Enhancing the Performance and Applicability of AI Large Language Models: Strategies

and Improvements

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Abstract

In this work, I look at the methods of optimizing Large Language Models popular in present-day

implementations of Artificial Intelligence in sectors like Natural Language Processing, customer

support, and text creation. As a result, prior models have restrictions when it comes to processing

the more complex linguistic features, proper usage of CPU and those models are not adhering the

ethical practices. This research responds to these challenges by exploring advancements in model

designomal structure and update methods, together with categorical responsibility frameworks.

Measuring the efficiency of large language models and the potential for their optimization, the

work also uses the analysis of user feedback. The research shows that small changes in model

design and training strategies have high impact on model performance and interpretability in

various language tasks. These findings help to advance the creation of improved and more

reliable language models with optimised ethical frameworks and utility of resources. Areas for

future work are presented, such as integration of more complex multi-modal data and decreasing

the amount of bias in model outputs.

Keywords: AI large models, natural language processing, machine learning, model architecture,

ethical AI
Introduction

Healthcare dataset with large readmissions

Dataset Description & Justification of the Need for Research

The Dataset used is healthcare Data, which shows the rate of patient re-admission and a

broad set of variables specific to the healthcare sector. The patient field contains demographic

entries such as age, gender, race, imaging data, and lab results. On the other hand, the structured

entry set in the data contains; codes such as international classification of diseases, procedural

terms for medical practitioners, and patterns for patient hospitalization and readmission. The

unstructured characteristics of the dataset entail textual data such as physician notes, patient

discharge notes, and conversations from interaction transcription. The structured and

unstructured dataset characteristics show a domain-specific context such as the use of codes in

diagnosis and procedure: International Classification of disease, and Current procedural

terminology.

On these two domain specific aspects; research can be used to enhance how LLM

accuracy can be achieved to counter misinterpretation of codes of procedure and diagnosis in

healthcare applications. Additionally, variables in healthcare dataset such as the visualized

dataset come in handy when fine-tuning the interpretation and features of large language models

to healthcare dataset since it is domain specific. For instance, the textual data from structured and

unstructured variable category can be used in the fine-tuning of large language models to

healthcare specific contexts such as patient discharge and patient progress notes, codes of

procedure in healthcare, and the codes for diagnosis.

Consequently, it increases the LLM’s capacity to provide accurate information on a

broader set of patient data and the patient profile. For instance, since the dataset had a huge rate

of patient readmission, the LLMs may be needed to scale the broad patient profiles when doing

predictive readmission.

Objective

To optimize LLM functionality using this dataset, it is critical to assess accurate strategies for

LLM optimization from the described dataset characteristics. Therefore, the objectives for this

paper will be based on the characteristics of the healthcare Dataset:

I. To fine-tune and enhance the accuracy of large language models in hospital systems,

which in turn makes LLMs accurate and relevant to healthcare as a domain.

II. To enhance the large language Model’s capacity to parse language, increasing the run-

time efficiency of parsing healthcare data.

III. To use demographic data, patient_ID, and profile to enhance ethical frameworks such as

transparency, accountability, and accuracy in the application of large language models in

real-world systems.

Strategies to achieve these objectives from the Healthcare Dataset Analyzed

 The capacity of large language models to perform tasks in the healthcare systems is

immense. Today, the deployment of large language models to perform human-like tasks spans

every system of humanity. We are bombarded by new version releases of large language models

by firms like OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, and X daily in sectors like education, and research.

However, in sectors such as healthcare, where people’s lives are at risk, there should be stricter

regulations on the release of large language models. A key driver for these regulations is the

ethical framework, specific to healthcare.

Research Gap

Although the previous years’ literature has strongly concentrated on the way of enhancing model

size and the number of parameters, which has beneficial effects in terms of performance, this

strategy gives a relatively low level of effect in contemporary years. Amplifying the number of

LLMs does not result in improved capabilities in handling complex languages and it is not

effective thus. Bigger models are computationally more demanding as well as demanding in

terms of RAM, however they are not able to appropriately analyse sophisticated search terms,

nor are they able to maintain context between the steps of a conversation. Therefore, it has

become important to look for other ways of enhancing LLMs like, achieving enhanced results

through optimal design the models and the integration of new training methods which are not

necessarily allied to increases in the size of the model.

