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Sheet 1

This document is a linear algebra exercise sheet focusing on systems of linear equations, matrix operations, and properties of matrices. It includes problems on determining the solution types of linear systems, matrix products, commuting matrices, and reduced row echelon forms. Additionally, it explores assertions about matrices and provides exercises involving complex numbers and modular arithmetic.

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21 views2 pages

Sheet 1

This document is a linear algebra exercise sheet focusing on systems of linear equations, matrix operations, and properties of matrices. It includes problems on determining the solution types of linear systems, matrix products, commuting matrices, and reduced row echelon forms. Additionally, it explores assertions about matrices and provides exercises involving complex numbers and modular arithmetic.

Uploaded by

ULtra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra I, Sheet 1, MT2023

Systems of linear equations; matrices and their algebra.


Main course
1. Use any method you can think of to decide which (if any) of the following systems of linear
equations with real coefficients have no solutions, which have a unique solution (in which case, what
is it?), which have infinitely many solutions.
  
 2x + 4y − 3z = 0  x + 2y + 3z = 0  x + 2y + 3z = 0
(i) x − 4y + 3z = 0 ; (ii) 2x + 3y + 4z = 1 ; (iii) 2x + 3y + 4z = 2 .
3x − 5y + 2z = 1 3x + 4y + 5z = 2 3x + 4y + 5z = 2
  

 
  1    
1 2 −1 5 1 4 −3 
2. Let A := , B :=  2 , C :=
 , D := , E := 1 2 and
3 4 4 4 2 4 −2
  4
−1 5 −6
F := . For which pairs X, Y ∈ {A, B, C, D, E, F } is X − 2Y defined? And when it
3 4 −1
is defined, calculate it.
3. Calculate the following matrix products:
   2
   0 1   1 2 3
1 2 x 1 2
;  2 3  ;  2 3 4  .
2 3 y 2 3
4 6 3 4 5
 
a b
4. Let A be the 2 × 2 matrix .
c d 

1 0
(i) Show that A commutes with if and only if A is diagonal (that is, b = c = 0).
0 0  
1 1
(ii) Which 2 × 2 matrices A commute with ?
0 0
(iii) Use the results of (i) and (ii) to find the matrices A that commute with every 2 × 2 matrix.
5. For each α ∈ R, find the RRE form for the matrix
 
1 2 −3 −2 4 1
 2 5 −8 −1 6 2  .
1 4 −7 4 0 α
Use your result either to solve the following system of linear equations over R, or to find values of α
for which it has no solution:

 x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 = 1
2x1 + 5x2 − 8x3 − x4 + 6x5 = 2
x1 + 4x2 − 7x3 + 4x4 = α

6. Let A and B denote square matrices with real entries. For each of the following assertions, find
either a proof or a counterexample.
(i) A2 − B 2 = (A − B)(A + B).
(ii) If AB = 0 then A = 0 or B = 0.
(iii) If AB = 0 then A and B cannot both be invertible.
(iv) If A and B are invertible then A + B is invertible.
(v) If ABA = 0 and B is invertible then A2 = 0.
[Hint: where the assertions are false there are counterexamples of size 2 × 2.]
Starter      
−1 3 4 −3 1 2 −2 3
S1. Let A :=  1 2 , B :=  3 −2 1 , C :=  0 0 0 . For which pairs X,
7 −2 7 0 1 5 −4 3
Y ∈ {A, B, C} is XY defined? When it is defined, calculate it.
S2. Calculate the following matrix products.
     
1 0 0 0 x 1 0 0 0 x
 0 1 0 0    0 −1 0
 y ; 0  y
    
x y z w   0 0 x y z w  0 0 −1 0   z
.
1 0  z  
0 0 0 1 w 0 0 0 −1 w

S3. Let A, B be invertible n × n matrices. Then AB is invertible, and (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .

Pudding

P1. Let α ∈ R and  


cos α sin α
A= .
sin α − cos α
(i) Show that A2 = I2 .
(ii) Show that there is no real 2 × 2 matrix M such that M 2 = A.
(iii) Is there a matrix M with complex entries such that M 2 = A?

P2. We can identify a complex number z = x + yi with the 2 × 2 real matrix Z by


 
x y
x + yi = z ↔ Z = .
−y x

Let z, w be two complex numbers such that z ↔ Z and w ↔ W. Show that z + w ↔ Z + W and
zw ↔ ZW.

P3. (Here Zn denotes the integers modulo n.) Put the following matrix into reduced row echelon
form when working over (i) R; (ii) Z3 ; (iii) Z5 .
 
1 1 1 0 1
 1 2 −1 2 0 
0 1 1 2 1

How many solutions (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) are there to the linear system

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1; x1 + 2x2 − x3 + 2x4 = 0; x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 1;

when working over (i) R; (ii) Z3 (iii) Z5 ?

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