BINARY LOGIC

1.

 Binary Logic

INTRODUCTION
Binary Logic is one of the most important concept in logical reasoning
sections in CAT. In Binary Logic problems, students answer the question
in two or three different statements. Some of these statements are true
while others are false. These are divided into
three categories:

1. Truth-teller
This kind of person will always speaks the truth. CAT Mantra
All the statements made by this person are true.
The number of statements made
2. Liar by a person is not fix but order is
This kind of person will always tell a lie. All the always True-False-True-Or False-
statements made by this person are false. True-False.

3. Alternator
This kind of person always alternates between the truth and the lie. If the
first statement of this person is true, then the second will be false, the
third will be true and so on. Similarly, if the first statement made by this
person is false, the second statement will be true, the third one will be
false and so on.

APPROACH TO HANDLE BINARY LOGIC PROBLEMS

Binary logic problems are all about making some assumptions. These
assumptions may give rise to some contradictions which indicate that our
assumptions are wrong. If for any assumption, there is no contradiction,
then that is the solution for the given binary problem.

TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Two types of questions were asked from the topic Binary Logic of Logical
Reasoning Section.

Type – 1
Two statements by each of the three persons are found in these types of
questions. One of the statements has to be true and another one has to
be false.

Type – 2
Binary Logic

Two and more types of persons are found in these types of questions. One
person always speaks the truth and the other person always tells a lie.

2.
 Illustration 1:

Raveena, Kareena and Priyanka are three girls who replied to the question,
“Who among you is an Actress” in the following manner:
Exactly one among the girls is an Actress, one is a Dentist and one is a Pilot.
Further, one always speaks the truth, one always lies and one alternate
between the truth and the lie.

Raveena: (a) I am an Actress

Rack your Brain
(b) Kareena is a Dentist
(c) I am an Alternator These questions are based on
the following information. P and
Kareena: (a) Priyanka is a pilot
Q belong to different categories
(b) Raveena is not an Actress among truth-teller (who always
(c) I am a liar speaksthe truth), liars (who always
lie) and alternators (who alternate
Priyanka: (a) I am not Dentist
between the truth and lie in any
(b) Kareena is not a Dentist order). They made the following
(c) Raveena is a liar statements.
P : I am not an alternator.
APPROACH TO SOLVE Q’s father’s name is Shivam.
Q : My father’s name is not Shivam.
Approach - 1
 
Only one among us is an
Some statements made by these people might alternator.
be able to identify them without any assumption.
Here is a list of 4 statements that one must • H
 ow many true statements have
always lookout to make the task easier. If any been made by P and Q together?
one of the statements among the 4 statements (1) One
is made by any person, then it can be categorised
(2) Two
as below:
(3) Three
1. I am Liar (4) Either two or three

Truth-teller: • S
 hivam is the father of?
Consider if a truth-teller says, “I am a Liar”, (1) P
which is a lie as a truth-teller can only say, “I (2) Q
am a truth-teller”. Hence, this can be concluded
(3) Both P and Q
that the person who said “I am a liar” is not the
Binary Logic

truth-teller. (4) None of these

3.
 Liar:
Rack your Brain
Similarly, if a liar says that he/she is a liar then
that statement will be true but the liar will always
Three friends Ajay, Bimal and Cherry
speaks the lie. No statement made by him/her
are standing in a queue facing
can be true. So, it can be concluded that this
south. No one else is there in the
statement cannot be made by a liar.
queue, each of those belongs to a
Alternator: different tribe. Among them one is
the truth-teller, one is the liar and
An alternator is the only person who can speak
one is the alternator. They made
this statement. He can alternate between the
the following statements regarding
truth and the lie. Since, he/she is not a liar
their positions in the queue.
but he/she still makes a false statement, the
alternator is the only person who can make the Ajay : Cherry is a liar
statement, “I am a liar”. The statement in itself I am not a Truth-teller
will be a lie. This gives us another hint that the 
Bimal is immediately
next statement given by the same person will ahead of Cherry
always be true.
Bimal : I am a truth-teller
Ajay is immediately ahead
2. I am not a truth-teller of me
Cherry is not standing in
Truth-teller: the middle of the queue
A truth-teller can never make this statement
Cherry : Bimal is a liar
because if he/she makes this statement then

No one is standing
it will be a lie which contradicts the fact that a
between Cherry and Bimal
truth-teller always speaks the truth.
I am not an alternator.
Liar:
• W
 ho is standing at the front of
If the liar says, “I am not a truth-teller”, then the queue?
it will be the truth for him/her which again
(1) Ajay
contradicts the fact that a liar always lies. Hence,
a liar cannot make this statement. (2) Bimal
(3) Cherry
Alternator:
(4) Cannot be determined
If the alternator says, “I am not a truth-teller”,
as he/she can say either the truth or the lie. This • W
 ho is a liar?
statement will be a true statement for him/her, (1) Ajay
which gives another hint that the next statement (2) Bimal
given by the same person will always be a lie.
(3) Cherry
Binary Logic