Research Questions This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How can architectural improvements make large language models more efficient?
 2. What training techniques can enhance the contextual understanding and generalizability

of these models?

3. How can ethical frameworks be integrated into model design to reduce biases and

improve ethical alignment?

Research Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose and evaluate strategies for improving

large language models. By focusing on architecture, training, and ethics, this research aims to

develop more efficient, capable, and ethical language models that better serve both technological

and societal needs.

Literature Review

Model Architecture

The architecture of large language models has been changed a lot to become the advanced part of

current artificial intelligence system for language processing. The trend-setting innovation in this

sector is the transformer model by Vaswani et al, (2017) that revolutionized the methods in NLP.

Attention mechanism in transformers helps the model to pay its attention to some certain

segments of the textual input to grasp the context of the relationships. In contrast to the

sequential type models like the recurrent neural networks (RNNs), attention-based approach

enabled the model to handle text input parallelly. Adapter modules allow parallelizing

computations, transformer architecture lends itself to scale up, these main factors make

transformer architecture the basis for most large scale LLMs including BERT and GPT-4.

Despite successful attempts with transformers, scaling such models has brought up certain

difficulties that are not easily overcome and significantly decrease the practical usability of such

models in terms of computational complexity. Larger models are more expensive to train as well

as use and there is a downward slope in the gains we expect to get from models in terms of

performance. For example, to achieve a few percentage-point improvement in either language

understanding or synthesis, a model might almost double its size but that could demand much
higher computational resources and memory space at least quadratically. This trend has

prompted the researchers to wondered if the approach that is characterized by the mere scaling

up of the model parameters will sustain the required improvement in performance. As the

experiments have shown, the increase in the model size allows solving more complex tasks, but

going further towards an unlimited augmentation of size encounters both economical and

ecological challenges, so the Search for new architectural solutions is necessary (Chen et al.,

2024).

Training Techniques

Training techniques are pivotal to both the design and performance of large language models

with the current training practices based on large dataset and immense computing power. Pre-

service training methods for LLMs include the introduction of a large number of features in the

model with the intention of having the model learn features of the language. However, this

process is very resource contentious, needing thousands of processing hours on highly

sophisticated equipment. This training paradigm is expensive and time-consuming, and

consequently occludes adoption and adaptation of LLMs, as evidenced by the stylized training

processes exhibited in this study.

Ethical Considerations and Bias Mitigation

The two products that define large language models have raised high stakes ethical concerns,

including issues such as bias in the model’s outputs. By design, LLMs are pre-trained on a large

corpus of dataset that are meant to sample a cross section of the human language, usually scraped

from the web. However, these datasets are by themselves, prejudiced and incorporate polarized
biases based on race, gender, and the economic status of a person. Therefore LLMs can

perpetuate such bias and use it in a way that produces more bias in sensitive applications. For

example, the LLMs may generate sexist or racist descriptions of candidates or judgments in

cases, for which their application in such central life domains raises ethical questions (Bender et

al., 2021).

Methodology

Approach
This research employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluate the improvements

being proposed for enhancing large language models (LLMs). The quantitative dimension is

mainly on the performance measurement and assessment since quantitative measures entails

accuracy, efficiency and bias to assess the improvement on the functionality and resource

usefulness of the models. Quantitative analysis is a crucial tool in evaluating architectural and

training improvements because this approach enables researchers to identify ratios and compare

baseline to improved designs without bias. Through analysis on tangible values, this study will

seek to develop realistic findings on the implications of a particular set of model modifications

under consideration in order to best serve the purpose of establishing the utilization and

feasibility of the identified changes on a larger scale (Thirunavukarasu et al., 2023).

The qualitative part of this approach aims to assess those ethical factors that are important for

being fair and accountable and transparent. These ethical dimensions are important for

evaluating in how much degree the adapted model complies with societal norms and values for

the appropriate use of AI. In this study, the output of the proposed model is analyzed

qualitatively in order to detect the bias, the ethical risks that can occur, as well as the

enhancement in the application of fairness standards. This approach derives from the current AI

best practices, making it possible to systematically analyze the model conduct and results at

stake. The fact that qualitative analysis is incorporated into the study means that the

modifications achieve a balance between the ethical and the performance aspects of model

improvement (Nazi et al., 2024).

