Istanbul Technical University ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Eng. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE
Electrical Engineering Dep. Midterm 1 - 11.11.2024

ANSWER SHEET
25 1. a) What is Power Electronics and what are the application areas of power electronics?
Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electric
power.
Residential: Refrigeration and freezers, Space heating, Air conditioning, Cooking, Lighting...
Commercial: Heating, ventilating and air conditioning, Central refrigeration, Lighting, Computers
and oce equipment, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs), Elevators.
Industrial: Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and fans, Machine tools, Robots, Arc furnaces, induction
furnaces, Lighting, Industrial lasers, Induction heating, Welding.
Transportation: Traction control of electric vehicles, Battery charges for electric vehicles, Electric
locomotives, Street cars, trolley buses, Subways, Automotive electronics.
Utility Systems: High-voltage dc transmission (HVDC), Static VAr compensation (SVC), Renew-
able energy sources (wind, photovoltaic), fuel cells, energy storage systems, Induced-draft fans and
boiler feedwater pumps.
Aerospace: Space shuttle power supply systems, Satellite power systems, aircraft power systems.
Telecommunications: Battery chargers, Power supplies (dc and UPS) etc.
c) Compare current/voltage/switching frequency domains of the main power electronics switches.

Figure 1: Current/voltage/switching frequency domains of the main power electronics switches

b) What are the switches used in power electronics?

Midterm-1, Page 1/7

 Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

Diyot (Diode), Transistor (BJT), Silikon Controlled Rectier-Thyristor (SCR), TRIAC, GTO
(Gate Turn-O Thyristor), MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Eect Transistor) IGBT
(insulated gate bipolar transistor), MCT (MOS controlled thyristor).

30 2. Single phase half-wave uncontrolled rectier supplies a DC motor from an alternating current
source 230V / 50Hz. The parameters of the DC motor are R ∼ = 0 Ω, E = 40V and L = 40 mH .
a) Sketch the circuit diagram of rectier.

0.04H
230 V /50 Hz

40 V +
−

b) Derive an equation for the load current

In case Vs ≥ E , the diode is forward conduction.
Vm sin(wt) = E
40
α = arcsin( √ ) = 7.063◦ = 0.123 rad.
230 2
If the load was purely resistive, we could easily calculate the conduction angle of the diode. How-
ever, due to the stored energy in inductance, the current goes to zero at β angle, after π radian.
di
vo = L. +E (1)
dt
t
√ Z
Vs 2 t
Z
di E
( )dt = (sin(wt) − √ )dt (2)
α dt L α Vs 2
d(wt) = wdt (3)
√ Z wt
Vs 2 E
i(wt) = (sin(wt) − √ )dwt (4)
wL α Vs 2
√ 0 √
Vs 2 EVs 2
i(wt) = (cos(wt)) − √ (wt − α) (5)
wL −1 wLvs 2
√
Vs 2 E
i(wt) = (cos(α) − cos(wt)) − (wt − α) (6)
wL wL
i(wt) = 25.884(cos(α) − cos(wt)) − 3.1831(wt − α) (7)
wt = β and i(β) = 0 (8)
β = 292.338◦ = 1.6241π rad (9)

c) Determine the conduction interval of the diode by neglecting the forward voltage drop.

Midterm-1, Page 2/7

 Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

(β − α)
= 0.01624s
2πf

(α and β Alpha and beta should be taken in radians.)

d) Sketch the waveform of the load voltage and load current.
400
Io
300
Output Voltage (V), Current (A)

Vo
200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Figure 2: Output voltage and current waveforms.

e) Calculate the average value of the load voltage.