(4) Cannot be determined

4.
3. I am an alternator
Rack your Brain
Truth-teller:
A truth-teller cannot make the statement as this “Lui-Lui” is an Island near Asia. The
statement will be a lie for him/her which conflicts inhabitants of ‘Riri’ always answer
with the fact of the truth-teller. any question in two sentences.
One which is always true and the
Liar: other always false. Ally finds that
A liar can make the statement as this statement her purse is stolen. She questions
will be a lie for him/her. three inhabitants of the Island and
they reply as follows:
Alternator:
• R
 ohn says: “I did not do it. Marry
An alternator can also make this statement and
did not do it.”
this will be the truth for the alternator and his/
her next statement will be a lie then. • M
 arry says: “I did not do it.
Granger did not do it.”
y This statement can be made by the liar or the • G
 ranger says: “I did not do it. I
alternator. do not know who did it.”

Who stole Ally’s purse?

4. I am not an alternator
(1) Rohn
Truth-teller: (2) Marry
A truth-teller can make the statement as this (3) Granger
cannot conflict with the fact of the truth-teller. (4) None of these

Liar:
A liar cannot make the statement as this
statement conflict with the fact of the liar.
Rack your Brain
Alternator:
Who among Kailash, Puneet and
An alternator can make this statement and this Jayant is a truth-teller, alternator
statement will be a lie for him/her and the next and liar?
will be the truth.
Kailash says: I am the truth-teller
Puneet is a liar
Puneet says: I am the alternator
Jayant is the liar
Jayant says: I am the liar
Kailash is the truth-teller
Binary Logic

5.
 SUMMARY OF ABOVE EXPLANATIONS

Statement Made by Truth or lie

I am a liar Alternator Lie

I am not a truth-teller Alternator Truth

Lie for liar, truth for

I am an alternator Liar or alternator
alternator

Truth-teller or Lie for alternator, truth

I am not an alternator
alternator for truth-teller

Illustration 2:

Kareena makes the statement, “I am a liar”, which implies that Kareena is

an alternator.
Raveena makes the statement, “I am an alternator”, which means that she
can either be a liar or an alternator.
Now, since Kareena is an alternator, Raveena is definitely the liar and the
third person i.e., Priyanka is a truth-teller.
Since, Kareena is the alternator, so the statement just before or after the
statement, “I am a liar” is true, this implies that Raveena is not an Actress.
Also, as Priyanka is a truth-teller, according to her statements, Kareena is
not a Dentist and she herself is not a Dentist, thus Raveena is the Dentist.
Now, Kareena’s first statement is a lie (she is an alternator, so the order
of Kareena’s statement will be (a)-false, (b)-true, (c)-false), this means
Priyanka is not a Pilot, which leaves with the only option for Priyanka as
Actress and Kareena will be a Pilot.

So,
Binary Logic

So, Priyanka is an Actress.

6.
Approach - 2
When neither of the 4 statements (1. I am a liar, Rack your Brain
2. I am not a truth-teller, 3. I am an alternator, 4.
I am not an alternator) as mentioned in Approach Who among Shivani, Nikita and
1 was made by anyone, then the assumption- Tanya is truth-teller, alternator
iteration method will be used. In this method, and liar?
assume the 1st person as the truth-teller and Shivani says: I am the truth-teller
based on his/her statements, will try to find
Nikita says: Shivani is truth-teller
conflicts or contradictions that may arise due to
the statements made by others. Tanya says: I am an alternator

Illustration 3:

Abhinav, Badri and Chaitanya made the following statements regarding the
type of gadgets they own. Each one of them belongs to exactly one category
among truth-teller, liar or alternator. Only one among them is a truth-teller.
Further, it is known that each of them owns a different gadget like Mobile,
Laptop and Watch.

Abhinav : Chaitanya does not own a Mobile.

I am not an alternator.
Badri does not own a Mobile.

Badri : Abhinav does not own a Watch.

I am not a liar. CAT Mantra
Chaitanya does not own a Laptop.
Statements such as, “I am a truth-
Chaitanya : Abhinav is a liar. teller”, can be made by all the
Badri is a truth-teller. three categories of person and so
will not be of any use.
I own a Laptop.

Now, answer the following questions:

Q1 Who among the following has watch?

