Here are 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the lecture notes on xenobiotics

metabolism:

### 1. What does the term "xenobiotic" refer to?

a) A natural substance found in the body

b) A foreign substance that enters the body

c) A nutrient essential for survival

d) A type of endogenous hormone

### 2. What is the primary organ involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics?

a) Kidney

b) Heart

c) Liver

d) Brain

### 3. Which of the following is NOT a phase I reaction in xenobiotic metabolism?

a) Oxidation

b) Hydrolysis

c) Conjugation

d) Reduction

### 4. The biotransformation of drugs typically occurs in how many phases?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

### 5. Which enzyme family is primarily responsible for drug oxidation in the liver?

a) Cytochrome P450

b) Lipase

c) Amylase
d) Esterase

### 6. Which of the following is a characteristic of phase II reactions in xenobiotic metabolism?

a) Oxidation

b) Reduction

c) Conjugation

d) Hydrolysis

### 7. What is the primary purpose of biotransformation in the body?

a) To enhance nutrient absorption

b) To increase the toxicity of substances

c) To reduce the toxicity of xenobiotics

d) To store energy in the liver

### 8. What is the main outcome of oxidation reactions in xenobiotic metabolism?

a) Decreased water solubility

b) Increased toxicity

c) Increased water solubility

d) Formation of radicals

### 9. Which phase I reaction involves the removal of hydrogen atoms?

a) Hydrolysis

b) Oxidation

c) Reduction

d) Conjugation

### 10. What is the primary electron donor in cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation reactions?

a) FAD

b) NADPH

c) ATP

d) NADH
### 11. Which of the following is a non-CYP enzyme involved in drug oxidation?

a) Monoamine Oxidase

b) Cytochrome P450

c) Flavin Monooxygenase

d) Esterase

### 12. What type of reaction is primarily involved in the conversion of alcohols to acids in the body?

a) Reduction

b) Oxidation

c) Hydrolysis

d) Conjugation

### 13. What is the primary function of the enzyme cytochrome P450?

a) DNA replication

b) Protein synthesis

c) Oxidation of xenobiotics

d) Hormone regulation

### 14. Which of the following is NOT a product of phase I reactions?

a) Polar metabolites

b) Water-soluble compounds

c) Non-polar metabolites

d) Conjugated metabolites

### 15. What is the role of conjugation in phase II reactions?

a) To make compounds less soluble

b) To increase the molecular weight of xenobiotics

c) To introduce a hydrophilic group

d) To oxidize xenobiotics
### 16. Which substance is commonly used in methylation during detoxification?