This research supports both quantitative and qualitative approaches in order to achieve a deeper

insight into the perspective and applicability of the employed model. The mixed-methods
approach enables the study to evaluate not only the technical changes but also the ethics of

model changes. The approach is most useful in directing attention both to the model and its

output when ethical AI has become all the more critical in domains where model predictions are

likely to affect real-world decisions. Quantitative data documents actual improvement on

standard measures, while qualitative data helps to guarantee that such improvement was not

achieved at the cost of ethical posture. When combined, it provides an accurate method of

evaluation promoting technical efficiency and ethical practices to enhance Large Language

Models.

Data Collection

Technical information gathering involves using a form of an existing large language model that

has been adapted to accommodate improvements in architecture and training procedures. To

reduce bias originating from the training data, linguistic contexts are sampled from accessible

pool data for the model’s training exclusively. To the best of the study’s methodology, the

datasets can easily be accessed by independent parties, thus ensuring accountability and research

integrity. Further, cleaning is performed on the data to filter out content that may be irrelevant or

biase towards the results which can aid in evaluation of the model based on certain ethical

actions.

There are controlled experiments to compare baseline model with the improved models

Turniverse16 contains two modes – baseline Turniverse16 and enhanced Turniverse16. These

experiments entail feeding the model with different NL tasks, including text gen, sentiment

analysis, and QA, which enable evaluation on a task by task basis. In each of the experiments the

accuracy, efficiency and steadiness of the model’s response are recorded. What makes these
experiments easy to conduct is the fact that they eliminate the influence of extraneous variable

which enables a viewer to directly attribute the resultant changes to the experimental

modifications. also, the settings are restricted thus affecting the reduction of possible bias that

could be caused by environmental factors such that comparison becomes more accurate.

To include ethical aspects, extra information about the results of the models is collected precisely

in the situations where biases may appear. This also comprises the assessment of model

responses in cases of specific topics or concern minorities and issues usually deemed sensitive by

most LLMs. The collected outputs are then for suspicious of bias or ethical misalignment, based

on presupposed ethical standards. To do so, the research gathers information from both standard

performance metrics, as well as from cases that pose ethical concerns to gather a set of data that

covers as many aspects as the behavior of the model itself can offer. This mode of data collection

makes it easy to assess the impact of the proposed enhancements in terms of efficiency and

stewardship.
Results: Enhancing AI Large Language Models Using Visualization Insights

Visualizations of key charts in findings from the healthcare dataset provide insights

useful in the development of better and more ethical large language models (LLMs). These

visualizations will show how domain-specific admission patterns analyses, treatment costs, and

patient histories can guide model architecture improvements, training techniques, and ethical

frameworks.

Visualization Analysis

1. Admission Rate by Patient Profiles

This first chart segmentalizes patient admission rates across demographic profiles,

including age, gender, and diagnosis categories. One can notice that the higher rates of admission

are for those of an older age group, which also goes in tune with wider healthcare trends, since

chronic health issues disproportionately afflict the elderly. This becomes an important input to

enhance the performance of LLMs in the domain of healthcare since it suggests the importance

of training models on demographic-specific data. In finding age-related patterns, LLMs can

much better forecast high-risk cases and allow for timely inventions that reduce readmission

rates. Secondly, this visualization identified the need to represent real-world data in the training

pipeline. For example, when there are demographic disparities in the training data, LLMs learn

to recognize vulnerabilities and modulate output appropriately.

2. Treatment Cost Across Diagnoses

 The second graph shows the treatment cost distribution among various medical diagnoses.

Chronic conditions are such as diabetes and hypertension, associated with significantly higher

costs compared to acute conditions such as fractures. These disparities bring into view the need

for economically efficient AI frameworks that can adapt to economic constraints while being

ethically responsible. Cost-related data integrated into model training would, therefore, enhance

the decision-making processes of LLMs, especially in resource-constrained settings. It means,

for instance, that a model trained with this data may contribute to optimizing treatment plans

with balanced cost and effectiveness considerations to help resource allocation distribution. This

comes in handy for public health systems amid the need for consent budgets that enforce

allocating resources wisely.