(1) Abhinav (2) Badri
(3) Chaitanya (4) None of the above
Binary Logic

7.
 Sol. (3)

Explanation:
In his statement, Abhinav said that he is not an alternator and by approach-1
it is clear that he can be a truth-teller or an alternator.
Now, let’s assume that Abhinav is the truth-teller and all the statements
were given by him are true. It is given that one among them is a truth-teller
and as per the assumption Abhinav is the truth-teller. In the question the
exact number of each category is not given.
Now, as per assumption, Abhinav is a truth-
teller and according to his statement, neither
Chaitanya nor Badri owns a Mobile. CAT Mantra
Now, the other two persons i.e., Badri and
Chaitanya may be a liar or an alternator because Always look for approach 1
according to the question, one among them is a statements in order to make
truth-teller. the task simpler and time saving
Now, according to Badri’s statement, his first and then go for the assumption-
statement is true, so he should be an alternator. iteration method.
This implies that his second statement should
be false but as per the statement made by Badri, the second statement is
also true. This is a contradiction to our assumption which means that our
assumption is wrong.
Now, let’s go to the second iteration i.e., Abhinav is an alternator. His
second statement is false which automatically makes his first and the last
statement true. It can be deduced that Abhinav owns a Mobile. Chaitanya’s
first statement is a lie so he can be a liar or an alternator.
Since, there is only one truth-teller and the only person who will be a truth-
teller is Badri. Thus, it can be said, Badri is the truth-teller. This makes
Chaitanya’s second statement true. So, it can be concluded that Chaitanya
is an alternator and he does not own a Laptop i.e., Badri owns a Laptop and
Chaitanya owns a Watch.

 
Binary Logic

Chaitanya has the Watch.

8.
 Q2 Who is the truth-teller?

Sol. (Badri)

Explanation:
In his statement, Abhinav said that he is not an alternator and by approach-1
it is clear that he can be a truth-teller or an alternator.
Now, let’s assume that Abhinav is the truth-teller and all the statements
were given by him are true. It is given that one among them is a truth-teller
and as per the assumption Abhinav is the truth-teller. In the question, the
exact number of each category is not given.
Now, as per assumption, Abhinav is a truth-teller and according to his
statement, neither Chaitanya nor Badri owns a Mobile.
Now, the other two persons i.e., Badri and Chaitanya may be a liar or an
alternator because according to the question one among them is a truth-
teller.
Now, according to Badri’s statement, his first statement is true so, he
should be an alternator. This implies that his second statement should
be false but as per the statement made by Badri, the second statement is
also true. This is a contradiction to our assumption which means that our
assumption is wrong.
Now, let’s go to the second iteration i.e., Abhinav is an alternator. His
second statement is false which automatically makes his first and the last
statement true. It can be deduced that Abhinav owns a Mobile. Chaitanya’s
first statement is a lie so he can be a liar or an alternator.
Since, there is only one true-teller and the only person who will be a truth-
teller is Badri. Thus, it can be said, Badri is the truth-teller. This makes
Chaitanya’s second statement true. So, it can be concluded that Chaitanya
is an alternator and he does not own a Laptop i.e., Badri owns a Laptop and
Chaitanya owns a Watch.

 
Binary Logic

Chaitanya has the Watch.

9.
 LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
Logical Connectives are basically a word or group of words that joins two or
more prepositions together to form a connective preposition. Some Logical
Connectives are-If, Only if, When, Whenever, Unless etc.

These types of sentences consist of two parts:

1. Cause
2. Effect Rack your Brain
Usually, the cause is present after the connectives.
Mr. Aniket wants to be either a
Some examples are like-
Manager or a Team Lead.
1. If you want to be an actor, you have to work
(A) 
Mr. Aniket did not become a
hard.
Team Lead.
Cause - You want to be an actor.
(B) Mr. Aniket becomes a Manager.
Effect – You have to work hard.
(C) 
Mr. Aniket becomes a Team
2. If I will go on a world tour, I must visit France Lead.
Cause - I will go on a world tour. (D) Mr. Aniket did not become a
Effect – I must visit France. Manager.

Note: consider Cause as m and Effect as n (1) CD

(2) AB
Types of Logical Connectives
(3) BD
1. NOT (Negation) (4) Both (1) and (2)
2. AND (Conjunction)
3. EITHER OR (Disjunction)
4. If-THEN (Material Implication)

Negation-NOT
Negation is the opposite of a statement.

For example,
y Statement: It is raining
y Negation: It is NOT raining

Disjunction – EITHER-OR
When two statements are connected using OR, at least one of them is true.

For example,
Binary Logic

Either m or n:

10.
Hence, m alone is true;
n alone is true;
Both are true;
In such a situation, the valid inference is if m did not happen, then n must
happen And If n did not happen, then m must happen.

Conjunction : AND
When two statements are connected using AND, both statements have to
be true.
m and n;
m should be true as well as n should be true.

Material Implication – If THEN

If m, then n (M → N):
It is read as m implies n. It means that if m happened, it also concluded
that n also happened.
In such a situation, the only valid inference is “If ~ n, the ~ m”, if n did not
happen, then m did not happen.

Logical Connectives Summary Table

Binary Logic

11.
 Illustration 4:

Question (1-3): Each question below consists of a main statement followed

by four answer choices. From the answer choices, select the one that
logically follows the main statement.

Q1 If I can read, then I can understand the book.

(1) I can read hence I can understand the book
(2) I cannot understand the book implies I cannot read.
(3) I can read hence I cannot understand the book
(4) Both (1) and (2)

Sol. (4)

Explanation:
If I can read, then I can understand the book. The statement is of the form.
If p, then q.