a) ATP

b) S-adenosyl methionine

c) NADPH

d) Glutathione

### 17. Which of the following compounds can be methylated during detoxification?

a) Nicotinamide

b) Glucose

c) Fatty acids

d) Amino acids

### 18. Which amino acid is commonly involved in conjugation reactions?

a) Lysine

b) Glycine

c) Leucine

d) Valine

### 19. What is the major site of drug metabolism in the body?

a) Lungs

b) Kidneys

c) Liver

d) Stomach

### 20. Which phase II reaction involves the addition of glucuronic acid?

a) Oxidation

b) Hydrolysis

c) Glucuronidation

d) Methylation

### 21. Which enzyme is involved in the detoxification of alcohol in the liver?
a) Lipase

b) Alcohol dehydrogenase

c) Amylase

d) Cytochrome P450

### 22. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conjugation of xenobiotics with glutathione?

a) Glutathione peroxidase

b) Glutathione reductase

c) Glutathione S-transferase

d) Cytochrome P450

### 23. What is the primary outcome of reduction reactions in xenobiotic metabolism?

a) Formation of more toxic substances

b) Addition of oxygen atoms

c) Removal of oxygen atoms

d) Increased water solubility

### 24. Which compound is used for acetylation during phase II reactions?

a) Acetyl-CoA

b) NADPH

c) Glutathione

d) ATP

### 25. Which of the following is NOT a conjugation reaction in phase II metabolism?

a) Glucuronidation

b) Sulfation

c) Hydroxylation

d) Acetylation

### 26. Which phase I reaction involves the cleavage of molecules by water?

a) Oxidation
b) Reduction

c) Hydrolysis

d) Conjugation

### 27. Which of the following xenobiotics can be excreted in bile?

a) Polar compounds

b) Non-polar compounds

c) Conjugated metabolites

d) All of the above

### 28. Which of the following is a phase II enzyme involved in the conjugation of xenobiotics?

a) Monoamine oxidase

b) Cytochrome P450

c) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

d) Esterase

### 29. What type of reaction is methylation in the context of xenobiotic metabolism?

a) Phase I reaction

b) Phase II reaction

c) Both Phase I and Phase II

d) None of the above

### 30. What is the major function of phase I reactions?

a) Detoxification

b) Activation of xenobiotics

c) Conjugation with hydrophilic groups

d) Excretion of xenobiotics

### 31. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?

a) Catalase

b) Glutathione peroxidase
c) Superoxide dismutase

d) Cytochrome P450

### 32. Which of the following substances is most likely to undergo hydrolysis in the body?

a) Alcohols

b) Esters

c) Amides

d) Ketones

### 33. What is the primary goal of detoxification in the body?

a) To increase the toxicity of xenobiotics

b) To make xenobiotics more soluble

c) To convert xenobiotics into energy

d) To store xenobiotics in fat

### 34. Which phase II reaction involves the addition of sulfuric acid?

a) Acetylation

b) Sulfation

c) Glucuronidation

d) Methylation

### 35. Which of the following is NOT a phase I reaction?

a) Oxidation

b) Reduction

c) Conjugation

d) Hydrolysis

### 36. Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the oxidation of neurotransmitters such as
dopamine?

a) Monoamine oxidase

b) Alcohol dehydrogenase
c) Cytochrome P450

d) Glutathione S-transferase

### 37. What is the primary substrate for the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase?

a) Glucose

b) Glutathione

c) Glucuronic acid

d) S-adenosyl methionine

### 38. Which of the following enzymes is involved in the detoxification of sulfa drugs?

a) Cytochrome P450

b) Acetyl transferase

c) Glutathione S-transferase

d) Monoamine oxidase

### 39. What is the role of glutathione in detoxification?

a) To act as a conjugating agent

b) To donate methyl groups

c) To oxidize xenobiotics

d) To hydrolyze esters

### 40. Which of the following is an example of a conjugation reaction?

a) Oxidation of alcohols

b) Reduction of nitro compounds

c) Glucuronidation of phenols

d) Hydrolysis of esters

### 41. Which enzyme is responsible for the acetylation of aromatic amines?

a) Acetyl-CoA synthetase

b) Acetyl transferase

c) Glutathione S-transferase
d) Cytochrome P450

### 42. Which of the following is a product of glucuronidation?

a) Free radicals

b) Water

c) Glucuronides

d) NADPH

### 43. Which phase of drug metabolism generally results in the formation of water-soluble
metabolites?

a) Phase I

b) Phase II

c) Both Phase I and Phase II

d) Neither Phase I nor Phase II

### 44. Which of the following compounds is commonly involved in conjugation with sulfuric acid?

a) Phenols

b) Alcohols

c) Amines

d) Ketones

### 45. Which of the following enzymes is most active in the liver?

a) Esterase

b) Cytochrome P450

c) Amylase

d) Lipase

### 46. Which phase of drug metabolism typically involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis?

a) Phase I
b) Phase II

c) Phase III

d) All of the above

### 47. What is the significance of phase II reactions in drug metabolism?

a) Activation of drugs

b) Formation of toxic metabolites

c) Conjugation of drugs with hydrophilic groups

d) Oxidation of xenobiotics

### 48. Which of the following is a common phase II reaction in the metabolism of drugs?

a) Oxidation

b) Hydrolysis

c) Glucuronidation

d) Reduction

### 49. Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the metabolism of catecholamines?

a) Glutathione S-transferase

b) Monoamine oxidase

c) Cytochrome P450

d) Esterase

### 50. Which of the following is a typical outcome of biotransformation?

a) Increased lipid solubility

b) Decreased water solubility

c) Increased water solubility

d) Formation of prodrugs

Let me know if you need any adjustments or additional questions!