3. Length of Stay by Duration of Admission

This is a visual of the change in duration of hospital stay depending on the type of

diagnosis. Admissions due to fracture, though chronic illnesses like diabetes call for longer stays,

are on average shorter in their stay days. The findings give insight into areas where LLM

functionality can be improved in managing health. The models can easily train to identify

patterns related to the length of stay and recovery time, which will further influence LLMs in

making better predictions for discharge planning and resource utilization. It can also be used to

help health professionals and hospital administrators to predict bed availability and optimize the

flow of patients.

4. Patient ID, Length of Stay, Readmission Trends

The last graph links patient-level information such as the length of hospital stay and

readmission dates. One of the interesting emerging trends is that the longer the initial stay in the

hospital, the lower the chances of being readmitted early. This implies that early comprehensive
treatment can reduce readmission rates significantly, thus justifying the call for thorough patient

care upon initial admission. To the LLMs, this piece of information highlights the importance of

incorporating historical data about patients into predictive models. By learning from the trends of

the past, LLMs can do a better job of making predictions that identify at-risk patients and

recommend appropriate interventions. These further lead to personalized care strategies that are

informed by insights and hence patient-centered and outcome-driven.

Connection to the Topic: Enhancing LLM Performance and Applicability

The visualizations and analysis, as seen from the perspective of the overarching theme in

optimizing large language models, present how targeted improvements in model architecture,

training, and ethical frameworks can be informed by domain-specific data. Salient key

connections to the topic include:

Data-Driven Architecture Optimizations

The insight from demographic patterns, cost disparities, and treatment durations brings

forth the creation of sparse attention mechanisms and modular designs required for LLMs. These

architectures concentrate significant computational resources on the most relevant parts of the

input data, therefore simplifying the model with minimal compromise on accuracy.

Innovative Training Techniques

Visualization of medical data points to innovative training techniques and curriculum-

based methods of training. Curriculum learning incorporates increased contextual understanding

and generalizability by gradually exposing models to simpler tasks—for example, identifying

patient profiles—before complex tasks—say, predicting readmissions.

Ethical and Contextual Alignment

 The visualizations also portray some of the ethical considerations that need to guide the

development of LLMs. The use of patient-specific factors like cost and length of stay, for

instance, ensures resource allocation decisions are made with particular regard to equity and

fairness. Besides, demographic vulnerabilities help bring down the risks of systemic bias in

model outputs.

Visualizations

1: Admission Rate Against Patient Profiles

Admission rate Against Patient Profi le

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8-Jan-2023
7-Jan-2023
6-Jan-2023
5-Jan-2023
4-Jan-2023
3-Jan-2023
2-Jan-2023
1-Jan-2023
19-May-2022
8-Feb-2022
Male Female Male FemaleFemale Male FemaleFemale Male Male Male Male Female
4035756153517125283861265374732257395452583547597030734163545273693275235369
P025P050P075P100P125P150P175P200P225P250P275P300P325P350P375P400P425P450P475P500
Patient Profile: Id, ge

2: Treatment Cost across various Diagnoses

 Chart Showing Distributi on of Treatment Cost
accross variou Diagnoses
6000

5000

4000
TrEatment Cost

3000

2000

1000

0
Covid-19 Pneumonia Fracture Diabetes Diabetes Fracture Pneumonia Fracture Diabetes Diabetes
Diagnosis

3: the duration of admission by length of days

 1-
J
18 an-
-Ja 20

-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
2
4- n-2 3
Fe 02
21 b- 3
-F 2
10 eb 023
-M -2
27 ar 023
-M -20
13 ar- 23
-A 20
30 pr- 23
- 2
17 Apr 023
-M -20
a 2
3- y-2 3
Ju 02
20 n- 3
-Ju 20
n 23
7- -20
Ju 23
24 l-2
- 0
10 Jul- 23

Length of Stay
-A 20
27 ug- 23
-A 20
13 ug- 23
-S 20
30 ep- 23
-S 20
17 ep- 23
-O 20
2
3- ct-2 3

Discharge Date
No 02
20 v- 3
length of days

-N 20
o 2
7- v-2 3
De 02
24 c- 3
-D 20
Diagnosis 10 ec- 23
-J 20
27 an- 23
-J 20
13 an- 24
-F 20
e