Here, p = I can read and

q = I can understand the book

The implications are:

(i) p → q
(ii) –q → –p
According to (i), choice (1) and according to (ii), choice (2) is correct.

Q2 If the review is good, then I watch a series.

(1) I watch a series means the review is good
(2) The review is good hence I do not watch a series
(3) I did not watch a series though the review was good
(4) I did not watch a series implies that the review was not good

Sol. (4)

Explanation:
If the review is good, then I watch a series. The statement is of the form,
Binary Logic

if p then q.

12.
Here, p = review is good
q = I watch a series

The implications are:

(i) p → q
(ii) –q → –p

According to (ii), choice (4) is correct.

Q3 Whenever there is a will, there will be a way.

(1) There is a way hence there is will
(2) There is a will, hence there will be a way
(3) There is no way, implies that there is no will
(4) Both (2) and (3)

Sol. (4)

Explanation:
Whenever there is a will, there will be a way. The statement is in the form
of ‘whenever m then n’.

Here, m = There is will

n = There will be a way

The implications are:

(i) m → n
(ii) –n → –m

According to (i), option (2) is correct and according to (ii), option (3) is
correct.

CODING & DECODING

Coding-Decoding is an important part of the Logical Reasoning section in
all aptitude related examinations. Coding is a process used to encrypt a
word, a number in a particular code or pattern based on some set of rules.
Decoding is a process to decrypt the pattern into its original form from the
given codes.
Binary Logic

13.
 Positional Value of Alphabets:

Alphabets Positional Value (Normal) Positional Value (Backward)

A 1 26
B 2 25
C 3 24
D 4 23
E 5 22
F 6 21
G 7 20
H 8 19
I 9 18
J 10 17
K 11 16
L 12 15
M 13 14
N 14 13
O 15 12
P 16 11
Q 17 10
R 18 9
S 19 8
T 20 7
U 21 6
V 22 5
W 23 4
X 24 3
Y 25 2
Binary Logic

Z 26 1

14.
The best way to write alphabets is:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

TYPES OF CODING-DECODING
Type 1: Letter Coding
Key Note
Type 2: Number Coding
Types 3: Substitution It will be easy to get the opposite
of Alphabets. Always remember
Type 4: Deciphering Coding
that the sum of the positional
Type 5: Symbol Coding value of opposite alphabets is
Type 6: Coding Based on Condition always 27.
i.e., A (1), Z (26)
Type 7: New Pattern Coding-Decoding
B (2), Y (25)
Approach to handle Coding-Decoding C (3), X (24) and so on.

For letter to letter: To solve the letter-to-letter

coding-decoding questions quickly, candidates
need to check if the opposite letters are given in
the code. Then candidates need to check if the
position of letters is interchanged. Finally check if
operations like addition or subtraction is applied.

For Letter to Number: To solve the letter to Rack your Brain

number type coding-decoding questions quickly,
candidates first need to check if the positional If in a certain language, ‘CORONA’
values of letters are given in the code. Then is coded as ‘TQECPQ’, then how is
check if the positional values of letters are ‘LADDER’ coded in that language?
interchanged. Check if the positional values of
letters are reversed alphabetical series, finally
check if operation like addition, subtraction or
multiplication are applied.
Binary Logic

15.
 Type 1: Letter Coding
Letter Coding-Decoding in which the letter of words is replaced by certain
other letters according to specific patterns/rules to form a code.
To find the word by analyzing the given code:

Illustration 5:

Detect the coding pattern/rule and answer the question below:

If WHITE is written as ‘XIJUF’, then BLUE is written as:
(1) CMFV
(2) CMVF
(3) DMVF
(4) DMFV

Sol. (2)

Explanation:
Each letter in the WHITE is moved one step forward to obtain the
corresponding letter of the code.

      

So, BLUE can be written as,

      

Illustration 6:

If in a certain language BOARD is coded as ‘ANZQC’, which word will be

coded as ‘RAMSAR’?
(1) SBTNBS
(2) STBSBT
(3) SBNNTB
Binary Logic

(4) SBNTBS

16.
Sol. (4)

Explanation:
Each letter of the code is one step ahead of the corresponding letter of the
word

       

So, ‘RAMSAR’ will be decoded as

       

Type 2: Number Coding

In these questions, either numerical code values are assigned to a word or
alphabetical code letters are assigned to the numbers. The candidates are
required to analyze the code as per the direction.

Case I: When numerical code values are assigned to words.

Illustration 7:

If in a certain code A is coded as 1, B is coded as 2, and so on. How is DEAF

is coded in that code?
(1) 4516
(2) 4561
Rack your Brain
(3) 5452
(4) 5254
If WEATHER is coded as 1356937
Sol. (1) and CATCH as 25629, how can
‘TEAR’ be coded?
Explanation:
As given the letters are coded as
A B C D E F G H I J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Binary Logic

So, in DEAF, D is coded as 4, E as 5, A as 1 and F as 6. Thus, DEAF is coded

as 4516.

