

(iii)
If A = {2, 3, 4} , f in d

(A).

Sol u ti on

(i)

We h ave

= {(

x,y) : x

X, y

y and y =

Giving d if f erent values to x f ro m th e set X and gif t in g cor re sp ondin g valu eof y =
T

, we get

(1,

1), (2, 4), (3, 9) , (4, 16 )

Clea rly, e very e leme nt in x h as a un iqu e image in y.

Hen ce,

is a fu n ct ion f rom X

to

D om (

) = {1, 2

, 3,4} = X
Ran ge (

) = {1,4, 9, 16}

Y.

Clea rly, 2 5

Yd oe s n ot h ave it sp re

image in

(ii)

A p ictor ial rep re sent at io

n of th e ab ove map p in g

is given b y
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(iii)
N ow, le t A= { 2, 3,4}. Thu s

(2) =

=4,

(3) =

= 9an d

(4) =

= 16

B
(A) = {f

(x) : x

A} = {4,9,16 }

Ex

: Examin e ea ch

of the f ollowin g re lat ion give b elo w an d st ate in ea ch

case givin g re

son s

wh et h er it is a fu n ct ion or n ot ?

(i)

R=

(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2)

(ii)

{
(2, 2), (2,4), (3, 3), (4, 4)

(iii)

R=

(1,2), (2,3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5,6), (6, 7)

Sol u ti on

(i)

Sin ce 2, 3, 4 are th e

eleme nt s of dom ain of R h avin g t heir u n iq u e images, t his

re lat ion R is af u n ct ion .

(ii)

Sin ce t he same f irst elemen t s 2 corre sp on d s t o t wo d iff er en t image s 2 an d 4, t h is

re lat ion is n ot a fu n ct ion .

(iii)
Sin ce ever y

ele men t

h ason e an d only one image ,t h is rela t ion

is af un ct ion.

16

25
Y

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Def i n iti on

: A fu n ction wh ich h as eit her R or on e of it s sub set s as it s ran ge is calle d a re al valu ed

f u n ct ion . Fu rt h er, if it s dom ain is alsoeithe r Ror a su b set of R. It is called a re alf un ct ion

So mef u n ct ion s and t h eir grap h s:

(i)
I d en t

ity f un cti on

: Let Rbe th e set of re aln u mb er s. D ef in et he real valued fu n ct ion .

:R

Rbyy=

(x) = x f or each x

R.

Su ch a f un ct ion is called t h e id en t it y fu n ction . He

e th e d om ain an d ran ge of

are R. Th e graph

is a st raigh t line. It p asses

t h rou gh th eor igin .

(ii)

Co n st an t f un cti on s

: Def in et h e

fu n ct ion :

Rbyy=

(x) = c, x

R wh er e C isa

con st ant an d ea ch x
Ð

R. Hen ce dom ain of

is R an d it s ran geis {c}. T h e graph is a

lin ep arlo r t o x

axis.

(x) = 3

?®

Y
X

?®

-
2

2
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(iii)

Pol yn omialf u n cti on

:A

fu n ct ion :

R is said t ob e p olynom ialf un ct ion if for ea ch x

in R, y =

(x) = ao +a1 x +a2

T
6

+_ _ _ _+ an

, wh er en is a n on

negat ive int eger

v ? } U íî YYXXUv

R.

Ex

:D efin e th ef un ct ion

:R

Rbyy=

(x) =
T

R. com p let et h e t ab le given b elo w b y

u sin gt h e d ef in it ion . What ist he dom ain and range of th is fu n ct ion ? D raw t h e graph of

0
1

y=

(x) =

Sol u ti on

: The comp letetab le is gi

ven b elo w:
x

y=
B

(x) =

16

16

D om ain of

B
={x:x

R}, R an ge of

= {x : x

R}

Th e grap h of

is given b

y
B

(x) =

(iv)

Rati on al fu n cti on s

: Rat ion alf un ct ion of t h e t ype

;
,

wh ere

(x) an d

(x)

are

p olyn om ial fu n ct ion s ofx d ef in ed in ad om ain wher e of (x)

Y
0

2
-

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E

: Def in et h e re al valu ed

fu n ction :

{0}

R def in ed b y

(x) =

,x

{0} ,com p lete th e

t ab le given b elow u sin g th is d ef init ion . What is the d omain an d ran ge of th is fu n ct ion ?

1.5

0.5

0.2 5

0.5

1.5

y=
5

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Sol u ti on

: Th e comp let et ab le is given b y:

x
-

1.5

0.5

0.2 5

0.5

1.5

y=

-
0.5

0.6 7

0.6 7

0.5

Th ed om ain is all real numb er s excep t 0 an d it sran ge is also all re al n umber s excep t 0.Th e

grap h of

is given b y:
B

(x) =

(v)

T h e mod ul u

s f un cti on

: Th ef u n ct ion

:R
\

def in ed b y

(x)

= |x|

for ea ch x

R is

calle d mod u lu sf u n ct ion .Fo r ea ch n on

negat ivevalu e of x ,

(x) is equ alt o x. But

f or n egative value of x,th e valu e of

(x) is t he negat ive of t h e value of x, i.e. ,

B

(x)

6
4

-
8

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Th e grap h of th e mo du lus f un ct ion is given b y:

=|
x

(vi)

Signu m f u nct ion

: The fun ct ion

:R

R d ef in ed b y

(x) =

EB
T

EB

EB

Is calle d th e Sign u m fu n ction

. Th ed om ain of t h e sig

n u mf un ct ion is R and th e ran ge is th e set {

-

1, 0, 1}. Th e graph of t hesign u mf un ct ion is given b y:

(x) =

,x

0 an d 0f or x = 0

8
6

-
8

Y
Y

Y=1

Y=

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(vii)

G r eatest I n teger f u nct ion

: Th e f un ct ion

:R

R d ef in ed b y

(x) = [x], x

assu me t he valu e of th e great est int ege r,

less than or eq ual t o x. Su ch a

f u n ct ion is
calle d th e grea test int eger fu n ct ion .

Fro mt h e def in it ion of [x]

, we can set t hat

[x] =

1f or

x<0

[x] =0f or 0

x<1

[x] = 1 f or 1

x<2
[x]

= 2 f or 2

x < 3and so m.

Th e grap h of th e f un ct ion is given b y:

B

(X) = [X ]

2
-

?®

?®

CENTRAL BOARD OF
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STUDYMATERIAL:

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

{Class XI}