4 Patient_ID by length of Stay against Readmission and Discharge Dates

1- b-2 24
M 0
18 ar 24
-M -20
a 2
Chart Showing the durati on of admission by

4- r-2 4
Ap 02
21 r- 4
-A 20
8- pr-2 24
M 0
ay 24
-2
02
4
 Chart Comparing Patient_ID by length of Stay against
Readmission and Discharge Dates
Readmission Date Discharge Date Length of Stay

25-Apr-2024
26-Mar-2024
25-Feb-2024
26-Jan-2024
27-Dec-2023
27-Nov-2023
28-Oct-2023
28-Sep-2023
29-Aug-2023
30-Jul-2023
30-Jun-2023
31-May-2023
1-May-2023
1-Apr-2023
2-Mar-2023
31-Jan-2023
1-Jan-2023
-10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Conclusion

The use of novel architectural models, advanced training techniques, and complementary

ethical frameworks presents a potentially hopeful future in the enterprise optimization of AI

large language models. The health dataset and related visualizations demonstrate how domain-

specific targeted data can help model performance and its reliability. Demographic profiles,

treatment costs, and case histories combine to place a premium on contextual alignment in how

models are set up. Specifically, developers can make models more efficient simply by embracing

sparse attention mechanisms and curriculum-based training. Moreover, embedding ethical

considerations into the process of building the models ensures that even when LLMs scale up

under these limitations, they are bound to remain socially responsible, and able to tackle the real

challenges of everyday life. In such a way, LLMs become powerful tools for automation but also

equitable and transparent partners in decision-making.

Contributions to the Field These advancements contribute to the field of AI by suggesting

practical ways to make LLMs more efficient and socially responsible. The research reinforces

the importance of comprehensive strategies that go beyond scaling in developing effective and

ethical AI systems.

Recommendations It is recommended that AI developers consider sparse attention mechanisms

and curriculum-based training for future models. Additionally, ethical considerations should be

embedded in the model development process to ensure socially responsible AI systems.