17.
 Case II: Number to letter coding.

Illustration 8:

In a certain code 5 is coded as L, 8 as Z, 1 as B, 7 as P and 3 as Q. How is 815337

coded in that code?
(1) LZPBQQ
(2) PBLZZQ
(3) ZBLQQP
(4) ZLBQQP

Sol. (3)
Rack your Brain
Explanation:
If Book is called Pillow, Pillow is
Clearly, as given 8 is coded as Z, 1 as B, 5 as L, 3
as Q and 7 as P. called Jeans, Jeans is called Table,

So, 815337 is coded as ZBLQQP. Table is called Bottle and Bottle is

called Speaker, then what one
Pattern to follow: should wear?

y For 3 letters word

(a) (b)

y For 4 letters word

(a) (b) (c)

y For 5 letters word

(a) (b) (c)

Binary Logic

18.
y For 6 letters word
(a) (b)

(c)

y For 7 letters word

(a) (b)

(c)

Type 3: Substitution
In this section, object names are substituted with different object names.
Candidates should carefully trace the substitution and answer the given
questions.

Illustration 9:

If Pink is called Black, Black is called Blue, Blue is called White, White is called
Yellow and Yellow is called Red, then what would be the color of sunflower?
(1) Blue
(2) Yellow
(3) Red
(4) White

Sol. (3)

Explanation:
The color of sunflower is ‘Yellow’ and as it is given that ‘Yellow’ is called
Binary Logic

‘Red’. So, the color of sunflower is Red.

19.
 Illustration 10:

If a Cat is called ‘Mouse’, Mouse is called ‘Lion’, Lion is called ‘Hen’, then
which of these lives in a forest?
(1) Cat
(2) Mouse
(3) Lion
(4) Hen

Sol. (4)

Explanation:
As all know, Lion lives in the forest but according to the question, Lion is
called a Hen.
So, Hen lives in a forest.

Type 4: Deciphering Coding

In this type of question, candidates are going to deal with a message bearing
a common code for a given word/numeral. Candidates are required to
identify the code from the common property of word/numeral and decipher
the given codes.

Illustration 11:

In a certain code language,

y ‘Life in a jungle’ is written as ‘ae, tp, lo, pi’,

y ‘Plant a jungle tree’ is written as ‘mn, pi, tp, xy,
y ‘Tall mango tree now’ is written as ‘mn, do, ln, rs’
y ‘Now the jungle rains’ is written as ‘ln, pi, aa, cb’

Which of the following does ‘mn’ stand for?

Key Note

(1) Plant
While dealing with such questions,
(2) Tree choose the common term from
(3) Mango the given statement. More than
(4) Tall one statement is to be used for
Binary Logic

selecting the common term.

20.
Sol. (2)

Explanation:

Clearly, ‘mn’, stands for tree

Type 5: Symbol Coding

Rack your Brain
In this type of coding, candidates are going to
deal with the questions, in which a set of symbols In a certain code, ‘rim sim tim’
are assigned to a group of letters. Candidates means ‘where are you’, ‘gim sim tim’
are required to identify the relation between the
means ‘who are you’, what is the
letter and symbol and decipher the pattern of
code for ‘who’?
coding and answer accordingly.

Illustration 12:

In a certain code ‘TIGER’, is written as ‘4*3@1’ and ‘RABBIT’ is written as

‘1922*4’. How is ‘BEAR’ written in that code?
(1) 219@
(2) 2@19
(3) 921@
(4) 2@91

Sol. (4)
Binary Logic

21.
 Explanation:

As, and

Similarly,

Type 6: Coding Based on Condition

In this type, the codes for the digits and symbols are given with some
conditions. Candidates should identify the codes and answer the following
question according to the condition given.

Illustration 13:

Given below are the codes for the digit/symbol. Study the conditions given
below and answer the questions that follow.

Digital / p 
8 3 @ * 4 1 # 6 2 5 9 $ 7
Symbol
Letter
M C L P A F Z S T E W N R D Q
code

Conditions:
I. If both the first and last elements are even digit code both of them are
coded as ‘U’.
II. If both the first and last elements are odd digit code both of them are
coded as ‘Y’.
III. If the first element is an even digit and the last element is a symbol,
then the codes for the first and the last elements get interchanged.
What will be the codes for the following groups of elements?

3@53*7
(1) YLNCPY
(2) YNLPCY
Binary Logic

(3) UNLCPU
(4) YLNCPQ

22.
Sol. (1)

Explanation:
The group of elements ‘3@53*7’ satisfy the condition (ii).
So, change both first and the last element to ‘Y’
Therefore, YLNCPY

Type 7: New Pattern Based Coding-Decoding

In this type, alphabets, symbols and numeric values together are given in
the form of code representing a word. Candidates should identify the logic
behind the codes and answer accordingly.

