BUSINESS MATHEMATICS DPB

20093
CHAPTER 1 : EQUATIONS

Commerce Department
Politeknik NIlai
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Able to use the concepts and formulation

of equations.
2. Able to apply the concepts and
formulation of specific equations to solve
business mathematics problems

2
TYPES OF EQUATIONS

1 2 3
LINEAR QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS
EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS

3
 Identify the types of equation below:

EQUATION TYPES

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 9 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE??

5 = 6𝑥 + 14
1
𝑥 + 5 = 10
7
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 27 = 0
3𝑥 + 5 = 6
5𝑦 + 1 = 14𝑦 − 3
4
 LINEAR EQUATIONS
(1st DEGREE EQUATION)

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐

• One variable involved

• Variable with power 1(no need to write)
• The solution to the equation is to find the value for the
variable “x”

5
 Method for solving 1st degree equation

Simplify any fraction Clear parentheses

Isolate the variable

• - move the variable (x) to the left side and move the number to the right side

6
Example
Solve the equation below:

3𝑥 − 2 = 10

Solution: Isolate the variable

3𝑥 − 2 = 10
3𝑥 = 10 + 2
3𝑥 = 12
12
𝑥=
3
𝒙=𝟒

7
Example
Solve the following equation

2𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 2 = 6 − 8𝑥 + 1

Solution:
2𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 2 = 6 − 8𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 10 = 6 − 8𝑥 + 1 Clear parenthesis

2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 8𝑥 = 6 + 1 − 10 Isolate the variable

5𝑥 = −3
−3
𝑥=
5

8
Example
Find the value of x in the following equation

2 5𝑥
=
4 10 − 2𝑥
Solution:
2 5𝑥
= Simplify any fractions
4 10 − 2𝑥
2 10 − 2𝑥 = 4(5𝑥) Clear parenthesis
20 − 4𝑥 = 20𝑥
Isolate the variable
−4𝑥 − 20𝑥 = −20
−24𝑥 = −20
−20
𝑥=
−24
5
𝑥=
6 9
 EXERCISE
EXERCISE

a. 4 2 + 5𝑥 = 10 𝑓. 5𝑥 = 60
𝑥
𝑏. 𝑥 − 2 = 3(𝑥 + 1) 𝑔. = 5
7
6 2
c. = h. 2𝑥 + 7 = 19
2𝑥−1 𝑥−3

4𝑥 − 3 6 − 2𝑥
𝑑. 2 𝑝 + 4 = 7𝑝 + 2 𝑖. =
5 2
3
ℎ. 𝑥 − 6 = −18 j. 5𝑥 + 12 = 11 𝑥
5
10
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(2ndDEGREE OF EQUATION)
• The general form of quadratic equation is

𝟐
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
• There are 2 values for the variable for this type of equation

• There are three ways to solve the quadratic equation

i. Factoring method
ii. Quadratic formula method
iii. Calculator method

11
 FACTORING METHOD

To get b, sum up the

combination that you
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
get at c.

To get c, you should get (a + b) (a x b)

the right combination of
axb=c
𝒙+𝒂 𝒙+𝒃 =𝟎

Split the factoring to get the answer of the variable

𝑥+𝑎 =0 𝑥+𝑏 =0
𝑥 =0 −𝑎 𝑥 =0 −𝑏
𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑥 = −𝑏

12
Example
To get b, sum up the
combination that you
get at c. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
3+2=5
a=3
To get c, you should get (a + b) (a x b) b=2
the right combination of
3x2=6
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙+𝟐 =𝟎

Split the factoring to get the answer of the variable

𝑥+3=0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 =0 −3 𝑥 =0 −2
𝑥 = −3 𝑥 = −2

13
 EXERCISE
EXERCISE

i. 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49 = 0

ii. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 36 = 0

iii. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 = 0

iv. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

v. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0

14
 QUADRATIC FORMULA METHOD

• Quadratic formula will be used when quadratic expression

can’t be factorized
• Quadratic formula :

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

15
 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = +5, 𝑐 = +6

−𝑏 + 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 and −𝑏 − 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐

𝑥= 𝑥=
2𝑎 2𝑎
−5 + 52 − 4(1)(6) −5 − 52 − 4(1)(6)
𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2(1)
−5 + 25 − 24 −5 − 25 − 24
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2

𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟑
16
 EXERCISE

i 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

ii −2𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 21 = 0

iii 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 = 0

iv 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 12 = 0

v 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 35 = 0

17
 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION

• Solving TWO EQUATIONS with two unknowns

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐 1
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒 2

• Solving THREE EQUATIONS with three unknowns

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎 1
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓 2
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟒 3

18
 TWO EQUATIONS

2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 1

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 2

Solution :
1 - 2 : 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
𝒚 = 𝟐
Thus,
Substitute y = 2 into 2 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟐

2𝑥 + 2 = 4
2𝑥 = 4 – 2
2𝑥 = 2
2
𝑥=
2
= 𝟏
19
EXERCISE
EXERCISE

20
Example
Salleh is planning to invest RM30 000 in two projects, x and y. The two
projects will gain an annual income of RM1750., Project x will payback 5% per
year while project y will payback 6% per year due to a higher level of risk
involved. How much money should be invested for each project?

1
The investment : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 30 000
The gain : 0.05𝑥 + 0.06𝑦 = 1 750 2

1 × 0.05 ∶ 0.05𝑥 + 0.05𝑦 = 1 500 3

2 3 : 0.01𝑦 = 250
250
y=
0.01

= 𝟐𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎

21
Substitute 𝑦 = 25000 into equation 1

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 30 000
𝑥 + 25 000 = 30 000
𝑥 = 30 000 – 25 000
= 𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Thus, Salleh should invest :

RM 5 000 in project x ,
RM25 000 in project y

22
 EXERCISE
En. Fuad having a cash of RM20 000. he plans to invest his
money in two types of shares, Bank Rakyat and Koperasi
Niaga. After one year, he will gain an annual income of RM2
200 where Bank Rakyat shares will payback 15% per year
while Koperasi Niaga share will payback 10% per year
respectively. How much provisions does he need for each
shares?

23
 EXERCISE
AZ company manufactures two different products. In the
coming week, 225 hours of labour are available for
manufacturing the two products. Since both products
generate a good profit, management is interested in using all
225 hours. Each unit of product A will require 3 hours of
labour and each unit of product B will require 2.5 hours. Each
unit of product A will cost RM6.00 and each unit of product B
will cost RM4.00. The company insists that the total costs for
the two products must be RM420. Indicate the number of
products A and B which need to be produced

24
 THREE EQUATION

Choose any two

2 of the equation

Solution :
Eliminate z from the equation 1 and 2 by subtraction

1 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5
1 - 2 : 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟖 4

25
Eliminate z from the equation 1 and 3 by addition.

1 x 2 :
3 : 6

4
6 9𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12
6
4
𝑥=
8
1
𝑥=
2

26
 1
Subtitute x = 2 into equation 4 to get value of y.

1 :
4 + 3𝑦 = 8
2 1
3𝑦 = 8 −
2
15
=
2

𝑦 = 15
2
3

𝑦 = 5
2

27
 1 5
To solve z, substitute x= and y= into equation 1
2 2

1 5
1 : 2( ) + − 𝑧 = 3
2 2
5
1+ −𝑧 =3
2
7
−𝑧 = 3 −
2
1
𝑧=
2

1
Thus, x =
2
5
y=
2
1
𝑧=
2
28
 EXERCISE

i 𝑥 +𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 −𝑦+𝑧=2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
ii
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4
iii
𝑥 +𝑦 =1
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

29
 Past Year Questions

1. Identify the value of 𝑥:

5x−2 3.5x+1
i. 2
=
3
[3.5 marks]
ii. 2 x + 5 = 16
[2.5 marks]
iii. 2y − 2 − 5y = 10 − 2(y − 4)
[4 marks]

30
 Past Year Questions

2. Interpret the following question into quadratic equation

using the factoring method

𝑥 2 − 4 = −3𝑥

[5 marks]
3. Detail the value of all variables for the third-degree
equation below:

2𝑝 + 6𝑞 + 3𝑟 = 10
6𝑝 + 6𝑞 + 5𝑟 = 50
7𝑝 + 12𝑞 + 7𝑟 = 60
[6 marks]

31
 Past Year Questions

4. Detail the value of the variables for the second-degree

equation below:
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −1

[4 marks]

Past Year Questions

32