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Appendix 1; Data Tabel

Patient Age Gender Admission Length of Discharge Readmission Dia

ID Date Stay Date Date

P001 67 Male 1-Jan-2023 8 2023-01-09 Cov

P002 58 Female 2-Jan-2023 2 2023-01-04 Diab

P003 78 Male 3-Jan-2023 13 2023-01-16 Hyp

P004 60 Female 4-Jan-2023 15 2023-01-19 27-Jan-2023 Diab

P005 49 Male 5-Jan-2023 0 2023-01-05 Frac

P006 59 Female 6-Jan-2023 -3 2023-01-03 Hyp

P007 68 Male 7-Jan-2023 12 2023-01-19 Pneu

P008 64 Male 8-Jan-2023 -6 2023-01-02 Cov

P009 67 Female 9-Jan-2023 -5 2023-01-04 Pneu

P010 58 Female 10-Jan-2023 -1 2023-01-09 Cov

P011 45 Male 11-Jan-2023 -4 2023-01-07 Hyp

P012 26 Female 12-Jan-2023 3 2023-01-15 Diab

P013 40 Male 13-Jan-2023 4 2023-01-17 Pneu

P014 70 Male 14-Jan-2023 3 2023-01-17 Cov

P015 43 Female 15-Jan-2023 -7 2023-01-08 Cov

P016 37 Male 16-Jan-2023 -2 2023-01-14 Frac

P017 72 Female 17-Jan-2023 -14 2023-01-03 Diab

P018 77 Female 18-Jan-2023 -11 2023-01-07 Hyp

P019 56 Male 19-Jan-2023 -5 2023-01-14 Diab

P020 61 Male 20-Jan-2023 -18 2023-01-02 Diab

P021 56 Female 21-Jan-2023 -7 2023-01-14 Pneu

P022 30 Female 22-Jan-2023 -12 2023-01-10 Hyp

P023 58 Female 23-Jan-2023 -7 2023-01-16 Pneu

P024 63 Female 24-Jan-2023 -13 2023-01-11 Hyp

P025 56 Male 25-Jan-2023 -10 2023-01-15 Cov

P026 35 Female 26-Jan-2023 -7 2023-01-19 Hyp

P027 50 Male 27-Jan-2023 -10 2023-01-17 Frac

P028 24 Male 28-Jan-2023 -22 2023-01-06 Pneu

P029 76 Female 29-Jan-2023 -21 2023-01-08 Pneu

P030 29 Male 30-Jan-2023 -19 2023-01-11 Diab

P031 55 Female 31-Jan-2023 -23 2023-01-08 Pneu

P032 48 Male 1-Feb-2023 -29 2023-01-03 Cov

P033 59 Male 2-Feb-2023 -13 2023-01-20 Frac

P034 73 Female 3-Feb-2023 -15 2023-01-19 Pneu

P035 36 Male 4-Feb-2023 -32 2023-01-03 5-Jan-2023 Pneu

P036 39 Male 5-Feb-2023 -24 2023-01-12 Cov

P037 22 Female 6-Feb-2023 -34 2023-01-03 Hyp

P038 76 Male 7-Feb-2023 -35 2023-01-03 Hyp

 n

P039 75 Female 8-Feb-2023 -19 2023-01-20 Pneu

P040 34 Female 9-Feb-2023 -23 2023-01-17 Pneu

P041 56 Male 10-Feb-2023 -23 2023-01-18 Hyp

P042 54 Female 11-Feb-2023 -24 2023-01-18 Hyp

P043 50 Female 12-Feb-2023 -36 2023-01-07 Hyp

P044 77 Female 13-Feb-2023 -41 2023-01-03 Frac

P045 70 Male 14-Feb-2023 -27 2023-01-18 Cov

P046 28 Male 15-Feb-2023 -42 2023-01-04 1-Feb-2023 Frac

P047 75 Male 16-Feb-2023 -40 2023-01-07 Pneu

P048 40 Female 17-Feb-2023 -44 2023-01-04 Frac

P049 45 Female 18-Feb-2023 -28 2023-01-21 Hyp

P050 67 Female 19-Feb-2023 -46 2023-01-04 25-Jan-2023 Cov

P051 78 Male 20-Feb-2023 -42 2023-01-09 Cov

P052 61 Male 21-Feb-2023 -38 2023-01-14 Hyp

P053 56 Female 22-Feb-2023 -48 2023-01-05 Pneu

P054 51 Male 23-Feb-2023 -34 2023-01-20 Pneu

P055 68 Male 24-Feb-2023 -46 2023-01-09 17-Jan-2023 Frac

P056 75 Male 25-Feb-2023 -36 2023-01-20 Cov

P057 73 Female 26-Feb-2023 -36 2023-01-21 Frac

P058 71 Male 27-Feb-2023 -55 2023-01-03 Diab

P059 79 Male 28-Feb-2023 -38 2023-01-21 Frac

P060 57 Male 1-Mar-2023 -56 2023-01-04 Pneu

P061 43 Female 2-Mar-2023 -46 2023-01-15 Hyp

P062 39 Female 3-Mar-2023 -42 2023-01-20 Diab

P063 74 Male 4-Mar-2023 -43 2023-01-20 Cov

P064 34 Female 5-Mar-2023 -46 2023-01-18 Diab

P065 53 Female 6-Mar-2023 -53 2023-01-12 Diab

P066 54 Male 7-Mar-2023 -56 2023-01-10 Pneu

P067 70 Male 8-Mar-2023 -59 2023-01-08 Diab

P068 40 Female 9-Mar-2023 -56 2023-01-12 Hyp

P069 20 Female 10-Mar-2023 -60 2023-01-09 Diab

P070 53 Male 11-Mar-2023 -60 2023-01-10 Frac

P071 34 Male 12-Mar-2023 -57 2023-01-14 Frac

P072 77 Male 13-Mar-2023 -66 2023-01-06 Pneu

P073 63 Female 14-Mar-2023 -62 2023-01-11 Pneu

P074 36 Female 15-Mar-2023 -58 2023-01-16 Pneu

P075 79 Male 16-Mar-2023 -63 2023-01-12 Pneu

P076 31 Female 17-Mar-2023 -72 2023-01-04 5-Jan-2023 Hyp

 n

P077 25 Female 18-Mar-2023 -75 2023-01-02 Diab

P078 51 Female 19-Mar-2023 -62 2023-01-16 Cov

P079 69 Female 20-Mar-2023 -58 2023-01-21 Frac