Illustration 14:

In a certain code language,

‘Raise you hand’ is written as V@18, F@25, W#8
‘Sky is Blue’ is written as B@19, H#9, V#2
‘Kill Corona Campaign’ is written as O#11, Z#3, M#3

Which among the following is the code for ‘Covid Shield’?

(1) W@3 D#19
(2) W@3 W#19
(3) W#4 W@3
(4) D#3 W#4

Sol. (2)

Explanation:
The given words are coded as per the following pattern.
1. The 1st alphabet in the code represents the opposite letter of the last
letter in the word.
2. Symbol representing the number of letters in the word i.e., for even = #
for odd = @
3. The number in the code represents the positional value of 1st letter of
the word.
So, the code for ‘Covid Shield’ will be W@3 W#19
Binary Logic

23.
 Practice Exercise

EASY
1. Three-persons Ally, Bhavesh and Chandan gave these statements:
Ally said, either Manchester or Liverpool won the match.
Bhavesh said, Manchester won.
Chandan said, neither Manchester nor Liverpool won the match. Among
these persons, only one person is wrong.
Who won the match?
(1) Manchester
(2) Liverpool
(3) Data Inadequate
(4) None of these

2. The police arrested Ashwini, Bela and Chandu yesterday because one of
them was suspected of murder. Only one person is telling the truth. The
three suspects gave following statements after intensive questioning-
Ashwini : I am Innocent
Bela : I am Innocent
Chandu : Bela is the guilty one
Who murdered among the three persons, if only one of the statements will
be true?
(1) Ashwini
(2) Bela
(3) Chandu
(4) None of these

3. Whenever it is crowded around me, I wear a mask.

(1) It is crowded around me implies I am wearing a mask.
(2) I did not wear a mask implies it was not crowded around me
(3) It is crowded around me but I did not wear a mask.
(4) Both (1) and (2)

4. Team India will win, only if Sachin is playing.

(1) Sachin is playing, hence Team India will win
Practice Exercise

(2) Team India will not win implies that the Sachin has not been played
(3) Team India will win though Sachin is not playing
(4) Team India will win implies Sachin is playing

24.
5. If Ravi can walk, then he can reach his destination.
(1) Ravi can walk hence he can reach his destination
(2) Ravi cannot reach his destination implies he cannot walk
(3) Ravi can walk hence he cannot reach his destination
(4) Both (1) and (2)

MODERATE
Directions for questions (6-7):
Aman, Bimal and Cherry, participated in an 800-meter race and one of
them won the race. They belong to three different communities. Xoxo, Yoyo
and Zozo. Xoxo always speaks the truth, Yoyo always lies and Zozo tells the
truth and lies alternatively. Each of Aman, Bimal and Cherry belongs to one
category. After the race, they gave these statements.

Aman : 1. I would have won the race if Cherry had not obstructed me
at the last moment.
2. Cherry always speaks the truth.

Bimal : 1. Aman won the race

2. Cherry is not a Yoyo

Cherry : 1. I hadn’t obstructed Aman at the last moment.

2. Bimal won the race

6. Cherry belongs to which community

(a) Xoxo
(2) Yoyo
(3) Zozo
(4) Either (2) or (3)

7. Who won the race?

(1) Aman
(2) Bimal
(3) Cherry
Practice Exercise

(4) Data inadequate

25.
 Directions for questions (8-10):
Consider the following statements and answer the questions that follow.
Three celebrities were arrested for drug consumption. One of them
consumed the drugs, the second person created the drugs and the third
person took the drugs out of the bar. However, when interrogated, only one
of them told the truth in both his/her statements, while the other two each
told one true statement and one lie. The statements were:

Abby : (a) Luno consumed the drugs.

(b) Cibi created the drugs.

Cibi : (a) Abby consumed the drugs.

(b) I created the drugs.

Luno : (a) I took the drugs out of the bar.

(b) Cibi consumed the drugs.

8. Who created the drugs?

(1) Abby
(2) Cibi
(3) Luno
(4) Either (1) and (3)

9. Which of these statements is correct?

(1) Abby created the drugs
(2) Cibi consumed the drugs
(3) Abby took the drugs out of the bar
(4) Cibi created the drugs

10. Who among the following consumed drugs?

(1) Abby
(2) Cibi
(3) Luno
(4) Either (1) and (3)
Practice Exercise

26.
 DIFFICULT
Directions for questions (11-14):
Ankur went to an Island on which there were three tribes of people. People
from one of the tribes always spoke the truth. People from the second tribe
always lied. People who belonged to the third tribe spoke the truth and lie
alternately. The island had only 3 colors i.e., Pink, Yellow and Blue. Ankur
found three people P, Q and R and asked them about their favourite colors.
Their responses were as follows:
P : I like Pink, Q likes Yellow
Q : R likes Yellow, P likes Blue
R : I like Pink, P likes Blue
If it is known that P, Q and R belonged to different tribes and each one of
them liked a different color, then answer the following questions.