β β √ 2π
Z Z Z 
1
Vo(avg) = (E)d(wt) + (Vs 2sin(wt))d(wt) + (E)d(wt) = 40V (10)
2π α α β

30 3. Single phase full-wave controlled rectier with free-wheeling diode supplies a highly inductive Load
from an ac source 230V/50Hz. The parameters of the load are R = 2.5 Ω and L >> R. The ripple
of the load current is insignicant. The delay angle α is 90◦ . Determine:
a) Sketch the circuit diagram of rectier.

io

+
2.5 Ω

230 V vo (t)

L >> R
−

Midterm-1, Page 3/7

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

350
Io

Output Voltage (V), Current (A)

300 Vo

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Figure 3: Output voltage and current waveforms.

b) Sketch the waveform of the load voltage and load current

c) Sketch the waveform of the source voltage and source current
400
Io
300
Vo
200
Output Voltage (V)

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Figure 4: Source voltage and source current waveforms.

d) Calculate the average and eective value of the load voltage.

Z π
1 Vm
Vo(avg) = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = [1 + cos(α)] = 103.45 V (11)
π π π
2

s Z
1 π
Vo(RM S) = (Vm sin(ωt))2 d(ωt) = 161.6 V (12)
π π
2

Midterm-1, Page 4/7

 Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

e) Calculate the form and ripple factor of output voltage.

Vo(RM S)
FF = = 1.5621 (13)
Vo(avg)

(14)
p
RF = F F 2 − 1 = 1.2

f) Calculate the eective value of the source current.

r
1 π Io
Is(RM S) = ( (Io )2 ) = √ A = 29.2601 (15)
π 2 2

g) Calculate the power factor

Since the ripple of the output current is negligible Io(RM S) = Io(avg)

Vo(RM S) · Io(RM S) 161.6 × 41.38

PF = = = 0.99 (16)
Vs · Is 230 × 29.2601

30 4. A single-phase uncontrolled full-wave rectier is supplied by a 230V/50Hz grid. A load with

R = 120 Ω is supplied with a lter capacitor of C = 150 µF .
a) Draw the topology of the rectier.
io

230 V 150µF 120 Ω vo (t)

b) Calculate the angle values at which the diodes become reverse biased (θ) and forward biased
(π + α).

Vin,rms = 230 V (17)

√
Vm = 230 2 = 325.27 V (18)

ωRC = (2π50) · 120 · 150 · 10−6 = 5.65 rad (19)

Midterm-1, Page 5/7

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

To nd the angle value where the diodes become reverse biased:

180◦
 
Θ = − tan −1
(−ωRC) = − tan −1
−5.65 · = 89.82◦ (20)
π

The maximum output voltage is Vm , and the minimum output voltage is determined by evaluating
vo at the angle at which the second pair of diodes turns on, which is at ωt = π + α. At that
boundary point,

(Vm sin θ) e−(π+α−θ)/ωRC = −Vm sin(π + α) (21)

Therefore Eq. 22 must be numerically solved for α.

−π+α−θ
sin(θ) · e ωRC − sin(α) = 0 (22)

−π+α−89.82◦ · π
180◦
sin(89.82◦ ) · e 5.65 rad − sin(α) = 0 (23)

Newton-Raphson method can be utilized with the assumption,

π
αinitial = (24)
2

α = 0.728 rad =⇒ α = 41.71◦ (25)

Therefore the angle value where the diodes become forward biased,

π + α = 221.71◦ (26)

c) Draw the waveform of the load voltage and current (See Figure 5).
d) Calculate the average value of the load voltage (Hint: Use the output voltage ripple value).

∆Vo = Vm (1 − sin α) = 325.27 (1 − sin 41.71◦ ) (27)

∆Vo = 108.85 V (28)

∆Vo
Vdc = Vm − = 270.84 V (29)
2
e) Calculate the output voltage ripple. Determine the required value of C to reduce this ripple to
10% of the DC value of the output voltage.

Midterm-1, Page 6/7

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Onur GULBAHCE ELK331E - Power Electronic Circuits

Figure 5: Load voltage and load current waveforms.

∆Vo 1
= = 10% = 0.1 (30)
Vm 2f RC

1
C≈ ≈ 833.33 µF (31)
2 · 50 · 120 · 0.1

Midterm-1, Page 7/7