11. Who likes Pink?

(1) P
(2) Q
(3) R
(4) Cannot be determined

12. Who belongs to the tribe of truth-tellers?

(1) P
(2) Q
(3) R
(4) Cannot be determined

13. Who belongs to the tribe of Alternators?

(1) P
(2) Q
(3) R
(4) Cannot be determined

14. Who among the following is a liar and likes Yellow color?
(1) P and R
Practice Exercise

(2) P and Q
(3) P and P
(4) R and Q

27.
 15. Whenever I go to school, it’s raining.
(1) I went to school implies it’s raining
(2) It’s not raining implies I did not go to school
(3) I went to school but it’s not raining
(4) Both (1) and (2)

ANSWER KEY

1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (4)

6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)

11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (4)

SOLUTIONS

Sol. 1 (1)

Explanation:

As it is given that only one person is wrong. So, the other two persons are
telling the truth.
Now, assume that Manchester won the match, so the statements of Ally
and Bhavesh are true as they satisfy our condition that 2 of them are truth-
tellers.
Hence, Manchester wins the match.
If you assume that Liverpool won the match, the statement of Bhavesh and
Chandan becomes false which is violating the given condition.

Sol. 2 (1)

Explanation:

Let’s assume Bela is the murderer. So, it can be seen that statement of
Ashwini is correct.
But statement given by Bela is wrong. The statement given by Chandu is
Practice Exercise

also correct as he is pointing towards Bela as the murderer. So, in this

condition, two statements are correct which is a violation of the given
condition.

28.
Now, assume Ashwini as the murderer Then it can be seen that except
Bela’s statement, the remaining two statements become false.
So, Ashwini is the murderer.

Sol. 3 (4)

Explanation:

Whenever it is crowded around me, I wear a mask.

The statement is of the form ‘whenever p then q’.

Here, p = It is crowded around me and

q = I wear a mask.

The implications are:

(i) p → q
(ii) –q → –p

According to (i), choice (1) and according to (ii), choice (2) is correct.

Sol. 4 (4)

Explanation:

Team India will win, only if Sachin is playing.

The statement is of the form ‘only if p then q’.

Here, p = Team India will win

q = Sachin is playing.

The implications are:

(i) p → q
(ii) –q → –p

According to (i), choice (4) is correct.

Sol. 5 (4)

Explanation:
Practice Exercise

If Ravi can walk, then Ravi can reach his destination.

The statement is of the form, ‘If m, then n’

29.
 Here, m = Ravi can walk
n = Ravi can reach his destination

The implications are:

(i) m → n
(ii) –n → –m
According to (i), choice (1) and according to (ii), option (2) are correct.

Sol. 6 (3)

Explanation:

Case 1: Assume Bimal is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo. Then Aman

won the race and Cherry is Zozo (Alternator) which implies Aman
is a liar (Yoyo).

Case 2: Assume Aman is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo but according

to Aman, Cherry always speaks the truth. That was not possible.

Case 3: Assume Cherry is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo. Now, Bimal

is a winner and Cherry hadn’t obstructed Aman at the last
moment. Then Aman and Bimal both became alternators. This
was impossible.
So, only case I is correct.

Sol. 7 (1)

Explanation:

Case 1: Assume Bimal is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo. Then Aman

won the race and Cherry is Zozo (Alternator) which implies Aman
is a liar (Yoyo).

Case 2: Assume Aman is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo but according

to Aman, Cherry always speaks the truth. That was not possible.

Case 3: Assume Cherry is a truth-teller, so he is from Xoxo. Now, Bimal

is a winner and Cherry hadn’t obstructed Aman at the last
moment. Then Aman and Bimal both became alternators. This
Practice Exercise

was impossible.
So, only case I is correct.

30.
Sol. 8 (2)

Explanation:

Let’s assume that Abby speaks the truth.

Then both of his statements are true.

(a) Luno consumed the drugs
(b) Cibi created the drugs
i.e., Abby took the drugs out of the bar.

But when this arrangement is validated as per the statements, then there
will be one truth-teller, one liar and one alternator. This scenario violates
the given condition that there is one truth-teller and two alternators. So,
the assumption that Abby is the truth-teller is wrong.
Now, assume that Cibi speaks the truth. Then the following table will be:

1st Statement 2nd Statement

Abby False True

Cibi True True

Luno True False

The possibility which is mentioned above satisfies the conditions.

So, Abby consumed the drugs.
Cibi created the drugs and
Luno took the drugs out of the bar.

Sol. 9 (4)

Explanation:

Let’s assume that Abby speaks the truth.

Then both of his statements are true.

(a) Luno consumed the drugs
Practice Exercise

(b) Cibi created the drugs

i.e., Abby took the drugs out of the bar.

31.
 But when this arrangement is validated as per the statements, then there
will be one truth-teller, one liar and one alternator. This scenario violates
the given condition that there is one truth-teller and two alternators. So,
the assumption that Abby is the truth-teller is wrong.
Now, assume that Cibi speaks the truth. Then the following table will be:

1st Statement 2nd Statement

Abby False True
Cibi True True
Luno True False

The possibility which is mentioned above satisfies the conditions.

So, Abby consumed the drugs.
Cibi created the drugs and
Luno took the drugs out of the bar.

Sol. 10 (1)

Explanation:

Let’s assume that Abby speaks the truth.

Then both of his statements are true.

(a) Luno consumed the drugs
(b) Cibi created the drugs
i.e., Abby took the drugs out of the bar.

But when this arrangement is validated as per the statements, then there
will be one truth-teller, one liar and one alternator. This scenario violates
the given condition that there is one truth-teller and two alternators. So,
the assumption that Abby is the truth-teller is wrong.
Now, assume that Cibi speaks the truth. Then the following table will be:

1st Statement 2nd Statement

Abby False True
Practice Exercise

Cibi True True

Luno True False

32.
The possibility which is mentioned above satisfies the conditions.
So, Abby consumed the drugs.
Cibi created the drugs and
Luno took the drugs out of the bar.

Sol. 11 (2)

Explanation:

Let’s assume that Q belongs to the tribe which always speaks the truth.
So, it is known that R likes Yellow and P likes Blue.
So, Q must like Pink.
Now, let’s see if the statements by the other people validate or contradict
our assumption.
P says, I like Pink which is wrong since, it is known that Q likes Pink.
His second statement is that Q likes Yellow. This statement is also wrong
since Q likes Pink. So, since both the statements of P are wrong, he must
belong to the tribe of Liars.
Now, if our assumption is correct then R must be the alternator. R’s first
statement is wrong since Q likes Pink. R’s second statement is that P likes
Blue. This is true.
Hence, the statements validate our assumption.
So, Q is the truth-teller
R is the alternator and
P is the liar
Also, R likes Yellow and P likes Blue and Q likes Pink.
Hence, Q likes Pink

Sol. 12 (2)

Explanation:

Let us assume that Q belongs to the tribe which always speaks the truth.
So, it is known that R likes Yellow and P likes Blue.
Practice Exercise

So, Q must like Pink.

Now, let’s see if the statements by the other people validate or contradict
our assumption.

33.
 P says I like Pink which is wrong since, it is known that Q likes Pink.
His second statement is that Q likes Yellow. This statement is also wrong
since Q likes Pink. So, since both the statements of P are wrong, he must
belong to the tribe of Liars.
Now, if our assumption is correct then R must be the alternator. R’s first
statement is wrong since Q likes Pink. R’s second statement is that P likes
Blue. This is true.
Hence, the statements validate our assumption.
So, Q is the truth-teller
R is the alternator and
P is the liar
Also, R likes Yellow and P likes Blue and Q likes Pink.
Hence, Q is the truth-teller.

Sol. 13 (3)

Explanation:

Let us assume that Q belongs to the tribe which always speaks the truth.
So, it is known that R likes Yellow and P likes Blue.
So, Q must like Pink.
Now, let’s see if the statements by the other people validate or contradict
our assumption.
P says I like Pink which is wrong since, it is known that Q likes Pink.
His second statement is that Q likes Yellow. This statement is also wrong
since Q likes Pink. So, since both the statements of P are wrong, he must
belong to the tribe of Liars.
Now, if our assumption is correct then R must be the alternator. R’s first
statement s wrong since Q likes Pink. R’s second statement is that P likes
Blue. This is true.
Hence, the statements validate our assumption.
So, Q is the truth-teller
R is the alternator and
Practice Exercise

P is the liar
Also, R likes Yellow and P likes Blue and Q likes Pink.
Hence, R is the alternator.

34.
Sol. 14 (1)

Explanation:

Let us assume that Q belongs to the tribe which always speaks the truth.
So, it is known that R likes Yellow and P likes Blue.
So, Q must like Pink.
Now, let’s see if the statements by the other people validate or contradict
our assumption.
P says I like Pink which is wrong since, it is known that Q likes Pink.
His second statement is that Q likes Yellow. This statement is also wrong
since Q likes Pink. So, since both the statements of P are wrong, he must
belong to the tribe of Liars.
Now, if our assumption is correct then R must be the alternator. R’s first
statement is wrong since Q likes Pink. R’s second statement is that P likes
Blue. This is true.
Hence, the statements validate our assumption.
So, Q is the truth-teller
R is the alternator and
P is the liar
Also, R likes Yellow and P likes Blue and Q likes Pink.
Hence, P is the Liar and R likes Yellow.

Sol. 15 (4)

Explanation:

Whenever I go to school, it’s raining.

The statement is of the form ‘Whenever m, then n’.

Here, m = I went to school

n = Its raining

The implications are:

(i) m → n
Practice Exercise

(ii) –n → –m
According to (i), option (1) and according to (ii), option (2) is correct.

35.
 MIND MAP
MIND MAP

36.
37.
MIND MAP